Какой версии windows не существует windows

Обновлено: 10.01.2023
Опубликовано: 2016 год или раньше

Данная статья представляет краткий обзор всех версий операционной системы Windows.

Версия Вашей системы: Windows 7

Версии для настольных компьютеров

Логотип	Версия	Год	Статус
	Windows 1	1985	Не поддерживается Не используется
	Windows 2	1987
	Windows 3	1990
	Windows NT 3.1	1993
	Windows NT 3.5 Workstation	1994
	Windows NT 3.51	1995
	Windows 95	1995
	Windows NT 4.0	1996
	Windows 98	1998
	Windows Millenium	2000
	Windows 2000 (NT 5.0)	2000
	Windows XP (NT 5.1)	2001	Не поддерживается Встречается редко
	Windows Vista (NT 6.0)	2006	Не поддерживается Почти, не используется
	Windows 7 (NT 6.1)	2009	Не поддерживается Пока используется
	Windows 8 (NT 6.2)	2012	Не поддерживается Почти, не используется
	Windows 8.1 (NT 6.3)	2013	Поддерживается Почти, не используется
	Windows 10 (NT 10)	2015	Поддерживается Активно используется
	Windows 11 (NT 10)	2021	Поддерживается Начинает применяться

Серверные Windows

Логотип	Версия	Год	Статус
	Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server	1993	Не поддерживается Как правило, не используется
	Windows NT 3.5 Server	1994
	Windows NT 3.51 Server	1995
	Windows NT 4.0 Server	1996
	Windows 2000 Server	2000
	Windows Server 2003	2003
	Windows Server 2003 R2	2005
	Windows Server 2008	2008
	Windows Server 2008 R2	2009	Не поддерживается Пока еще используется
	Windows Server 2012	2012	Поддерживается Активно используется
	Windows Server 2012 R2	2013
	Windows Server 2016	2016
	Windows Server 2019	2018
	Windows Server 2022	2021	Начало использования

Все версии Windows по линейкам + хронология

Линейка	Годы	Перечисление версий
16 бит	1985 — 1995	Windows 1 / 2 / 3
32 бита (9x)	1995 — 2001	Windows 95 / 98 / ME
NT (32 и 64 бита)	с 1993	Windows NT 3.1 / NT 3.5 / NT 3.51 / NT 4.0 Workstation / 2000 / XP / Vista / 7 / 8 / 8.1 / 10
NT Servers (32 и 64 бита)	с 1993	Windows NT 3.1 / NT 3.5 / NT 3.51 / NT 4.0 Server / 2000 Server / 2003 / 2003 R2 / 2008 / 2008 R2 / 2012 / 2012 R2 / 2016 / 2019 / 2022

История успеха

Данная история успеха отражает частоту использования системы; количество глюков, с которыми столкнулись пользователи; отзывы.

	Windows 1	Неудача
	Windows 2	Нейтрально
	Windows 3	Успех
	Windows 95	Неудача
	Windows 98	Успех
	Windows Millenium	Провал
	Windows 2000	Нейтрально
	Windows XP	Большой успех
	Windows Vista	Провал
	Windows 7	Успех
	Windows 8	Провал
	Windows 8.1	Неудача
	Windows 10	Успех
	Windows 11	Нейтрально

* несмотря на провал некоторых версий операционной системы, они несли новые функции, которые перешли в уже успешные версии. Например, в миллениум появились красивые иконки и окна, которые перешли в Windows 2000. Поэтому провал не стоит оценивать, как неудачную работу.

Windows 1

Годы поддержки: 1985 — 2001. Ветка: 16 бит.

Издания: —

Что нового

До Windows 1 был MS-DOS, поэтому самое главное новшество — графический интерфейс и возможность управления при помощи мыши.

Системные требования

Процессор	8088
Оперативная память	256 Кбайт
Объем жесткого диска	3 Мб

Windows 2

Годы поддержки: 1989 — 2001. Ветка: 16 бит.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Возможность использования сочетания клавиш.
• Появились перекрывающиеся окна.
• Возможность увеличить и уменьшить окно.

Системные требования

Процессор	8088
Оперативная память	256 Кбайт
Объем жесткого диска	3 Мб

Windows 3

Годы поддержки: 1990 — 2008. Ветка: 16 бит.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Первый (от Microsoft) удобный для пользователя интерфейс.
• Появление диспетчера программ.
• Появление мультимедийных возможностей.
• Поддержка сети (с 3.1).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	8086/8088	80486DX 33 МГц
Оперативная память	640 Кбайт	4 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	6,5 Мб	60 Мб

Windows NT 3.1

Годы поддержки: 1993 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Первая система на базе ядра NT.
• Поддержка файловой системы NTFS.

Системные требования

Процессор	Intel 80386
Оперативная память	2 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	8 Мб

Windows NT 3.5 Workstation

Годы поддержки: 1994 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Встроенная поддержка Winsock и TCP/IP.
• Появление сервера и клиента DHCP и WINS.
• Предоставление общего доступа к файлам и принтерам.
• Поддержка VFAT.

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	12 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows NT 3.51 Workstation

Годы поддержки: 1995 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	12 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows 95

Годы поддержки: 1995 — 2001. Ветка: 9x (32 бита).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	80386 DX	Pentium
Оперативная память	4 Мб	8 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	50 Мб	100 Мб

Windows NT 4.0 Workstation

Годы поддержки: 1996 — 2004. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	486/25	486DX2/50
Оперативная память	12 Мб	24 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	128 Мб	1 Гб

Windows 98

Годы поддержки: 1998 — 2006. Ветка: 9x (32 бита).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	486DX 66 МГц	Pentium
Оперативная память	16 Мб	24 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	200 Мб	500 Мб

Windows Millenium

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2006. Ветка: 9x (32 бита).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	150 МГц	300 МГц
Оперативная память	32 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	200 Мб	500 Мб

Windows 2000

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2010. Ветка: NT.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	32 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	2 Гб	20 Гб

Windows XP

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2010. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Редакции: XP, XP Professional

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	233 МГц	300 МГц
Оперативная память	64 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	1,5 Гб	от 1,5 Гб

Windows Vista

Годы поддержки: 2006 — 2017. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Начальная (Starter), Домашняя базовая (Basic), Домашняя расширенная (Premium), Бизнес (Business), Корпоративная (Enterprise), Максимальная (Ultimate)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	800 МГц	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	1 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	20 Гб	40 Гб

Windows 7

Годы поддержки: 2009 — 2020. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Начальная (Starter), Домашняя базовая (Home Basic), Домашняя расширенная (Home Premium), Профессиональная (Professional), Корпоративная (Enterprise), Максимальная (Ultimate)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 8

Годы поддержки: 2012 — 2016. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: 8, 8 Профессиональная (Pro), 8 Корпоративная (Enterprise)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 8.1

Годы поддержки: 2013 — 2023. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: 8, 8 Профессиональная (Pro), 8 Корпоративная (Enterprise)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 10

Годы поддержки: 2015 — 2025. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания

• Домашняя (Home). Для большинства домашних компьютеров. Нет возможности настроить удаленный рабочий стол для того, чтобы к систему можно было подключиться удаленно; нет возможности использования групповых политик и присоединения к домену.
• Профессиональная (Pro). Содержит все функции домашней версии + возможность присоединения к домену, использования групповых политик, возможность подключения к компьютеру с использованием удаленного рабочего стола.
• Корпоративная (Enterprise). Урезаны некоторые функции домашней версии. Есть все дополнительные функции версии Pro + DirectAccess, AppLocker.
• S. Является урезанной версией; предустановлена на некоторые устройства. Не поддерживает стандартную установку приложений — возможна установка только из магазина Windows.

Что нового

Windows 10 претерпевает сильные изменения с выходом новых билдов. Поэтому нововведения будем рассматривать исходя из этого.

Билд 1507 (ноябрь 2015):

• Улучшенная производительность.
• Новый встроенный браузер Microsoft Edge.
• Автоматическое сжимание соседнего окна, при прижимании активного окна в одной из сторон рабочего стола.
• «Все приложения» в «Пуск» поддерживают отображение в 2048 элементов (раньше только 512).
• Принудительная установка обновлений.
• Использование виртуального голосового помощника Кортана.
• Обновленный меню пуск — представляет из себя гибрид предыдущих версий и Windows 8 (вернулся старый вариант раскрытия, а в правой части появились плитки).
• Возможность создания нескольких рабочих столов.
• Отказ от плиточной системы Windows 8.

1607 (август 2016):

• Возможность рукописного ввода (Windows Ink).
• Идентификация с помощью веб-камеры.
• Синхронизация с мобильного устройства уведомлений.
• Изменение меню параметров системы.

1703 (апрель 2017):

• Встроенная поддержка шлемов виртуальной реальности.
• Игровой режим
• По умолчанию предлагается командная строка в Powershell.
• Доступ к классической панели управления скрыт из контекстного меню. Теперь его можно вызвать командой control.
• Улучшение работы встроенного антивируса.
• Идентификация с помощью веб-камеры для Active Directory.
• Возможность создавать скриншот с выделением области с помощью сочетания клавиш Win + Shaft + S.
• Поддержка шрифта Брайля.
• Увеличенное время работы от батареи.

1709 (октябрь 2017):

• Возможность работы Cortana на одном устройстве и окончание работы на другом.
• Отключение протокола SMBv1. Включить можно вручную.
• Появление панели «Люди».
• Информация о GPU в диспетчере задач.
• Полноэкранный режим Microsoft Edge
• Увеличенное время работы от батареи (функция Power Throttling).
• Появление панели эмодзи.
• Выборочная синхронизация OneDrive.
• Исправление проблемы торможения в играх.

1803 (апрель 2018):

• Возможность восстановить пароль с помощью контрольных вопросов.

1809 (октябрь 2018):

• Темная тема для проводника.
• Возможность получения доступа к сообщениям с телефона (функция «Ваш телефон»).

1903 (май 2019):

• Изолированный рабочий стол для безопасного запуска приложений.

1909 (ноябрь 2019):

• Универсальный поиск в Проводнике.
• Улучшение производительности.

2004 (май 2020):

• Функция «Загрузка из облака» для переустановки Windows 10.
• Регулирование пропускной способности для обновлений Windows.
• Отображение температуры видеоядра в Диспетчере задач.
• Возможность удаления Блокнот, Paint, WordPad.
• Возможность использование Windows без пароля.

* данный список содержит часть нововведений. Полный список на странице в Википедии.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 11 (последняя для настольных компьютеров)

Годы поддержки: 2021 — 2031. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: только 64 бита.

Основные издания: Домашняя (Home), Профессиональная (Pro), 8 Корпоративная (Enterprise).

Дополнительные издания: для обучения (Education), для облаков (Cloud).

Системные требования

Процессор	2 ядра, 1 ГГц
Оперативная память	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	64 Гб
БИОС (прошивка)	UEFI
Видеоадаптер	Совместимый с DirectX 12 / WDDM 2.x
Интернет	Для Home необходим вход под учетной записью Microsoft.

Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server

Годы поддержки: 1993 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

Процессор	Intel 80386
Оперативная память	2 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	8 Мб

Windows NT 3.5 Server

Годы поддержки: 1994 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Встроенная поддержка Winsock и TCP/IP.
• Появление сервера DHCP и WINS.
• Предоставление общего доступа к файлам и принтерам.
• Поддержка VFAT.

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	16 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows NT 3.51 Server

Годы поддержки: 1995 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	16 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows NT 4.0 Server

Годы поддержки: 1996 — 2004. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Server, Enterprise Edition, Terminal Server

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	486/25	486DX2/50
Оперативная память	16 Мб	24 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	128 Мб	1 Гб

Windows 2000 Server

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2010. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Server, Advanced Server и Datacenter Server

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	32 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	2 Гб	20 Гб

Windows Server 2003

Годы поддержки: 2003 — 2015. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter

Системные требования

Web, Standard, Enterprise:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	550 МГц
Оперативная память	128 Мб	256 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	1,5 Гб	2 Гб

Datacenter Edition:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	400 МГц	733 МГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	1 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	1,5 Гб	2 Гб

Windows Server 2003 R2

Годы поддержки: 2005 — 2015. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter

Системные требования

Standard, Enterprise:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	550 МГц
Оперативная память	128 Мб	256 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	1,2 Гб	2 Гб

Datacenter Edition:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	400 МГц	733 МГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	1 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	1,2 Гб	2 Гб

Windows Server 2008

Годы поддержки: 2008 — 2020. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, HPC, Storage, Itanium

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	2 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	10 Гб	40 Гб

Windows Server 2008 R2

Годы поддержки: 2009 — 2020. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Foundation, Small Business, Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, HPC, Itanium

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	2 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	10 Гб	40 Гб

Windows Server 2012

Годы поддержки: 2012 — 2023. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Windows Server 2012 R2

Годы поддержки: 2013 — 2023. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Windows Server 2016

Годы поддержки: 2016 — 2026. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Essentials, Standard, Datacenter

Что нового

• Лицензирование на физические ядра процессора (минимум 16).
• Новый режим установки — Nano.
• Появление контейнерной виртуализации.
• OpenGL и OpenCL для RDP.
• Шифрование виртуальных машин и внутреннего сетевого трафика.
• Блочная репликация файловых хранилищ.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	3.1 ГГц
Оперативная память	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Более подробно в обзоре Windows Server 2016.

Windows Server 2019

Годы поддержки: 2018 — 2029. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Standard, Datacenter

Что нового

• Улучшенная безопасность — встроенные технологии Defender ATP и Defender Exploit Guard.
• Windows Subsystem Linux (WSL) — контейнеры для поддержки приложений Linux.
• Для построения кластера с четным количеством узлов в качестве диска-свидетеля может выступать USB-диск.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	3.1 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб (Nano) 2 Гб (GUI)	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Windows Server 2022 (последняя для серверов)

Годы поддержки: 2021 — 2031. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Standard, Datacenter

Что нового

• Улучшенная безопасность.
• Больше возможностей для работы с облаками, особенно, Microsoft Azure.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	3.1 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб (Nano) 2 Гб (GUI) Поддержка ECC	4 Гб Поддержка ECC
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб
Сетевой адаптер	1 гигабит в секунду

Сейчас, когда Windows 10 лидирует с точки зрения использования и проникновения на рынок, софтверный гигант уже много лет предлагает системы, платформы и программы. Фактически, начиная с первой версии того, что Windows Сегодня прошли десятилетия, а также успехи и серьезные неудачи именно этой фирмы.

Наверняка большинство из вас с любовью помнит такие версии, как Windows XP и Windows 7, которые сейчас практически исчезли. Напротив, есть и такие, которые не получили гораздо меньшего признания среди широкой публики. Это случай перспектива или МЕНЯ, среди прочих. Конечно, возможно, не все из вас знают, что в то же время были проекты или версии Windows, которые были окончательно отменены проектами Редмонда.

Мы имеем в виду операционные системы, запланированные или запущенные софтверная компания , но со временем отменили. Для тех из вас, кто их не знает, мы поговорим об этих несуществующих версиях Windows.

Это была версия операционной системы, которая Microsoft анонсирован еще в 1991 году и получил кодовое название Cairo. Затем в 1992 году фирма приступила к его развитию, в работе которого она участвовала до 1995 года. Однако, несмотря на все усилия, которые были вложены в проект, он был окончательно свернут.

Но не вся работа оказалась напрасной, так как часть ее характеристик была перенесена в другие проекты, как, например, случилось позже с Windows NT 4.0 , который был создан на этой основе.

Windows Нэшвилл

Можно также упомянуть Windows Nashville, операционную систему, которая изначально считалась достойной преемницей популярного Windows 95 . Фактически, это планировалось стать второй системой в семействе Windows 9x, основанной на ядре 4.10. Сам проект начался в 1995 году и должен был быть запущен в следующем году. Но он также оказался в забвении, хотя часть его стала частью Windows 98, среди других проектов.

Windows Нептун

Наверняка в то же время многие из вас скучают по Windows NT , еще один ориентир бренда. Что ж, когда мы говорим о Neptune, мы имеем в виду то, что должно было стать первой версией Windows NT для домашних пользователей. Его разработка велась в период с 1998 по 1999 год, а запуск был запланирован на 2001 год. Но это была еще одна система, которая не закончилась хорошо, так как в начале 2000 года она была отменена и присоединилась к проекту Odyssey, и все в итоге часть мифического и любимого Windows XP .

Одиссея Windows

Для тех из вас, кто не знает, эта другая программная угроза изначально должна была стать преемницей Windows 2000 . Его разработка велась параллельно с Нептуном, о котором мы говорили ранее, но это тоже было отменено. Но не все было потеряно, так как, как и в предыдущем случае, Одиссея в итоге стал частью XP. Таким образом, как мы видим, хотя некоторые из этих проектов операционных систем Microsoft так и не увидели свет, они были частично включены в очень важные апостериорные проекты.

Windows Longhorn

Это один из проектов, который не завершился запуском от Microsoft, который на тот момент звучал лучше всего. Под Longhorn мы имеем в виду еще одну из тех версий системы, которая была призвана быть частью семейство Windows и это начало разрабатываться в 2002 году. В принципе, планировалось, что это будет небольшое обновление для Windows XP. Однако со временем проект начал расти, и было добавлено много дополнительных функций и возможностей.

Все это привело к созданию проекта, полного недостатков стабильности, поэтому первые тесты стали очень нестабильными и, следовательно, недействительными. Дошло до того, что софтверная компания приняла решение переориентировать разработку в 2004 году и отменить Longhorn. В конце концов, все эти усилия привели к неоднозначному Windows Vista что так мало нравилось большинству людей.

Окна Блэккомб

Наконец, мы поговорим о Blackcomb, операционной системе, которая изначально должна была стать преемницей XP), но со многими другими новыми функциями, которые она будет интегрировать. Но по прошествии нескольких месяцев Microsoft решила донести некоторые из этих новостей до вышеупомянутой компании Longhorn. Это привело к тому, что когда развитие Blackcomb сменилось в фокусе, оно закончилось Венский проект и вот так наконец-то появилась Windows 7, к которой многие из вас до сих пор тоскуют.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microsoft Windows is a computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It was first launched in 1985 as a graphical operating system built on MS-DOS. The initial version was followed by several subsequent releases, and by the early 1990s, the Windows line had split into two separate lines of releases: Windows 9x for consumers and Windows NT for businesses and enterprises. In the following years, several further variants of Windows would be released: Windows CE in 1996 for embedded systems; Pocket PC in 2000 (renamed to Windows Mobile in 2003 and Windows Phone in 2010) for personal digital assistants and, later, smartphones; Windows Holographic in 2016 for AR/VR headsets; and several other editions.

Personal computer versions[edit]

A «personal computer» version of Windows is considered to be a version that end-users or OEMs can install on personal computers, including desktop computers, laptops, and workstations.

The first five versions of Windows–Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 2.1, Windows 3.0, and Windows 3.1–were all based on MS-DOS, and were aimed at both consumers and businesses. However, Windows 3.1 had two separate successors, splitting the Windows line in two: the consumer-focused «Windows 9x» line, consisting of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me; and the professional Windows NT line, comprising Windows NT 3.1, Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows 2000. These two lines were reunited into a single line with the NT-based Windows XP; this Windows release succeeded both Windows Me and Windows 2000 and had separate editions for consumer and professional use. Since Windows XP, multiple further versions of Windows have been released, the most recent of which is Windows 11.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows 1.01	Interface Manager	1985-11-20	1.01	—	—	x86-16	2001-12-31
Windows 1.02	—	1986-05-14	1.02	—	—
Windows 1.03	—	1986-08-21	1.03	—	—
Windows 1.04	—	1987-04-10	1.04	—	—
Windows 2.01	—	1987-12-09	2.01	—	—	x86-16, IA-32
Windows 2.03	—	1987-12-09	2.03	—	—
Windows 2.1	—	1988-05-27	2.10	—	—
Windows 2.11	—	1989-03-13	2.11	—	—
Windows 3.0	—	1990-05-22	3.00	Windows 3.00a Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions	—
Windows 3.1	—	1992-04-06	3.10	Windows 3.1	103
Sparta[a]	1992-10	Windows for Workgroups 3.1	102	IA-32
Windows NT 3.1	Razzle[1]	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows 3.11	—	1993-11-08	3.11	Windows 3.11	?	x86-16, IA-32	2001-12-31
Snowball	Windows for Workgroups 3.11	300	IA-32
Windows 3.2	—	1993-11-22	3.2	Windows 3.2	153	x86-16, IA-32
Windows NT 3.5	Daytona	1994-09-21	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Workstation	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-30	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Workstation	1057
Windows 95	Chicago	1995-08-24	4.00	Windows 95	950	IA-32
Windows NT 4.0	Shell Update Release	1996-08-24	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation	1381	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2004-06-30
Windows 98	Memphis[b]	1998-06-25	4.10	Windows 98	1998	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows 98 Second Edition	—	1999-05-05	Windows 98 Second Edition	2222A
Windows 2000	Windows NT 5.0	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Professional	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Me	Millennium	2000-09-14	4.90	Windows Me	3000	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows XP	Whistler	2001-10-25	NT 5.1	Windows XP Starter Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional	2600	IA-32	2014-04-08
Windows XP 64-bit Edition	Itanium
Freestyle	2002-10-29	Windows XP Media Center Edition	IA-32
Harmony	2003-09-30	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
Symphony	2004-10-12	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005	2700
Emerald	2005-10-14	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 Update Rollup 2	2710
Anvil	2005-04-25	NT 5.2	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	3790	x86-64
Windows Vista	Longhorn[3]	2007-01-30	NT 6.0	Windows Vista Starter Windows Vista Home Basic Windows Vista Home Premium Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Ultimate	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64	2017-04-11
Windows 7	Windows 7[4]	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Professional Windows 7 Enterprise Windows 7 Ultimate	7601[d]	IA-32, x86-64	2020-01-14
Windows 8	Windows 8	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	Windows 8 Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise	9200	IA-32, x86-64	2016-01-12
Windows 8.1	Blue	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Enterprise	9600	IA-32, x86-64	2023-01-10
2014-05-23[e]	Windows 8.1 with Bing
Windows 10 version 1507	Threshold[5][f]	2015-07-29	NT 10.0[g][h]	Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Pro for Workstations[i] Windows 10 Pro Education[j] Windows 10 S[k] Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC[l]	10240	IA-32, x86-64	2025-10-14[7][m]
Windows 10 version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-10	1511	10586
Windows 10 version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-02	1607	14393
Windows 10 version 1703	Redstone 2[8]	2017-04-05	1703	15063
Windows 10 version 1709	Redstone 3[9]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	IA-32, x86-64, ARM64
Windows 10 version 1803	Redstone 4	2018-04-30	1803	17134
Windows 10 version 1809	Redstone 5[10]	2018-11-13	1809	17763
Windows 10 version 1903	19H1[11]	2019-05-21	1903	18362
Windows 10 version 1909	Vanadium[n][13]	2019-11-12	1909	18363
Windows 10 version 2004	Vibranium[13][14][o]	2020-05-27	2004	19041
Windows 10 version 20H2	2020-10-20	20H2	19042
Windows 10 version 21H1	2021-05-18	21H1	19043
Windows 10 version 21H2	2021-11-16	21H2	19044
Windows 10 version 22H2	2022-10-18	22H2	19045
Windows 11 version 21H2	Sun Valley[p]	2021-10-05	21H2	Windows 11 Home Windows 11 Pro Windows 11 Pro for Workstations Windows 11 Pro Education Windows 11 Education Windows 11 Enterprise Windows 11 SE	22000	x86-64, ARM64	2023-10-10[q]
Windows 11 version 22H2	Sun Valley 2	2022-09-20	22H2	22621	2024-10-14[q]

