Openssh client windows 10 что это

В Windows 10 и Windows Server 2019 появился встроенный SSH клиент, который вы можете использовать для подключения к *Nix серверам, ESXi хостам и другим

В Windows 10 и Windows Server 2019 появился встроенный SSH клиент, который вы можете использовать для подключения к *Nix серверам, ESXi хостам и другим устройствам по защищенному протоколу, вместо Putty, MTPuTTY или других сторонних SSH клиентов. Встроенный SSH клиент Windows основан на порте OpenSSH и предустановлен в ОС, начиная с Windows 10 1809.

Содержание:

  • Установка клиента OpenSSH в Windows 10
  • Как использовать SSH клиенте в Windows 10?
  • SCP: копирование файлов из/в Windows через SSH

Установка клиента OpenSSH в Windows 10

Клиент OpenSSH входит в состав Features on Demand Windows 10 (как и RSAT). Клиент SSH установлен по умолчанию в Windows Server 2019 и Windows 10 1809 и более новых билдах.

Проверьте, что SSH клиент установлен:

Get-WindowsCapability -Online | ? Name -like 'OpenSSH.Client*'

'OpenSSH.Client установка в windows 10

В нашем примере клиент OpenSSH установлен (статус: State: Installed).

Если SSH клиент отсутствует (State: Not Present), его можно установить:

  • С помощью команды PowerShell:
    Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client*
  • С помощью DISM:
    dism /Online /Add-Capability /CapabilityName:OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0
  • Через Параметры -> Приложения -> Дополнительные возможности -> Добавить компонент. Найдите в списке Клиент OpenSSH и нажмите кнопку Установить.

клиент openssh установить компонент

]Бинарные файлы OpenSSH находятся в каталоге c:windowssystem32OpenSSH.

  • ssh.exe – это исполняемый файл клиента SSH;
  • scp.exe – утилита для копирования файлов в SSH сессии;
  • ssh-keygen.exe – утилита для генерации ключей аутентификации;
  • ssh-agent.exe – используется для управления ключами;
  • ssh-add.exe – добавление ключа в базу ssh-агента.

исполняемые файлы OpenSSH

Вы можете установить OpenSSH и в предыдущих версиях Windows – просто скачайте и установите Win32-OpenSSH с GitHub (есть пример в статье “Настройка SSH FTP в Windows”).

Как использовать SSH клиенте в Windows 10?

Чтобы запустить SSH клиент, запустите командную строку
PowerShell
или
cmd.exe
. Выведите доступные параметры и синтаксис утилиты ssh.exe, набрав команду:

ssh

usage: ssh [-46AaCfGgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec]
[-D [bind_address:]port] [-E log_file] [-e escape_char]
[-F configfile] [-I pkcs11] [-i identity_file]
[-J [[email protected]]host[:port]] [-L address] [-l login_name] [-m mac_spec]
[-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port] [-Q query_option] [-R address]
[-S ctl_path] [-W host:port] [-w local_tun[:remote_tun]]
destination [command]

параметры ssh клиента в windows

Для подключения к удаленному серверу по SSH используется команда:

ssh [email protected]

Если SSH сервер запущен на нестандартном порту, отличном от TCP/22, можно указать номер порта:

ssh [email protected] -p port

Например, чтобы подключиться к Linux хосту с IP адресом 192.168.1.202 под root, выполните:

ssh [email protected]

При первом подключении появится запрос на добавление ключа хоста в доверенные, наберите yes -> Enter (при этом отпечаток ключа хоста добавляется в файл C:Usersusername.sshknown_hosts).

Затем появится запрос пароля указанной учетной записи, укажите пароль root, после чего должна открытся консоль удаленного Linux сервера (в моем примере на удаленном сервере установлен CentOS 8).

подключение из windows 10 в linux с помощью встроенного ssh клиента

С помощью SSH вы можете подключаться не только к *Nix подобным ОС, но и к Windows. В одной из предыдущих статей мы показали, как настроить OpenSSH сервер на Windows 10 и подключиться к нему с другого компьютера Windows с помощью SSH клиента.