Mobile versions[edit]

Mobile versions refer to versions of Windows that can run on smartphones or personal digital assistants.

Name	Codename	Architecture	Release date	Version Number
Pocket PC 2000	Rapier	ARMv4, MIPS, SH-3	2000-04-19	CE 3.0
Pocket PC 2002	Merlin	ARMv4	2001-10-04
Windows Mobile 2003	Ozone	ARMv5	2003-06-23	CE 4.x
Windows Mobile 2003 SE	—	2004-03-24
Windows Mobile 5.0	Magneto	2005-05-09	CE 5.0
Windows Mobile 6.0	Crossbow	2007-02-12
Windows Mobile 6.1	—	2008-04-01	CE 5.2
Windows Mobile 6.1.4	6 on 6	2008-11-11[16]
Windows Mobile 6.5	Titanium	2009-05-11	CE 6.0
Windows Phone 7[r]	—	ARMv7	2010-10-29
Windows Phone 7.5	Mango	2011-09-27
Windows Phone 7.8	—	2013-02-01
Windows Phone 8	Apollo	2012-10-29	NT 6.2
Windows Phone 8.1	Blue	2014-04-14	NT 6.3
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-12	1511
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-16	1607
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1703	Redstone 2	2017-04-24	1703
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1709	feature2[17]	2017-10-24	1709

Server versions[edit]

Name	Release date	Version number	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows NT 3.1	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows NT 3.5	1994-09-20	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Server	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2001-12-31
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-29	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Server	1057	2001-12-31
Windows NT 4.0	1996-07-29	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Server Windows NT 4.0 Server Enterprise Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition	1381	2004-12-31
Windows 2000	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Server 2003	2003-04-24	NT 5.2	Windows Server Web Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Storage Server	3790	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2003 R2	2005-12-06	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2008	2008-02-27	NT 6.0	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Server for Itanium-based Systems Windows Storage Server Windows Web Server	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2008 R2	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	7601[d]	x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2012	2012-09-04	NT 6.2	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Essentials Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	9200	x86-64	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2012 R2	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	9600	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2016	2016-10-12	1607[18]	Windows Server Essentials[s] Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	14393	2027-01-12
Windows Server, version 1709[19]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	2019-04-09
Windows Server, version 1803[20]	2018-04-30	1803	17134	2019-11-12
Windows Server, version 1809	2018-11-13[21]	1809	17763	2020-11-10
Windows Server 2019[18]	2029-01-09[18]
Windows Server, version 1903[18]	2019-05-21	1903	18362	2020-12-08[18]
Windows Server, version 1909[18]	2019-11-12	1909	18363	2021-05-11[18]
Windows Server, version 2004[22]	2020-06-26	2004	19041	2021-12-14[18]
Windows Server, version 20H2[22]	2020-10-20	20H2	19042	2022-08-09[18]
Windows Server 2022	2021-08-18	21H2[23]	20348	2031-10-14[18]

High-performance computing (HPC) servers[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003	—	2006-06-09	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008	Socrates	2008-09-22	Windows Server 2008
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2	—	2010-09-20	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows Essential Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Windows Essential Business Server 2008	Centro	2008-09-15	2020-01-14	5700	Windows Server 2008

Windows Home Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Based on
Windows Home Server	Quattro	2007-11-04	2013-01-08	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows Home Server 2011	Vail	2011-04-06	2016-04-12	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows MultiPoint Server[edit]

Windows MultiPoint Server was an operating system based on Windows Server. It was succeeded by the MultiPoint Services role in Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server version 1709. It was no longer being developed in Windows Server version 1803 and later versions.

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows MultiPoint Server 2010	Solution Server	2010-02-24	2020-07-14	NT 6.1	537	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows MultiPoint Server 2011	WMS 2	2011-05-12	2021-07-13	1600	Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1
Windows MultiPoint Server 2012	WMS 3	2012-10-30	2023-10-10	NT 6.2	2506	Windows Server 2012

Windows Small Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Small Business Server 2000	—	2001-02-21	2010-07-13	1343	Windows 2000 Server
Windows Small Business Server 2003	Bobcat	2003-10-09	2015-07-14	2893	Windows Server 2003
Windows Small Business Server 2008	Cougar	2008-08-21	2020-01-14	5601	Windows Server 2008
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Standard	Windows Small Business Server 7	2010-12-13	2020-01-14	7900	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Essentials	Colorado	2011-06-28	2013-01-05	8800

Device versions[edit]

ARM-based tablets[edit]

In 2012 and 2013, Microsoft released versions of Windows specially designed to run on ARM-based tablets; these versions of Windows were based on Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, respectively, although the standard versions could run on x86-based tablets without modification. Upon the release of Windows 10 in 2015, the ARM-specific version for large tablets was discontinued; large tablets (such as the Surface Pro 4) were only released with x86 processors and could run the full version of Windows 10. Windows 10 Mobile had the ability to be installed on smaller tablets (up to nine inches);^[24] however, very few such tablets were released, and Windows 10 Mobile primarily ended up only running on smartphones until its discontinuation. In 2017, the full version of Windows 10 gained the ability to run on ARM, which rendered a specific version of Windows for ARM-based tablets unnecessary.

Name	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows RT	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	9200	Windows 8
Windows RT 8.1	2013-10-18	NT 6.3	9600	Windows 8.1

Mixed reality and virtual reality headsets[edit]

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1607[25]	14393
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1803[25]	17134
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1809[25]	17763
Windows Holographic, version 1903[26]	18362
Windows Holographic, version 2004[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 20H2[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 21H1[26]	20346
Windows Holographic, version 21H2[26]	20348
Windows Holographic, version 22H1[26]	20348

Surface Hub[edit]

Microsoft originally announced the Surface Hub, an interactive whiteboard, in January 2015. The Surface Hub family of devices runs a custom variant of Windows 10 known as Windows 10 Team.

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Team, version 1511[27]	10586
Windows 10 Team, version 1607[27]	14393
Windows 10 Team, version 1703[27]	15063
Windows 10 Team, version 20H2[27]	19042

Windows XP-based tablets[edit]

Two versions of Windows XP were released that were optimized for tablets. Beginning with Windows Vista, all tablet-specific components were included in the main version of the operating system.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition	—	2002-11-07	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005	Lonestar	2004-08	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP

Embedded versions[edit]

Windows Embedded Compact[edit]

Name	Codename(s)	Release date
Windows CE 1.0	Pegasus; Alder	1996-11-16
Windows CE 2.0	Jupiter; Birch	1997-09-29
Windows CE 2.1	—	1998-07
Windows CE 2.11	—	1998-10
Windows CE 2.12	—	1999
Windows CE 3.0	Cedar; Galileo	2000
Windows CE 4.0	Talisker	2002-01-07
Windows CE 4.1	Jameson	2002-07-30
Windows CE 4.2	McKendric	2003-04-23
Windows CE 5.0	Macallan	2004-07-09
Windows Embedded CE 6.0	Yamakazi	2006-11-01
Windows Embedded Compact 7	Chelan	2011-03-01
Windows Embedded Compact 2013	—	2013-06-13

Windows Embedded Standard[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows NT Embedded 4.0	Impala	1999-08-30	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Windows XP Embedded	Mantis	2001-11-28	Windows XP Professional
Windows Embedded Standard 2009	—	2008-12-14	Windows XP Service Pack 3
Windows Embedded Standard 7	Quebec	2010	Windows 7
Windows Embedded 8	—	2013	Windows 8
Windows Embedded 8.1	—	2013	Windows 8.1

Other embedded versions[edit]

• Windows Embedded Industry
• Windows Embedded Automotive

Cancelled versions[edit]

Cancelled personal computer versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Version	Latest known build number	Notes
Cairo	—	1996	NT 4.0	1175	Originally announced in 1991
Nashville[t]	Windows 96	—	4.1	999	Planned to be released between Windows 95 and Windows 98
Neptune	—	Early 2000	NT 5.50	5111	The first planned version of Microsoft Windows NT to have a consumer edition variant, based on the Windows 2000 codebase. A version was sent out to testers but was never released.[28] The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Odyssey	—	Early 2000	NT 6.0[29]	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows 2000. The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Triton	—	—	—	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows Neptune and had been scheduled to be released in March 2001
Blackcomb	—	2006-01	—	—	Blackcomb was originally planned to be a release of Windows following Windows XP. However, due to the large feature scope planned for Blackcomb, a smaller release codenamed «Longhorn» was planned first, and Blackcomb was delayed to 2003/2004. Both projects faced delays; Longhorn would go on to be released to consumers as «Windows Vista» in January 2007, while development on Blackcomb continued until the Blackcomb project was renamed «Vienna» in early 2006.
Vienna	—	2007-07[u]	—	—	Vienna replaced Blackcomb and was intended as Windows Vista’s successor. Vienna was eventually cancelled in favor of a new project codenamed «Windows 7» (which went on to be released in 2009 with the same name).
Polaris	—	2018	—	16299	Cancelled in favor of Santorini
Santorini[v]	Windows 10X	2021-05-18[w][31]	21H1	20279	Microsoft had been reported as working on a new «lite» version of Windows as early as December 2018.[32] Such a version was officially announced under the name «Windows 10X» at an event in October 2019; the operating system was intended to first launch on dual-screen devices. In May 2020, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would instead be launching on single-screen PCs, such as laptops and 2-in-1 devices, first.[33] However, on May 18, 2021, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would not be launching (at least not in 2021); many of its features were rolled into Windows 11 instead.

Cancelled mobile versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Notes
Photon	Windows Mobile 7	September 2008[34]	Originally a successor of Windows Mobile, it had been scrapped for Windows Phone 7[35][36]
Phoenix	—	Early 2017	Cancelled when Microsoft «wound down» its phone efforts.[37]
Andromeda	—	Mid-2018	Much of the work that was put into Andromeda was migrated into Santorini. The Surface Duo, a dual-screen Android-powered smartphone launched by Microsoft in 2020, was loosely based on the prototype hardware that had been used to test Andromeda.[38]

Cancelled server versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Latest known build number
Cascades	Windows Essential Business Server 2008 R2	April 7, 2010[w]	7224

See also[edit]

• List of Microsoft operating systems
• Microsoft Windows version history
• Windows 10 version history
• Windows 11 version history
• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
• List of Microsoft codenames

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microsoft Windows is a computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It was first launched in 1985 as a graphical operating system built on MS-DOS. The initial version was followed by several subsequent releases, and by the early 1990s, the Windows line had split into two separate lines of releases: Windows 9x for consumers and Windows NT for businesses and enterprises. In the following years, several further variants of Windows would be released: Windows CE in 1996 for embedded systems; Pocket PC in 2000 (renamed to Windows Mobile in 2003 and Windows Phone in 2010) for personal digital assistants and, later, smartphones; Windows Holographic in 2016 for AR/VR headsets; and several other editions.

Personal computer versions[edit]

A «personal computer» version of Windows is considered to be a version that end-users or OEMs can install on personal computers, including desktop computers, laptops, and workstations.

The first five versions of Windows–Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 2.1, Windows 3.0, and Windows 3.1–were all based on MS-DOS, and were aimed at both consumers and businesses. However, Windows 3.1 had two separate successors, splitting the Windows line in two: the consumer-focused «Windows 9x» line, consisting of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me; and the professional Windows NT line, comprising Windows NT 3.1, Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows 2000. These two lines were reunited into a single line with the NT-based Windows XP; this Windows release succeeded both Windows Me and Windows 2000 and had separate editions for consumer and professional use. Since Windows XP, multiple further versions of Windows have been released, the most recent of which is Windows 11.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows 1.01	Interface Manager	1985-11-20	1.01	—	—	x86-16	2001-12-31
Windows 1.02	—	1986-05-14	1.02	—	—
Windows 1.03	—	1986-08-21	1.03	—	—
Windows 1.04	—	1987-04-10	1.04	—	—
Windows 2.01	—	1987-12-09	2.01	—	—	x86-16, IA-32
Windows 2.03	—	1987-12-09	2.03	—	—
Windows 2.1	—	1988-05-27	2.10	—	—
Windows 2.11	—	1989-03-13	2.11	—	—
Windows 3.0	—	1990-05-22	3.00	Windows 3.00a Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions	—
Windows 3.1	—	1992-04-06	3.10	Windows 3.1	103
Sparta[a]	1992-10	Windows for Workgroups 3.1	102	IA-32
Windows NT 3.1	Razzle[1]	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows 3.11	—	1993-11-08	3.11	Windows 3.11	?	x86-16, IA-32	2001-12-31
Snowball	Windows for Workgroups 3.11	300	IA-32
Windows 3.2	—	1993-11-22	3.2	Windows 3.2	153	x86-16, IA-32
Windows NT 3.5	Daytona	1994-09-21	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Workstation	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-30	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Workstation	1057
Windows 95	Chicago	1995-08-24	4.00	Windows 95	950	IA-32
Windows NT 4.0	Shell Update Release	1996-08-24	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation	1381	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2004-06-30
Windows 98	Memphis[b]	1998-06-25	4.10	Windows 98	1998	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows 98 Second Edition	—	1999-05-05	Windows 98 Second Edition	2222A
Windows 2000	Windows NT 5.0	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Professional	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Me	Millennium	2000-09-14	4.90	Windows Me	3000	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows XP	Whistler	2001-10-25	NT 5.1	Windows XP Starter Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional	2600	IA-32	2014-04-08
Windows XP 64-bit Edition	Itanium
Freestyle	2002-10-29	Windows XP Media Center Edition	IA-32
Harmony	2003-09-30	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
Symphony	2004-10-12	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005	2700
Emerald	2005-10-14	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 Update Rollup 2	2710
Anvil	2005-04-25	NT 5.2	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	3790	x86-64
Windows Vista	Longhorn[3]	2007-01-30	NT 6.0	Windows Vista Starter Windows Vista Home Basic Windows Vista Home Premium Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Ultimate	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64	2017-04-11
Windows 7	Windows 7[4]	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Professional Windows 7 Enterprise Windows 7 Ultimate	7601[d]	IA-32, x86-64	2020-01-14
Windows 8	Windows 8	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	Windows 8 Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise	9200	IA-32, x86-64	2016-01-12
Windows 8.1	Blue	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Enterprise	9600	IA-32, x86-64	2023-01-10
2014-05-23[e]	Windows 8.1 with Bing
Windows 10 version 1507	Threshold[5][f]	2015-07-29	NT 10.0[g][h]	Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Pro for Workstations[i] Windows 10 Pro Education[j] Windows 10 S[k] Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC[l]	10240	IA-32, x86-64	2025-10-14[7][m]
Windows 10 version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-10	1511	10586
Windows 10 version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-02	1607	14393
Windows 10 version 1703	Redstone 2[8]	2017-04-05	1703	15063
Windows 10 version 1709	Redstone 3[9]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	IA-32, x86-64, ARM64
Windows 10 version 1803	Redstone 4	2018-04-30	1803	17134
Windows 10 version 1809	Redstone 5[10]	2018-11-13	1809	17763
Windows 10 version 1903	19H1[11]	2019-05-21	1903	18362
Windows 10 version 1909	Vanadium[n][13]	2019-11-12	1909	18363
Windows 10 version 2004	Vibranium[13][14][o]	2020-05-27	2004	19041
Windows 10 version 20H2	2020-10-20	20H2	19042
Windows 10 version 21H1	2021-05-18	21H1	19043
Windows 10 version 21H2	2021-11-16	21H2	19044
Windows 10 version 22H2	2022-10-18	22H2	19045
Windows 11 version 21H2	Sun Valley[p]	2021-10-05	21H2	Windows 11 Home Windows 11 Pro Windows 11 Pro for Workstations Windows 11 Pro Education Windows 11 Education Windows 11 Enterprise Windows 11 SE	22000	x86-64, ARM64	2023-10-10[q]
Windows 11 version 22H2	Sun Valley 2	2022-09-20	22H2	22621	2024-10-14[q]

Mobile versions[edit]

Mobile versions refer to versions of Windows that can run on smartphones or personal digital assistants.

Name	Codename	Architecture	Release date	Version Number
Pocket PC 2000	Rapier	ARMv4, MIPS, SH-3	2000-04-19	CE 3.0
Pocket PC 2002	Merlin	ARMv4	2001-10-04
Windows Mobile 2003	Ozone	ARMv5	2003-06-23	CE 4.x
Windows Mobile 2003 SE	—	2004-03-24
Windows Mobile 5.0	Magneto	2005-05-09	CE 5.0
Windows Mobile 6.0	Crossbow	2007-02-12
Windows Mobile 6.1	—	2008-04-01	CE 5.2
Windows Mobile 6.1.4	6 on 6	2008-11-11[16]
Windows Mobile 6.5	Titanium	2009-05-11	CE 6.0
Windows Phone 7[r]	—	ARMv7	2010-10-29
Windows Phone 7.5	Mango	2011-09-27
Windows Phone 7.8	—	2013-02-01
Windows Phone 8	Apollo	2012-10-29	NT 6.2
Windows Phone 8.1	Blue	2014-04-14	NT 6.3
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-12	1511
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-16	1607
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1703	Redstone 2	2017-04-24	1703
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1709	feature2[17]	2017-10-24	1709

Server versions[edit]

Name	Release date	Version number	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows NT 3.1	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows NT 3.5	1994-09-20	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Server	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2001-12-31
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-29	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Server	1057	2001-12-31
Windows NT 4.0	1996-07-29	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Server Windows NT 4.0 Server Enterprise Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition	1381	2004-12-31
Windows 2000	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Server 2003	2003-04-24	NT 5.2	Windows Server Web Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Storage Server	3790	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2003 R2	2005-12-06	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2008	2008-02-27	NT 6.0	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Server for Itanium-based Systems Windows Storage Server Windows Web Server	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2008 R2	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	7601[d]	x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2012	2012-09-04	NT 6.2	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Essentials Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	9200	x86-64	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2012 R2	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	9600	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2016	2016-10-12	1607[18]	Windows Server Essentials[s] Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	14393	2027-01-12
Windows Server, version 1709[19]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	2019-04-09
Windows Server, version 1803[20]	2018-04-30	1803	17134	2019-11-12
Windows Server, version 1809	2018-11-13[21]	1809	17763	2020-11-10
Windows Server 2019[18]	2029-01-09[18]
Windows Server, version 1903[18]	2019-05-21	1903	18362	2020-12-08[18]
Windows Server, version 1909[18]	2019-11-12	1909	18363	2021-05-11[18]
Windows Server, version 2004[22]	2020-06-26	2004	19041	2021-12-14[18]
Windows Server, version 20H2[22]	2020-10-20	20H2	19042	2022-08-09[18]
Windows Server 2022	2021-08-18	21H2[23]	20348	2031-10-14[18]

High-performance computing (HPC) servers[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003	—	2006-06-09	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008	Socrates	2008-09-22	Windows Server 2008
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2	—	2010-09-20	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows Essential Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Windows Essential Business Server 2008	Centro	2008-09-15	2020-01-14	5700	Windows Server 2008

Windows Home Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Based on
Windows Home Server	Quattro	2007-11-04	2013-01-08	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows Home Server 2011	Vail	2011-04-06	2016-04-12	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows MultiPoint Server[edit]

Windows MultiPoint Server was an operating system based on Windows Server. It was succeeded by the MultiPoint Services role in Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server version 1709. It was no longer being developed in Windows Server version 1803 and later versions.

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows MultiPoint Server 2010	Solution Server	2010-02-24	2020-07-14	NT 6.1	537	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows MultiPoint Server 2011	WMS 2	2011-05-12	2021-07-13	1600	Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1
Windows MultiPoint Server 2012	WMS 3	2012-10-30	2023-10-10	NT 6.2	2506	Windows Server 2012

Windows Small Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Small Business Server 2000	—	2001-02-21	2010-07-13	1343	Windows 2000 Server
Windows Small Business Server 2003	Bobcat	2003-10-09	2015-07-14	2893	Windows Server 2003
Windows Small Business Server 2008	Cougar	2008-08-21	2020-01-14	5601	Windows Server 2008
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Standard	Windows Small Business Server 7	2010-12-13	2020-01-14	7900	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Essentials	Colorado	2011-06-28	2013-01-05	8800

Device versions[edit]

ARM-based tablets[edit]

In 2012 and 2013, Microsoft released versions of Windows specially designed to run on ARM-based tablets; these versions of Windows were based on Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, respectively, although the standard versions could run on x86-based tablets without modification. Upon the release of Windows 10 in 2015, the ARM-specific version for large tablets was discontinued; large tablets (such as the Surface Pro 4) were only released with x86 processors and could run the full version of Windows 10. Windows 10 Mobile had the ability to be installed on smaller tablets (up to nine inches);^[24] however, very few such tablets were released, and Windows 10 Mobile primarily ended up only running on smartphones until its discontinuation. In 2017, the full version of Windows 10 gained the ability to run on ARM, which rendered a specific version of Windows for ARM-based tablets unnecessary.