Если вы используете SSH аутентификацию по RSA ключам (см. пример с настройкой SSH аутентификации по ключам в Windows), вы можете указать путь к файлу с закрытым ключом в клиенте SSH так:

ssh [email protected] -i "C:Usersusername.sshid_rsa"

Также вы можете добавить ваш закрытый ключ в SSH-Agent. Сначала нужно включить службу ssh-agent и настроить ее автозапуск:

set-service ssh-agent StartupType ‘Automatic’
Start-Service ssh-agent

Добавим ваш закрытый ключ в базу ssh-agent:

ssh-add "C:Usersusername.sshid_rsa"

Теперь вы можете подключиться к серверу по SSH без указания пути к RSA ключу, он будет использоваться автоматически. Пароль для подключения не запрашивается (если только вы не защитили ваш RSA ключ отдельным паролем):

ssh [email protected]

Еще несколько полезных аргументов SSH:

  • -C
    – сжимать трафик между клиентом и сервером (полезно на медленных и нестабильных подключениях);
  • -v
    – вывод подробной информации обо всех действия клиента ssh;
  • -R
    /
    -L
    – можно использовать для проброса портов через SSH туннель.

SCP: копирование файлов из/в Windows через SSH

С помощью утилиты scp.exe, которая входит в состав пакета клиента SSH, вы можете скопировать файл с вашего компьютера на SSH сервер:

scp.exe "E:ISOCentOS-8.1.1911-x86_64.iso" [email protected]:/home

scp.exe копирование файлов через ssh

Можно рекурсивно скопировать все содержимое каталога:

scp -r E:ISO [email protected]:/home

И наоборот, вы можете скопировать файл с удаленного сервера на ваш компьютер:

scp.exe [email protected]:/home/CentOS-8.1.1911-x86_64.iso e:tmp

Если вы настроите аутентификацию по RSA ключам, то при копировании файлов не будет появляться запрос на ввод пароля для подключения к SSH серверу. Это удобно, когда вам нужно настроить автоматическое копирование файлов по расписанию.

Итак, теперь вы можете прямо из Windows 10 подключаться к SSH серверам, копировать файлы с помощью scp без установки сторонних приложений и утилит.

В этой статье мы расскажем, как работает SSH-клиент, как его установить, а также как подключиться к Ubuntu и Windows 10 по SSH. Но давайте сначала разберёмся, что такое SSH.

Что такое SSH

SSH (Secure Shell) — сетевой протокол прикладного уровня, который позволяет управлять операционной системой и выполнять функцию туннелирования TCP-соединения. Работа SSH построена на взаимодействии 2-х компонентов: SSH-сервера и SSH-клиента. Подробнее читайте в статье Что такое SSH.

SSH-сервер по умолчанию прослушивает соединения на порту 22, а также требует аутентификации сторон. Есть несколько вариантов проверки соединения:

  • по паролю. Используется чаще всего. При таком типе аутентификации между клиентом и сервером создаётся общий секретный ключ: он шифрует трафик;
  • с помощью ключевой пары. Предварительно генерируется открытый и закрытый ключ. На устройстве, с которого нужно подключиться, хранится закрытый ключ, а на сервере — открытый. При подключении файлы не передаются, система только проверяет, что устройство имеет доступ не только к открытому, но и к закрытому ключу.
  • по IP-адресу. При подключении система идентифицирует устройство по IP-адресу. Такой тип аутентификации небезопасен и используется редко.

OpenSSH (Open Secure Shell) — набор программ, который позволяет шифровать сеансы связи в сети. При таких сеансах используется протокол SSH.

OpenSSH включает в себя компоненты:

  • ssh,
  • scp,
  • sftp,
  • sshd,
  • sftp-server,
  • ssh-keygen,
  • ssh-keysign,
  • ssh-keyscan,
  • ssh-agent,
  • ssh-add.

Этот набор ПО может аутентифицировать пользователей с помощью таких встроенных механизмов как:

  • публичные ключи,
  • клавиатурный ввод: пароли и запрос-ответ,
  • Kerberos/GSS-API.