Name	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows RT	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	9200	Windows 8
Windows RT 8.1	2013-10-18	NT 6.3	9600	Windows 8.1

Mixed reality and virtual reality headsets[edit]

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1607[25]	14393
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1803[25]	17134
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1809[25]	17763
Windows Holographic, version 1903[26]	18362
Windows Holographic, version 2004[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 20H2[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 21H1[26]	20346
Windows Holographic, version 21H2[26]	20348
Windows Holographic, version 22H1[26]	20348

Surface Hub[edit]

Microsoft originally announced the Surface Hub, an interactive whiteboard, in January 2015. The Surface Hub family of devices runs a custom variant of Windows 10 known as Windows 10 Team.

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Team, version 1511[27]	10586
Windows 10 Team, version 1607[27]	14393
Windows 10 Team, version 1703[27]	15063
Windows 10 Team, version 20H2[27]	19042

Windows XP-based tablets[edit]

Two versions of Windows XP were released that were optimized for tablets. Beginning with Windows Vista, all tablet-specific components were included in the main version of the operating system.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition	—	2002-11-07	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005	Lonestar	2004-08	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP

Embedded versions[edit]

Windows Embedded Compact[edit]

Name	Codename(s)	Release date
Windows CE 1.0	Pegasus; Alder	1996-11-16
Windows CE 2.0	Jupiter; Birch	1997-09-29
Windows CE 2.1	—	1998-07
Windows CE 2.11	—	1998-10
Windows CE 2.12	—	1999
Windows CE 3.0	Cedar; Galileo	2000
Windows CE 4.0	Talisker	2002-01-07
Windows CE 4.1	Jameson	2002-07-30
Windows CE 4.2	McKendric	2003-04-23
Windows CE 5.0	Macallan	2004-07-09
Windows Embedded CE 6.0	Yamakazi	2006-11-01
Windows Embedded Compact 7	Chelan	2011-03-01
Windows Embedded Compact 2013	—	2013-06-13

Windows Embedded Standard[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows NT Embedded 4.0	Impala	1999-08-30	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Windows XP Embedded	Mantis	2001-11-28	Windows XP Professional
Windows Embedded Standard 2009	—	2008-12-14	Windows XP Service Pack 3
Windows Embedded Standard 7	Quebec	2010	Windows 7
Windows Embedded 8	—	2013	Windows 8
Windows Embedded 8.1	—	2013	Windows 8.1

Other embedded versions[edit]

• Windows Embedded Industry
• Windows Embedded Automotive

Cancelled versions[edit]

Cancelled personal computer versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Version	Latest known build number	Notes
Cairo	—	1996	NT 4.0	1175	Originally announced in 1991
Nashville[t]	Windows 96	—	4.1	999	Planned to be released between Windows 95 and Windows 98
Neptune	—	Early 2000	NT 5.50	5111	The first planned version of Microsoft Windows NT to have a consumer edition variant, based on the Windows 2000 codebase. A version was sent out to testers but was never released.[28] The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Odyssey	—	Early 2000	NT 6.0[29]	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows 2000. The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Triton	—	—	—	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows Neptune and had been scheduled to be released in March 2001
Blackcomb	—	2006-01	—	—	Blackcomb was originally planned to be a release of Windows following Windows XP. However, due to the large feature scope planned for Blackcomb, a smaller release codenamed «Longhorn» was planned first, and Blackcomb was delayed to 2003/2004. Both projects faced delays; Longhorn would go on to be released to consumers as «Windows Vista» in January 2007, while development on Blackcomb continued until the Blackcomb project was renamed «Vienna» in early 2006.
Vienna	—	2007-07[u]	—	—	Vienna replaced Blackcomb and was intended as Windows Vista’s successor. Vienna was eventually cancelled in favor of a new project codenamed «Windows 7» (which went on to be released in 2009 with the same name).
Polaris	—	2018	—	16299	Cancelled in favor of Santorini
Santorini[v]	Windows 10X	2021-05-18[w][31]	21H1	20279	Microsoft had been reported as working on a new «lite» version of Windows as early as December 2018.[32] Such a version was officially announced under the name «Windows 10X» at an event in October 2019; the operating system was intended to first launch on dual-screen devices. In May 2020, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would instead be launching on single-screen PCs, such as laptops and 2-in-1 devices, first.[33] However, on May 18, 2021, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would not be launching (at least not in 2021); many of its features were rolled into Windows 11 instead.

Cancelled mobile versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Notes
Photon	Windows Mobile 7	September 2008[34]	Originally a successor of Windows Mobile, it had been scrapped for Windows Phone 7[35][36]
Phoenix	—	Early 2017	Cancelled when Microsoft «wound down» its phone efforts.[37]
Andromeda	—	Mid-2018	Much of the work that was put into Andromeda was migrated into Santorini. The Surface Duo, a dual-screen Android-powered smartphone launched by Microsoft in 2020, was loosely based on the prototype hardware that had been used to test Andromeda.[38]

Cancelled server versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Latest known build number
Cascades	Windows Essential Business Server 2008 R2	April 7, 2010[w]	7224

See also[edit]

• List of Microsoft operating systems
• Microsoft Windows version history
• Windows 10 version history
• Windows 11 version history
• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
• List of Microsoft codenames

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Операционной системе Windows уже более трех десятилетий, и именно в этом году самая известная ОС в ноябре будет отмечать 35 летие. За это время было много версий системы, которые компания Microsoft разрабатывала и предлагала пользователям.

В настоящее время последней версией операционной системы Microsoft является Windows 10. Версия, которая для многих, несомненно, является лучшей в истории, с современным интерфейсом и множеством параметров конфигурации. В нашей статье мы предлагаем посмотреть, как со временем система совершенствовалась и адаптировалась к потребностям пользователей.

Windows 1.0

Хотя до появления Windows 1.0 уже говорили о существовании первой версии Windows, правда заключается в том, что до 20 ноября 1985 года эта первая версия системы не была официально анонсирована. Версия, которая предлагала мало функциональных возможностей и не была полной операционной системой, поскольку это было скорее графическое расширение MS-DOS.

Windows 1.0 поддерживалась до 31 декабря 2001 года, несмотря на то, что версия почти не обладала функциональностью, Redmond предлагал поддержку чуть более 16 лет.

Windows 2.0

Между тем, всего через два года, в ноябре 1987 года, появилась Windows 2.0. Эта версия была быстро обновлена ​​до v2.03, которая уже включала известные всем окна. Не говоря уже о том, что в неё уже были включены определенные утилиты, которые, можно сказать, должны были стать источником нынешних средств автоматизации делопроизводства.

Эта версия Windows поддерживалась до той же даты, что и предыдущая версия. То есть до 31 декабря 2001 года, когда Microsoft решила прекратить поддержку Windows 1.0 и 2.0.

Windows 3.0

22 мая 1990 года была выпущена операционная система Windows 3.0 с графическим интерфейсом. Это была первая коммерчески успешная версия, продавшая до двух миллионов копий всего за несколько месяцев с момента ее запуска.

С обновлением до версии 3.1 система получила знаменитую игру Minesweeper, которая на протяжении многих лет радовала пользователей. Кроме того, мы также должны выделить наличие файлов и менеджера программ. Данную версию компания поддерживала до 31 декабря 2001 года. Та же дата, что и у двух предыдущих ОС.

Windows 95

24 августа 1995 года – важная дата в жизни операционной системы Windows, поскольку это день, когда была выпущена знаменитая версия Windows 95. Эта версия предлагает значительно улучшенный интерфейс и в ней уже появляется «Панель задач» и меню «Пуск», два очень важных элемента, которые до сих пор являются частью операционной системы Windows. Также стоит отметить, что Windows 95 включала в себя Internet Explorer, веб-браузер, который сопровождал систему в течение многих лет и, следовательно, поддержку Интернета.

Эта версия, предназначенная для потребительского рынка и с которой переходили от 16-разрядной многозадачной архитектуры к 32-разрядной соответствующей архитектуре, а также многозадачности. Стандартная поддержка для Windows 95 продолжалась до 31 декабря 2000 года, а расширенная до 31 декабря 2001 года.

Windows 98

Хотя до появления Windows 98 мы должны упомянуть, что была версия Windows NT, которая была ориентирована на бизнес-клиентов. Однако 25 июня 1998 года Microsoft выпустила новую версию своей операционной системы. Как и предыдущая, она получила в качестве своего имени последние две цифры года своего запуска, и это была версия, которая шла с файловой системой FAT32 и пыталась расширить доступ к сети. Кроме того, она включала в себя поддержку DVD и USB.

Однако большая сложность системы привела к значительному снижению производительности, что делает ее одной из наиболее критикуемых версий Windows за ее медлительность и ненадежность по сравнению с Windows 95. Несмотря на это, Windows 98 имела стандартную поддержку до 30 июня 2002 года и расширенную поддержку, которая закончилась 11 июля 2006 года.

Windows 2000

29 марта 1999 года была запущена операционная система Windows NT 5.0 EUR Edition, которая представляла собой не что иное, как немецкую версию Windows NET 5.0 и впоследствии называлась Windows 2000.

Windows 2000 включала новые опции для лучшей защиты файлов и даже имела собственную домашнюю версию, Windows 2000 Millennium Edition (ME), которая включала новые инструменты и опции мультимедиа. Стандартная поддержка для этого выпуска закончилась 30 июня 2005 г., а расширенная поддержка – 13 июля 2010 г.

Windows XP

Еще один большой скачок в развитии операционной системы Microsoft произошел 25 октября 2001 года, когда была запущена Windows XP. Это был большой успех, поскольку это действительно был высококачественный продукт. Версия, которая была построена из ядра Windows NT и выпускалась в двух разных редакциях: Home и Professional.

В визуальном аспекте необходимо выделить значительные улучшения в пользовательском интерфейсе с новыми значками, меню и параметрами, которые позволили пользователям углубляться и контролировать все виды задач в системе. Но Windows XP не только предлагала графические улучшения, но и значительно увеличила скорость и маневренность.

В Windows XP встроены такие функции, как шифрование системных файлов, поддержка сетей WiFi, удаленная помощь и 64-разрядная версия, что вызвало взрыв на рынке операционных систем. Эта версия имела стандартную поддержку от Microsoft до 14 апреля 2009 года, в то время как расширенная поддержка продолжалась до 8 апреля 2014 года.

Windows Vista

Windows Vista, выпущенная Microsoft 30 января 2007 года и включающая в себя бесчисленное количество новых функций, переработанную оболочку и интерфейс с серьезными изменениями, нацеленные на повышение безопасности, однако не понравилась подавляющему большинству пользователей.