Установка OpenSSH на Ubuntu 20.04

В качестве примера мы рассмотрим установку Ubuntu 20.04. Настройка SSH Ubuntu Server 18.04 версии проходит аналогично.

При первой установке Ubuntu подключение по SSH запрещено по умолчанию. Включить доступ по SSH можно, если установить OpenSSH.

Для этого:

  1. 1.

    Откройте терминал с помощью комбинации клавиш Ctrl + Alt + T.

  2. 2.

    Обновите репозиторий командой:

  3. 3.

    Установите SSH с помощью команды:

  4. 4.

    Установите OpenSSH:

    sudo apt install openssh-server
  5. 5.

    Добавьте пакет SSH-сервера в автозагрузку:

    sudo systemctl enable sshd
  6. 6.

    Проверьте работу SSH:

    Если установка прошла корректно, в выводе вы увидите настройки по умолчанию:



    установка openssh на ubuntu
    Настройка SSH Linux

Готово, вы установили OpenSSH на Ubuntu.

Настройка OpenSSH на Ubuntu 20.04

По умолчанию SSH-соединение работает по порту 22. Из соображений безопасности порт лучше изменить. Для этого:

  1. 1.

    Запустите терминал с помощью комбинации клавиш Ctrl + Alt + T.

  2. 2.

    Откройте конфигурационный файл в текстовом редакторе:

    sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
  3. 3.

    В sshd_config замените порт 22 на другое значение в диапазоне от 1 до 65 535. Важно, чтобы выбранный порт не был занят другой службой:



    настройка openssh на ubuntu
    CentOS 8 настройка SSH

  4. 4.

    Чтобы изменения вступили в силу, перезапустите SSH-сервер:

Готово, вы настроили OpenSSH на Ubuntu 20.04. Теперь вы можете внести дополнительные настройки или в Ubuntu разрешить пользователю доступ по SSH.

Установка OpenSSH на Windows 10

  1. 1.

    В меню «Пуск» нажмите Параметры:



    установка openssh на windows 1

  2. 2.

    Перейдите в раздел Приложения:



    установка openssh на windows 2
    Настройка SSH

  3. 3.

    Выберите Приложения и возможности и нажмите Дополнительные компоненты:



    установка openssh на windows 3

  4. 4.

    Проверьте, установлен ли компонент «Клиент OpenSSH». Для этого в поисковой строке наберите «OpenSSH». Если компонент уже установлен, переходите к шагу Настройка SSH на Windows 10.



    установка openssh на windows 4

    Если компонент ещё не установлен, используйте PowerShell.


Что такое PowerShell

PowerShell — это утилита командной строки в ОС Windows. Она выпущена в составе Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1 и Windows 10 как неотъемлемая часть системы.
Управлять ОС через PowerShell можно при помощи командлетов — специальных команд. Командлеты работают аналогично с командами в терминале Linux.

Использование командлетов позволяет:

  • работать с файловой системой и реестром Windows,
  • изменять настройки операционной системы,
  • управлять службами и процессами,
  • устанавливать программы,
  • управлять установленным ПО,
  • встраивать исполняемые компоненты в программы,
  • создавать сценарии, которые помогут автоматизировать администрирование.
  1. 5.

    Перейдите в меню «Пуск». Правой кнопкой мыши кликните на Windows PowerShell и выберите Запуск от имени администратора:



    установка openssh на windows 5

  2. 6.

    Дайте согласие на запуск программы. Для этого нажмите Да:



    установка openssh на windows 6

  3. 7.

    Введите командлет:

    Get-WindowsCapability -Online | ? Name -like 'OpenSSH*'

    Вы увидите следующее сообщение:



    установка openssh на windows 7

  4. 8.

    Установите OpenSSH с помощью командлета:

    Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0

    После установки вы увидите сообщение. Если для параметра «RestartNeeded» указан статус «True», перезагрузите компьютер.



    установка openssh на windows 8

Готово, вы установили OpenSSH на Windows.

Настройка Open SSH на Windows 10

  1. 1.

    В меню «Пуск» и кликните на Windows PowerShell:



    настройка openssh на windows 1

  2. 2.

    Введите командлет:

    В выводе отобразится справочная информация о командлетах:



    настройка openssh на windows 2

  3. 3.

    Если вам нужно подключиться к серверу по SSH, выполните командлет:

    Где:

    • username — имя пользователя SSH,
    • host — имя удаленного сервера или его IP-адрес.

    Например, так выглядит командлет для подключения к хостингу REG.RU:

    ssh u1234567@123.123.123.123

Готово, теперь вы можете как открыть доступ по SSH, так и внести дополнительные настройки на сервере.

One of the biggest and most welcome changes to the Windows 10 1809 update and in Windows Server 2019 was the addition of the OpenSSH Client and OpenSSH Server features. It is now incredibly easy to SSH into a Windows Workstation/Server using native tools that are now builtin to the Operating System. In the past this was only possible by using complicated tools and odd workarounds in order to get an SSH-like implementation to work correctly. You can also use the SSH commands right from the Windows command line (CMD, PowerShell), without needing third-party tools or odd commands. This is a very nice change that Microsoft has added, since it is much easier to remotely manage a Windows through the Command Line instead of the GUI, and having the ability to use the same tools on both Windows and Linux is a big advantage.

Note: I have only tested this on Windows 10 Pro for Workstations (Version 1809 Build 17763.253) and on Windows Server 2019 Standard.

Table Of Contents

Installation

Installing the OpenSSH Client and OpenSSH Server options can be done through either the Settings app or through the Command Line.

GUI Installation

To install through the GUI, go to Settings -> Apps -> Apps & Features -> Manage optional features -> Add a feature. You should see the two options in the list of available features that can be installed:

  • OpenSSH Client
  • OpenSSH Server

OpenSSH Features

These two options should be present. If not, there is a problem with the version of Windows.

Highlight each option and click the Install button to install the feature. If the options are missing, then you are not on the latest version/patch level of Windows 10 or Windows Server 2019. A restart should not be necessary after adding these features, but the newly installed services will need to be started and configured to automatically start at boot.

Command Line Installation

To install through the Command Line, open an elevated PowerShell console in order to proceed. To confirm that you are able to install the OpenSSH Client and OpenSSH Server features, run the following command:

Get-WindowsCapability -Online | findstr OpenSSH

Name  : OpenSSH.Client~~0.0.1.0
Name  : OpenSSH.Server~~0.0.1.0

If those two options are present, run the following two commands to install the features:

Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0
Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Server~~~~0.0.1.0

OpenSSH CLI Installation

If the installation was successful, you should see a similar message.

Like installing through the Settings app, a restart should not be necessary after adding these features. The newly installed services will need to be started and configured to automatically start at boot.

Services Start

In order to start using OpenSSH Server, the associated services will need to be started first. This can be done through either the Services MMC console or through the Command Line.

Services MMC Console

Open the Services MMC Console (Win + R, and type in services.mmc) and find the two Services that are related to OpenSSH Server:

  • OpenSSH Authentication Agent
  • OpenSSH Server

Right-click on each service and select Properties. Under Service Status, click the Start button to start the service. To configure the service to start automatically at boot, change the Startup Type drop-down menu to Automatic and click Apply.

Windows MMC Console

There are two services that are related to OpenSSH Server which need to be set to start automatically.

Command Line Services

To start the OpenSSH Server services and enable them to run automatically, there are a few command that you will need to run. To do this, open an elevated PowerShell console and run the following commands to start the OpenSSH Server:

Start-Service sshd
Start-Service ssh-agent

To have these services start automatically at boot, there are two additional commands to run as well:

Set-Service sshd -StartupType Automatic
Set-Service ssh-agent -StartupType Automatic

After this has been completed, you should be able to connect to your Windows installation over SSH.