С Windows Vista мы смогли увидеть интерфейс Aero UI, который, несомненно, предлагал отличную визуальную привлекательность, но оказался слишком проблематичным на менее мощных компьютерах. Множество обстоятельств сделало Windows Vista провалом в истории операционных систем, несмотря на большие ожидания компании.

Постоянные проблемы, медлительность и перегрузки затмили все графические новинки. Эта версия получала стандартную поддержку от компании до 10 апреля 2012 года, а расширенная поддержка была продлена до 11 апреля 2017 года.

Windows 7

22 октября 2009 года Microsoft объявила о выпуске Windows 7 в качестве замены Windows Vista и стала одной из самых важных версий ОС компании.

В данную систему была добавлена ​​поддержка мультитач, переработанная оболочка Windows, новая панель задач, сетевая система, улучшения производительности и скорости, а также сокращение потребления ресурсов. Кроме того, Windows 7 представила новый дизайн панели задач, сделав ее более широкой, и систему с большими значками. Стандартная поддержка Windows 7 продолжалась до 13 января 2015 года, а расширенная поддержка до 14 января 2020 года.

Windows 8

Почти три года спустя, 26 октября 2012 г., была выпущена Windows 8. Версия, в которой была добавлена ​​поддержка микропроцессоров ARM. Интерфейс в новой системе был изменен, чтобы сделать ее более удобной для устройств с сенсорными экранами. Также в системе было удалено меню «Пуск», что не нравилось подавляющему большинству пользователей.

Плохие отзывы пользователей о новом интерфейсе Metro заставили Microsoft запустить Windows 8.1, чтобы добавить некоторые улучшения. Стандартная и расширенная поддержка для Windows 8 закончилась 12 января 2016 года, тогда как для Windows 8.1 стандартная поддержка продолжалась до 9 января 2018 года, а расширенная поддержка все еще действует до 10 января 2023 года.

Windows 10

29 июля 2015 года Microsoft выпустила последнюю и ожидаемую версию своей операционной системы Windows 10. Версия, которая имеет большой набор приложений и современный интерфейс с отличной производительностью. Кросс-платформенность новой системы позволяет использовать ее на компьютерах и мобильных устройствах.

Но это не единственные новинки, поскольку также стоит отметить универсальные приложения: новый браузер Edge, помощник Cortana, новая страница конфигурации системы, TimeLine и возвращение меню «Пуск», которое жаждали подавляющее большинство пользователей. Одним словом – это лучшая версия системы на сегодняшний день и продукт, отвечающий потребностям пользователей.

Windows 10 имеет стандартную поддержку, действующую до 9 января 2024 года, в то время как расширенная поддержка продлится до 9 января 2029 года.

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Windows

Developer	Microsoft
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release	November 20, 1985; 37 years ago
Latest release	22H2 (10.0.22621.1194) (January 26, 2023; 10 days ago[1]) [±]
Latest preview	Release Preview Channel 22H2 (10.0.22621.1194) (January 26, 2023; 10 days ago[2][3]) [±] Beta Channel 22H2 (10.0.22623.1250) (February 2, 2023; 3 days ago[4]) [±] Dev Channel 10.0.25290.1000 (February 1, 2023; 4 days ago[5]) [±]
Marketing target	Personal computing
Available in	110 languages
Update method	Windows Update Microsoft Store Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Package manager	Windows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), Microsoft Store (.appx, .appxbundle),[6] Windows Package Manager
Platforms	IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64 Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type	Windows NT family: Hybrid Windows Embedded Compact/Windows CE: Hybrid Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default user interface	Windows shell
License	Proprietary commercial software
Official website	microsoft.com/windows

Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for servers, and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).^[7]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022, according to StatCounter.^[8] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android’s massive growth.^[9]

As of September 2022, the most recent version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

• Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
  • Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple for personal computers and iPadOS and Android for tablets (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category).
  • Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2022. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)
  • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.
• Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.^[10]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

• Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted the consumer market. Discontinued because of suboptimal performance.^{[citation needed]} (PC World called its last version, Windows Me, one of the worst products of all time.^[11]) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.
• Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
• Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, which is now also discontinued.

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called «Interface Manager». It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name «Windows», but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.^[12] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple’s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.^[13]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.^[14] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple’s copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft’s favor in 1993).^[15][16] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to full Windows-packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for file system services.^[17] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.^[18] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.^[19][20]

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.^[21]

Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.^[22] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.^[23] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that «by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.»^[24] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer.^[25] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.^[26]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which were also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.^[27]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),^[28] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.^[29] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.^[11]

Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as «NT OS/2». NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.^[30][31]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell’s NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.^[31]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a «task-oriented» Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft’s .NET Passport services, a «compatibility mode» to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.^[32][33]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the «Home» edition was targeted towards consumers, while the «Professional» edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the «Media Center» edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the «Tablet PC» edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).^[34][35][36] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.^[37]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.^[31] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.^[38] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,^[39] a home networking system called HomeGroup,^[40] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,^[41] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.^{[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]} An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,^[49] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).^[50]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300 gigabyte repository.^[51] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.^[51]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.^[52][53]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.^[54][55] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.^[56]

Windows 365

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which «employees split their time between the office and home». As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.^{[57][58][59][60][61]}

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.^[62]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translates the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language, and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduces a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of Windows NT family still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating systems to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.^[63]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.^[56]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.^[64] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.^[65]
Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.^[66] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as «Windows 10 on Xbox One» or «OneCore».^[67][68]
Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,^[69] and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.^[70]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.^[71] This system was used up until 2017 once the system couldn’t keep up with the size of Windows. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot.^{[citation needed]} The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.^[72][73][51]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.^{[citation needed]} Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.^{[citation needed]} Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.^[73]

In 2021 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.^[74]

Timeline of releases

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.^[81]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter, which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications^[82] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.^[83]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS’s 13.76%, iPadOS’s 2.81%, and macOS’s 2.51%, according to Net Applications^[84] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS’s 16.53%, and macOS’s 6.51%, according to StatCounter.^[85]

Those statistics do not include servers (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows), as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process’s address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others’ files. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application’s code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.^[86]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD’s C2 security rating,^[87] yet these advantages were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows’s very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.^[88][89]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.^[90]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled «Trustworthy computing» sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft’s highest priority.^[91][92]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.^[93] When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or «Run as administrator» is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.^[94]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,^[95] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.^[96]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.^[97] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.^[98]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.^[99] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.^[100]

Today, Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.^[101] Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a ‘local group’ which then has other ‘global groups’ as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the ‘static’ allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

• Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a «compatibility layer»^[102] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
  • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
  • Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
• ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

References

External links

• Official website
• Official Windows Blog
• Microsoft Developer Network
• Windows Developer Center
• Microsoft Windows History Timeline
• Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
• Microsoft Business Software Solutions
• Windows 10 release Information

Windows

Developer	Microsoft
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release	November 20, 1985; 37 years ago
Latest release	22H2 (10.0.22621.1194) (January 26, 2023; 10 days ago[1]) [±]
Latest preview	Release Preview Channel 22H2 (10.0.22621.1194) (January 26, 2023; 10 days ago[2][3]) [±] Beta Channel 22H2 (10.0.22623.1250) (February 2, 2023; 3 days ago[4]) [±] Dev Channel 10.0.25290.1000 (February 1, 2023; 4 days ago[5]) [±]
Marketing target	Personal computing
Available in	110 languages
Update method	Windows Update Microsoft Store Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Package manager	Windows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), Microsoft Store (.appx, .appxbundle),[6] Windows Package Manager
Platforms	IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64 Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type	Windows NT family: Hybrid Windows Embedded Compact/Windows CE: Hybrid Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default user interface	Windows shell
License	Proprietary commercial software
Official website	microsoft.com/windows

Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for servers, and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).^[7]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022, according to StatCounter.^[8] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android’s massive growth.^[9]

As of September 2022, the most recent version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

• Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
  • Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple for personal computers and iPadOS and Android for tablets (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category).
  • Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2022. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)
  • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.
• Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.^[10]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

• Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted the consumer market. Discontinued because of suboptimal performance.^{[citation needed]} (PC World called its last version, Windows Me, one of the worst products of all time.^[11]) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.
• Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
• Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, which is now also discontinued.

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called «Interface Manager». It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name «Windows», but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.^[12] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple’s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.^[13]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.^[14] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple’s copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft’s favor in 1993).^[15][16] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to full Windows-packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for file system services.^[17] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.^[18] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.^[19][20]

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.^[21]

Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.^[22] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.^[23] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that «by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.»^[24] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer.^[25] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.^[26]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which were also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.^[27]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),^[28] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.^[29] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.^[11]

Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as «NT OS/2». NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.^[30][31]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell’s NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.^[31]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a «task-oriented» Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft’s .NET Passport services, a «compatibility mode» to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.^[32][33]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the «Home» edition was targeted towards consumers, while the «Professional» edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the «Media Center» edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the «Tablet PC» edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).^[34][35][36] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.^[37]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.^[31] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.^[38] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,^[39] a home networking system called HomeGroup,^[40] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,^[41] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.^{[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]} An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,^[49] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).^[50]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300 gigabyte repository.^[51] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.^[51]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.^[52][53]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.^[54][55] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.^[56]

Windows 365

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which «employees split their time between the office and home». As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.^{[57][58][59][60][61]}

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.^[62]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translates the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language, and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduces a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of Windows NT family still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating systems to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.^[63]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.^[56]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.^[64] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.^[65]
Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.^[66] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as «Windows 10 on Xbox One» or «OneCore».^[67][68]
Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,^[69] and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.^[70]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.^[71] This system was used up until 2017 once the system couldn’t keep up with the size of Windows. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot.^{[citation needed]} The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.^[72][73][51]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.^{[citation needed]} Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.^{[citation needed]} Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.^[73]

In 2021 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.^[74]

Timeline of releases

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.^[81]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter, which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications^[82] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.^[83]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS’s 13.76%, iPadOS’s 2.81%, and macOS’s 2.51%, according to Net Applications^[84] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS’s 16.53%, and macOS’s 6.51%, according to StatCounter.^[85]

Those statistics do not include servers (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows), as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process’s address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others’ files. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application’s code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.^[86]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD’s C2 security rating,^[87] yet these advantages were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows’s very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.^[88][89]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.^[90]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled «Trustworthy computing» sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft’s highest priority.^[91][92]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.^[93] When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or «Run as administrator» is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.^[94]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,^[95] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.^[96]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.^[97] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.^[98]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.^[99] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.^[100]

Today, Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.^[101] Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a ‘local group’ which then has other ‘global groups’ as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the ‘static’ allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

• Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a «compatibility layer»^[102] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
  • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
  • Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
• ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

References

External links

• Official website
• Official Windows Blog
• Microsoft Developer Network
• Windows Developer Center
• Microsoft Windows History Timeline
• Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
• Microsoft Business Software Solutions
• Windows 10 release Information

Microsoft Windows — семейство проприетарных операционных систем корпорации Microsoft, ориентированных на применение графического интерфейса при управлении. Изначально Windows была всего лишь графической надстройкой для MS-DOS. По состоянию на август 2014 года под управлением операционных систем семейства Windows по данным ресурса NetMarketShare работает более 91% персональных компьютеров. Windows работает на платформах x86, x86-64, IA-64 и ARM. Существовали также версии для DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC и SPARC.