Using OpenSSH Client

The OpenSSH Client can be used exactly the same way as you would on any Linux/Unix host. It will work through the regular Command Line and in PowerShell:

PS C:> ssh.exe
usage: ssh [-46AaCfGgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-B bind_interface]
           [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec] [-D [bind_address:]port]
           [-E log_file] [-e escape_char] [-F configfile] [-I pkcs11]
           [-i identity_file] [-J [user@]host[:port]] [-L address]
           [-l login_name] [-m mac_spec] [-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port]
           [-Q query_option] [-R address] [-S ctl_path] [-W host:port]
           [-w local_tun[:remote_tun]] destination [command]

Here is the same output from a Linux environment:

matthew@thinkpad / $ ssh
usage: ssh [-46AaCfGgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec]
           [-D [bind_address:]port] [-E log_file] [-e escape_char]
           [-F configfile] [-I pkcs11] [-i identity_file]
           [-J [user@]host[:port]] [-L address] [-l login_name] [-m mac_spec]
           [-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port] [-Q query_option] [-R address]
           [-S ctl_path] [-W host:port] [-w local_tun[:remote_tun]]
           [user@]hostname [command]

I won’t go into the details on how to use any of these advanced options, there are very good tutorials on how to use the OpenSSH Client on other sites. The behaviour of OpenSSH Client on Windows should be almost exactly the same as on a Linux environment. So far I haven’t run into any issues with connectivity.

Connecting to OpenSSH Server

There is nothing special required to connect to a Windows host, it behaves exactly the same way as any other SSH host. There are a few different username formats that you can use:

user@windows-host (Local User Account)
user@domain.local@windows-host (Domain UPN)
domainuser@windows-host (Netbios)

One of the benefits is the ability to login with a Microsoft account if you are using that as your username. It is a bit unusual to see an e-mail address used this way, but I am glad that Microsoft made sure that this functionality worked correctly:

user@outlook.com@windows-host

There is nothing more to OpenSSH Server, you can manage your Windows host from the command line once you are logged in. If you want to do any further customization or need some basic troubleshooting, there is additional information below.

Change the Default Shell

By default when you login to a Windows installation with SSH, it defaults to the regular Command Prompt (cmd.exe). I prefer PowerShell for everyday usage, and it is easy to switch to PowerShell once you login, but you can change the default shell to save yourself some time if you are going to be using this feature often.

This is done through the Registry Editor, which will run with Administrator privileges. You need to navigate to the following key:

ComputerHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREOpenSSH

Create a new string called DefaultShell and give it the following value:

C:WindowsSystem32WindowsPowerShellv1.0powershell.exe

Restart the OpenSSH Server Service and the next time that you login with SSH, you should automatically go to PowerShell. I have tried making this work with Bash, but it doesn’t seem to be supported yet.

OpenSSH Shell

I sometimes wish it would go to a Bash shell instead…

If you do want to use Bash, just type in bash.exe to switch to it.

Additional Settings

There are a few customizations that you can do to the OpenSSH Server service if needed. Since this is a port of the OpenSSH Server, the customization is done in a very similar way. To begin, the directory where all of the associated executable files are found is in the C:WindowsSystem32OpenSSH directory:

OpenSSH Directory

Sometimes needed for troubleshooting purposes.

The other important directory for OpenSSH Server is the C:ProgramDatassh folder, which contains the configuration files and log files.

This directory will be needed for troubleshooting and logging purposes.

OpenSSH Server options, such as changing the login banner and locking down security options are done in the C:ProgramDatasshsshd_config file.

Not all options can be used on a Windows host. For more information, you can refer to the official Wiki article on what options are supported:

https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/wiki/sshd_config

Troubleshooting

If you need to view the log file for OpenSSH Server, you need to make a quick change to the configuration file (C:ProgramDatasshsshd_config) to enable logging:

# Logging
#SyslogFacility AUTH
#LogLevel INFO

Make the following change:

# Logging
SyslogFacility LOCAL0
LogLevel INFO

You will need to restart the OpenSSH Server service in order to apply the change. Once the change has been made, the log file (sshd.log) can be found in the C:ProgramDatasshlogs directory. When you are finished troubleshooting, you should revert this change to prevent unnecessary logging for the OpenSSH service.