Основные статьи: История логотипов Windows, История логотипов Windows 1985-2015

Версии[]

Версии Microsoft Windows
Дата выхода	Название	Последняя версия	Дата прекращения поддержки	Последняя версия встроенного браузера
20 ноября 1985	Windows 1.0x	1.04 (апрель 1987)	31 декабря 2001	Нет браузеров
1 ноября 1987	Windows 2.x Windows 2.1x	2.11 (13 марта 1989)	31 декабря 2001
22 мая 1990	Windows 3.x	3.00a (31 октября 1990)	31 декабря 2001 [1]
18 марта 1992	Windows 3.1	3.1	31 декабря 2001	Internet Explorer 5
1 октября 1992	Windows для рабочих групп 3.1	3.11 (31 декабря 1993)	31 декабря 2001
27 июля 1993	Windows NT 3.1	3.10.528 SP3 (10 ноября 1994)	31 декабря 2000
21 сентября 1994	Windows NT 3.5	3.50.807 SP3 (21 июня 1995)	31 декабря 2001
30 мая 1995	Windows NT 3.51	3.51.1057 SP5 (19 сентября 1996)	31 декабря 2001
24 августа 1995	Windows 95	4.00.950C (4.03.1214) (26 ноября 1997)	31 декабря 2000 (осн.) (Retail); 31 декабря 2001 (SBL) (ext)	Internet Explorer 5.5
29 июля 1996	Windows NT 4.0	4.00.1381 / SP6a SRP (26 июля 2001)	20 июня 2002 (осн.); 30 июня 2003 (SBL); 31 декабря 2004 (ext)	Internet Explorer 6
25 июня 1998	Windows 98	4.10.2222A (SE) (5 мая 1999)	30 июня 2002 (осн.); 31 марта 2004 (SBL); 11 июля 2006 (ext)
20 апреля 2000	Windows 2000	5.0.2195 / 5.0 SP4 Rollup 1 v2 (13 сентября 2005)	31 марта 2004 (retail); 31 марта 2005 (SBL); 30 июня 2005 (осн); 13 июля 2010 (ext)
14 сентября 2000	Windows ME	4.90.9000 (14 сентября 2000)	31 декабря 2003 (осн.); 30 июня 2004 (SBL) (Retail); 11 июля 2006 (ext)
24 августа 2001 (RTM) 25 октября 2001 (продажи)	Windows XP	5.1.2600.5512 SP3 (21 апреля 2008)	30 сентября 2004 (RTM); 10 сентября 2006 (SP1/SP1a); 30 июня 2008 (retail); 14 апреля 2009 (SP2/SP3 осн.); 13 июля 2010 (SP2); 22 октября 2010 (SBL); 8 апреля 2014 (ext)	Internet Explorer 8
28 марта 2003	Windows XP 64-bit Edition	5.2.3790	25 июля 2006
24 апреля 2003	Windows Server 2003	5.2.3790.3959 SP2 (13 марта 2007)	30 июня 2009 (RTM); 13 июля 2010 (осн.); 14 июля 2015 (ext)
25 апреля 2005	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	5.2.3790.3959 SP2 (13 марта 2007)	30 июня 2008 (retail); 31 января 2009 (SBL)
8 ноября 2006 (RTM) 30 января 2007 (продажи)	Windows Vista	6.0.6001 / SP2 Build 6002 (25 мая 2009)	13 апреля 2010 (RTM); 22 октября 2010 (retail); 12 июля 2011 (SP1); 22 октября 2011 (SBL); 10 апреля 2012 (осн.); 11 апреля 2017 (ext)	Internet Explorer 9
16 июля 2007	Windows Home Server	5.2.4500 (16 июля 2007)	8 января 2013 (осн.)
27 февраля 2008	Windows Server 2008	6.0.6002 / SP2 build 6002 (25 мая 2009)	12 июля 2011 (SP1), 9 июля 2015 (осн.), 10 июля 2018 (ext)
13 июля 2009 (RTM) 22 октября 2009 (продажи)	Windows 7	6.1.7601 / SP1 Build 7601 (22 февраля 2011)	9 апреля 2013 (RTM), 13 января 2015 (осн), 14 января 2020 (ext)	Internet Explorer 11
13 июля 2009 (RTM) 22 октября 2009 (продажи)	Windows Server 2008 R2 или Windows Server 7	6.1.7601 / SP1 Build 7601 (22 февраля 2011)	9 июля 2015 (осн.), 10 июля 2018 (ext)
6 апреля 2011	Windows Home Server 2011	6.1.8400	12 апреля 2016 (осн.)
1 августа 2012 (RTM) 4 сентября 2012 (продажи)	Windows Server 2012	6.2.9200 (26 октября 2012)	12 января 2016(осн), 10 января 2018 (ext)
1 августа 2012 (RTM) 26 октября 2012 (продажи)	Windows 8	6.2.9200 (26 октября 2012)	12 января 2016 (осн) 10 января 2018 (ext)
21 августа 2013 (RTM) 17 октября 2013 (продажи)	Windows Server 2012 R2	6.3.9600 (17 октября 2013)	9 января 2018 (осн) 10 января 2023 (ext)
21 августа 2013 (RTM) 17 октября 2013 (продажи)	Windows 8.1	6.3.9600 (17 октября 2013)	9 января 2018 (осн) 10 января 2023 (ext)
15 июля 2015 (RTM) 29 июля 2015 (продажи)	Windows 10	10.0.10586 (12 ноября 2015)	13 октября 2020 (осн.), 14 октября 2025 (ext.)	Microsoft Edge / Internet Explorer 11(оставлен для совместимости)
5 октября 2021	Windows 11	10.0.22000.778	не анонсирована
Условные обозначения:
Оболочка для MS-DOS	Windows 9x	Windows NT	Windows Server
Поддержка прекращена
осн. — окончание действия лицензии для первого (основного) релиза	SBL — окончание срока лицензии для производителей[2]	retail — окончание срока лицензии для розничных покупателей	SPx — окончание срока лицензии для различных дополнений (сервис-паков) к системе	ext — полное окончание поддержки системы

Графические интерфейсы и расширения для DOS[]

Логотип первых Windows

Первые версии Windows не были полноценными операционными системами, а являлись надстройками к операционной системе DOS и были по сути многофункциональным расширением, добавляя поддержку новых режимов работы процессора, поддержку многозадачности, обеспечивая стандартизациюинтерфейсов аппаратного обеспечения и единообразие для пользовательских интерфейсов программ. Предоставляли встроенные средства GDI и USER для создания графического интерфейса. Первые версии Windows вообще состояли из трёх модулей — KERNEL, GDI и USER. Первый из них предоставлял вызовы управления памятью, запуском .EXE-файлов и загрузкой .DLL-файлов, второй — графику, третий — окна. Они работали с процессорами начиная с Intel 8086.

1. Windows 1.0 (1985)
2. Windows 2.0 (1987)
3. Windows 2.1 (Windows 386, 1987) — в системе появилась возможность запуска DOS-приложений в графических окнах, причём каждому приложению предоставлялись полные 640 Кб памяти. Полная поддержка процессора 80286. Появилась поддержка процессоров 80386.
4. Windows 3.0 (1990) — улучшена поддержка процессоров 80386 и защищённого режима.
5. Windows 3.1 (1992) — серьёзно переработанная Windows 3.0; устранены UAE (фатальные ошибки прикладных программ), добавлен механизм OLE, печать в режиме WYSIWYG («что видите, то и получите»), шрифты TrueType, изменён диспетчер файлов, добавлены мультимедийные функции.
6. Windows для рабочих групп (Windows for Workgroups) 3.1/3.11 — первая версия ОС семейства с поддержкой локальных сетей. В системе также испытывались отдельные усовершенствования ядра, применённые позднее в Windows 95.

Семейство Windows 9x[]

Основная статья: Windows 9x

Первая система данного семейства Windows 95 была выпущена в 1995 году. Её отличительными особенностями являлись: новый пользовательский интерфейс, поддержка длинных имён файлов, автоматическое определение и конфигурация периферийных устройств Plug and Play, способность исполнять 32-битные приложения и наличие поддержки TCP/IP прямо в системе. Windows 95 использовала вытесняющую многозадачность и выполняла каждое 32-битное приложение в своём адресном пространстве. К данному семейству относятся также Windows 98 и Windows ME.

Операционные системы этого семейства не являлись безопасными многопользовательскими системами как Windows NT, поскольку из соображений совместимости вся подсистема пользовательского интерфейса и графики оставалась 16-битной и мало отличалась от той, что в Windows 3.x. Так как этот код не был потокобезопасным, все вызовы в подсистему оборачивались в мьютекс по имени Win16Lock, который, кроме того, ещё и находился всегда в захваченном состоянии во время исполнения 16-битного приложения. Таким образом, «повисание» 16-битного приложения немедленно блокировало всю ОС. Но уже в 1999 году вышло второе исправленное издание. Программный интерфейс был подмножеством Win32 API, поддерживаемым Windows NT, но имел поддержку юникода в очень ограниченном объёме^[3]. Также в нём не было должного обеспечения безопасности (списков доступа к объектам и понятия «администратор»). В составе Windows 95 присутствовал MS-DOS 7.0, однако его роль сводилась к обеспечению процесса загрузки и исполнению 16-битных DOS приложений. Исследователи заметили, что ядро Windows 95 — VMM — обращается к DOS под собой, но таких обращений довольно мало, главнейшая функция ядра DOS — файловая система FAT — не использовалась. В целом же интерфейс между VMM и нижележащей DOS никогда не публиковался, и DOS была замечена Эндрю Шульманом (книга Недокументированный Windows 95) в наличии недокументированных вызовов только для поддержки VMM.

Семейство Windows NT[]

Основная статья: Windows NT

Операционные системы этого семейства в настоящее время работают на процессорах с архитектурами x86, x86-64, и Itanium, ARM. Ранние версии (до 4.0 включительно) также поддерживали некоторые RISC-процессоры: Alpha, MIPS, и Power PC. Все операционные системы этого семейства являются полностью 32- или 64- битными операционными системами, и не нуждаются в MS-DOS даже для загрузки.

Только в этом семействе представлены операционные системы для серверов. До версии Windows 2000 включительно они выпускались под тем же названием, что и аналогичная версия для рабочих станций, но с добавлением суффикса, например, «Windows NT 4.0 Server» и «Windows 2000 Datacenter Server». Начиная с Windows Server 2003 серверные операционные системы называются добавлением суффикса «Server» и года выпуска.

1. Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
2. Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
3. Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
4. Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
5. Windows 2000 — Windows NT 5.0 (2000)
6. Windows XP — Windows NT 5.1 (2001)
7. Windows XP 64-bit Edition — Windows NT 5.2 (2003)
8. Windows Server 2003 — Windows NT 5.2 (2003)
9. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition — Windows NT 5.2 (2005)
10. Windows Vista — Windows NT 6.0 (2006)
11. Windows Home Server — Windows NT 5.2 (2007)
12. Windows Server 2008 — Windows NT 6.0 (2008)
13. Windows Small Business Server — Windows NT 6.0 (2008)
14. Windows 7 — Windows NT 6.1 (2009)
15. Windows Server 2008 R2 — Windows NT 6.1 (2009)
16. Windows Home Server 2011 — Windows NT 6.1 (2011)
17. Windows 8 — Windows NT 6.2 (2012)
18. Windows Server 2012 — Windows NT 6.2 (2012)
19. Windows 8.1 — Windows NT 6.3 (2013)
20. Windows Server 2012 R2 — Windows NT 6.3 (2013)
21. Windows 9 — Windows NT 6.4 (2015)

В основу семейства Windows NT положено разделение адресных пространств между процессами. Каждый процесс имеет возможность работать с выделенной ему памятью. Однако он не имеет прав для записи в память других процессов, драйверов и системного кода.

Семейство Windows NT относится к операционным системам с вытесняющей многозадачностью. Разделение процессорного времени между потоками происходит по принципу «карусели». Ядро операционной системы выделяет квант времени (в Windows 2000 квант равен примерно 20 мс) каждому из потоков по очереди при условии, что все потоки имеют одинаковый приоритет. Поток может отказаться от выделенного ему кванта времени. В этом случае система перехватывает у него управление (даже если выделенный квант времени не закончен) и передаёт управление другому потоку. При передаче управления другому потоку система сохраняет состояние всех регистров процессора в особой структуре в оперативной памяти. Эта структура называется контекстом потока. Сохранения контекста потока достаточно для последующего возобновления его работы.

Семейство ОС для смартфонов[]

Основная статья: Windows Phone

Это семейство операционных систем реального времени было специально разработано для мобильных устройств. Поддерживаются процессоры ARM, MIPS, SuperH и x86. В отличие от остальных операционных систем Windows, операционные системы этого семейства продаются только в составе готовых устройств, таких как смартфоны, карманные компьютеры, GPS-навигаторы, MP3-проигрыватели и другие. В настоящее время под термином «Windows CE» понимают только ядро операционной системы. Например, Windows Mobile 5.0 включает в себя ядро Windows CE 5.0.

• Windows CE
• Windows Mobile
• Windows Phone
• Windows 10 Mobile

Семейство встраиваемых ОС Windows Embedded[]

Основная статья: Windows Embedded

Windows Embedded — это семейство операционных систем реального времени, было специально разработано для применения в различных встраиваемых системах. Ядро системы имеет общее с семейством ОС Windows CE и поддерживает процессоры ARM, MIPS, SuperH и x86.

Windows Embedded включает дополнительные функции по встраиванию, среди которых фильтр защиты от записи (EWF и FBWF), загрузка с флеш-памяти,CD-ROM, сети, использование собственной оболочки системы и т. п.

В отличие от операционных систем Windows, операционные системы этого семейства продаются только в составе готовых устройств, таких как: банкоматы,медицинские приборы, навигационное оборудование, «тонкие» клиенты, VoIP-терминалы, медиапроигрыватели, цифровые рамки (альбомы), кассовые терминалы, платёжные терминалы, роботы, игровые автоматы, музыкальные автоматы и другие.

В настоящее время выпускаются следующие варианты ОС Windows Embedded^[4]:

• Windows Embedded CE,
• Windows Embedded Standard,
• Windows Embedded POSReady,
• Windows Embedded Enterprise,
• Windows Embedded NavReady,
• Windows Embedded Server.

Интегрированные программные продукты[]

Пакет Windows включает в себя «стандартные» приложения^[5], такие как браузер (Internet Explorer), почтовый клиент (Outlook Express или Почта Windows), музыкальный и видеопроигрыватель (Проигрыватель Windows Media). С помощью технологий COM и OLE их компоненты могут быть использованы в приложениях сторонних производителей. Эти продукты бесплатны и могут быть свободно скачаны с официального сайта Microsoft, однако для установки некоторых из них необходимо иметь лицензионную версию Windows (верно только для ранних версий до Windows, начиная с Windows 98 являются неотъемлемой частью системы). Запуск этих программ под другими операционными системами возможен только с помощью эмуляторов среды Windows (Wine).

Вокруг факта включения таких «стандартных» продуктов в ОС Windows разгорается много дискуссий и юридических споров, по мнению сторонних разработчиков, это ведёт к отсутствию конкуренции и создает препятствия для распространения конкурирующих продуктов, они же часто ставят под сомнение качество браузера Internet Explorer, объясняя его популярность вхождением в пакет Windows и плохой осведомленностью пользователей о наличии альтернатив.

В 1997 году компания Sun Microsystems подала в суд на компанию за нарушение лицензии на использование технологий Java. В 2001 году Microsoft выплатила штраф и исключила не совместимую с лицензированной виртуальную машину Java из состава своих продуктов^[6].

Распространённость[]

В настоящее время Windows установлена на 91% персональных компьютеров и рабочих станций. По данным компании Net Applications, на август 2014 года рыночная доля Windows составила ▲91,68%.

Среди различных версий Windows по данным W3Schools с августа 2011 года наиболее популярна Windows 7^[7] (около 50%).

Распространённость версий Windows по данным различных источников

	«GoStats.ru», июнь 2011[8]	«Net Market Share», июнь 2011[9]	«GoStats.ru», август 2014[10]	«Net Market Share», август 2014[11]	«GoStats.ru», август 2015[12]
Все версии	94.70 %	93.32 %	90.46%	91.68%	84.76%
Windows 10	—	—	—	—	2.87%
Windows 8	—	—	2,4%	12,48%	33,67%
Windows 7	25.89 %	28.68 %	76.72%	51.22%	40.63%
Windows XP	55.44 %	54.04 %	—	23.89%	6.55%

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Комментарии[]

Windows 7 — умершая легенда (Ghast88)

Хронология ОС Windows
Основные версии	MS-DOS: Windows 1.0x • Windows 2.x (Windows 2.1x) • Windows 3.x Windows 9x: Windows 95 • Windows 98 • Windows ME Windows NT: Windows NT 3.1 • Windows NT 3.5 • Windows NT 3.51 • Windows NT 4.0 • Windows 2000 • Windows XP • Windows Vista • Windows 7 • Windows 8 • Windows 8.1 • Windows 10
Windows Server	Windows Server 2003 • Windows Home Server (Windows Home Server 2011) • Windows Server 2008 (Windows HPC Server 2008 • Windows Server 2008 R2) • Windows Essential Business Server • Windows MultiPoint Server • Windows Small Business Server • Windows Server 2012 (Windows Server 2012 R2) • Windows Server 2016
Специализированные	Windows Embedded (Windows Embedded Automotive • Windows Embedded POSReady) • Среда предустановки Windows • Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
Мобильные	Windows CE (Windows CE 1.0 • Windows CE 2.0 • Windows CE 3.0 • Windows CE 4.0 • Windows CE 5.0 • Windows CE 6.0 • Windows Embedded Compact 7 • Windows Embedded Compact 2013) • Windows Mobile • Windows Phone • Windows RT • Windows 10 Mobile
Другие проекты	Открытые: Xenix • OS/2 • Microsoft Singularity • Midori Закрытые: Windows Neptune • Windows Nashville • Windows Odyssey • Windows Cairo • Windows Longhorn • Windows 10x
Альтернативные реализации	ReactOS • Wine

Компоненты Microsoft Windows
Основные	Aero • ClearType • Диспетчер рабочего стола • DirectX • Панель задач (Пуск • Область уведомлений) • Проводник (Пространство имён • Специальные папки • Ассоциации файлов) • Windows Search (Smart folders • iFilters) • GDI • WIM • SMB • .NET Framework • XPS • Active Scripting (WSH • VBScript • JScript) • COM (OLE • DCOM • ActiveX • Структурированное хранилище • Сервер транзакций) • Теневая копия • WDDM • UAA • Консоль Win32
Службы управления	Архивация и восстановление • COMMAND.COM • cmd.exe • Средство переноса данных • Просмотр событий • Установщик • netsh.exe • PowerShell • Отчёты о проблемах • rundll32.exe • Программа подготовки системы (Sysprep) • Настройка системы (MSConfig) • Проверка системных файлов • Индекс производительности • Центр обновления • Восстановление системы • Дефрагментация диска • Диспетчер задач • Диспетчер устройств • Консоль управления • Очистка диска • Панель управления (элементы)
Приложения	Контакты • DVD Maker • Факсы и сканирование • Internet Explorer • Журнал • Экранная лупа • Media Center • Проигрыватель Windows Media • Программа совместной работы • Центр устройств Windows Mobile • Центр мобильности • Экранный диктор • Paint • Редактор личных символов • Удалённый помощник • Распознавание речи • WordPad • Блокнот • Боковая панель • Звукозапись • Календарь • Калькулятор • Ножницы • Почта • Таблица символов • Исторические: Movie Maker • NetMeeting • Outlook Express • Диспетчер программ • Диспетчер файлов • Фотоальбом • Windows To Go
Игры	Chess Titans • Mahjong Titans • Purble Place • Пасьянсы (Косынка • Паук • Солитер) • Сапёр • Пинбол • Червы
Ядро ОС	Ntoskrnl.exe • Слой аппаратных абстракций (hal.dll) • Бездействие системы • svchost.exe • Реестр • Службы • Диспетчер управления сервисами • DLL (формат модулей) • PE • NTLDR • Диспетчер загрузки • Программа входа в систему (winlogon.exe) • Консоль восстановления • Windows RE • Windows PE • Защита ядра от изменений
Службы	Autorun.inf • Фоновая интеллектуальная служба передачи • Файловая система стандартного журналирования • Отчёты об ошибках • Планировщик классов мультимедиа • Теневая копия • Планировщик задач • Беспроводная настройка
Файловые системы	ReFS • NTFS (Жёсткая ссылка • Точка соединения • Точка монтирования • Точка повторной обработки • Символьная ссылка • TxF • EFS) • WinFS • FAT • exFAT • CDFS • UDF • DFS • IFS
Сервер	Active Directory • Службы развёртывания • Служба репликации файлов • DNS • Домены • Перенаправление папок • Hyper-V • IIS • Media Services • MSMQ • Защита доступа к сети (NAP) • Службы печати для UNIX • Удалённое разностное сжатие • Службы удаленной установки • Служба управления правами • Перемещаемые профили пользователей • SharePoint • Диспетчер системных ресурсов • Удаленный рабочий стол • WSUS • Групповая политика • Координатор распределённых транзакций
Архитектура	NT • Диспетчер объектов • Пакеты запроса ввода/вывода • Диспетчер транзакций ядра • Диспетчер логических дисков • Диспетчер учетных записей безопасности • Защита ресурсов • lsass.exe • csrss.exe • smss.exe • spoolsv.exe • Запуск
Безопасность	BitLocker • Защитник • Предотвращение выполнения данных • Обязательный контроль целостности • Защищённый канал данных • UAC • UIPI • Брандмауэр • Центр обеспечения безопасности • Защита файлов
Совместимость	Подсистема UNIX (Interix) • Виртуальная машина DOS • Windows on Windows • WOW64