Links

  • https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askpfeplat/2018/10/29/ssh-on-windows-server-2019/
  • https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH

The built-in SSH client appeared in Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019. Ssh.exe can be used to securely connect to Linux/UNIX servers, VMWare ESXi hosts and other devices instead of Putty, MTPuTTY and other third-party SSH clients. The native Windows SSH client is based on the OpenSSH port and is preinstalled in Windows starting from Windows 10 build 1809.

Contents:

  • How to Enable (Install) the OpenSSH Client on Windows 10?
  • Using a Native SSH Client on Windows 10
  • Using SCP.exe to Transfer Files to/from Windows Host Using SSH

How to Enable (Install) the OpenSSH Client on Windows 10?

The OpenSSH client is included in Windows 10 Features on Demand (like RSAT). The SSH client is installed by default on Windows Server 2019, Windows 10 1809 and newer builds.

Check that the SSH client is installed:

Get-WindowsCapability -Online | ? Name -like 'OpenSSH.Client*'

install openssh client on windows 10

In our example, the OpenSSH client is installed (State: Installed).

If not (State: Not Present), you can install it using:

  • The PowerShell command: Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client*
  • With DISM: dism /Online /Add-Capability /CapabilityName:OpenSSH.Server~~~~0.0.1.0
  • Via Settings -> Apps -> Optional features -> Add a feature. Find OpenSSH client in the list and click Install.

windows 10 optional feature - OpenSSH client

OpenSSH binary files are located in c:WindowsSystem32OpenSSH.

  • ssh.exe – the SSH client executable;
  • scp.exe – tool for copying files in an SSH session;
  • ssh-keygen.exe – tool to generate RSA SSH authentication keys;
  • ssh-agent.exe – used to manage RSA keys;
  • ssh-add.exe – adds a key to the SSH agent database.

openssh executables in windows 10

You can install OpenSSH on previous Windows versions as well: just download and install the Win32-OpenSSH from GitHub (you can find an example in the article: Configuring SSH FTP on Windows).

Using a Native SSH Client on Windows 10

To start the SSH client, run the PowerShell or cmd.exe prompt. You can list the available options and syntax for ssh.exe:

ssh

usage: ssh [-46AaCfGgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec]
[-D [bind_address:]port] [-E log_file] [-e escape_char]
[-F configfile] [-I pkcs11] [-i identity_file]
[-J [user@]host[:port]] [-L address] [-l login_name] [-m mac_spec]
[-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port] [-Q query_option] [-R address]
[-S ctl_path] [-W host:port] [-w local_tun[:remote_tun]]
destination [command]

native ssh.exe client on windows 10 / windows server 2019

In order to connect to a remote server using SSH, use the following command:

ssh username@host

If your SSH server is running on a port different from the standard TCP/22, specify the port number:

ssh username@host -p port

For example, to connect to a Linux host with the IP address 192.168.1.102 as root, run this command:

ssh root@192.168.1.102

At the first connection, you will see a request to add the host key to the trusted list. Type yes and press ENTER. Then the host key fingerprint is added to the C:Usersusername.sshknown_hosts file.

You will be prompted for a password. Specify your root password, and your remote Linux server’s console should open (in my example, CentOS is installed on the remote server).

using ssh.exe to securely connect to linux from windows 10

Using SSH, you can connect both to *Nix OSs and Windows. In one of the previous articles, we showed how to configure an OpenSSH server in Windows 10 and connect to it from a Windows host using an SSH client.

If you use the SSH authentication with RSA keys (see an example on how to configure SSH authentication using keys in Windows), you can specify a path to the private key file in your SSH client as follows:

ssh root@192.168.1.102 -i "C:Usersusername.sshid_rsa"

You can also add a private key to SSH-Agent. First, enable the ssh-agent service and configure automatic startup for it.

set-service ssh-agent StartupType 'Automatic'
Start-Service ssh-agent

Add your private key to the ssh-agent database:

ssh-add "C:Usersusername.sshid_rsa"

Then you will be able to connect to your server over SSH without specifying the path to the RSA key. It will be used automatically. Now you can securely connect to your server without a password (if you have not protected your RSA key with a different password):

ssh root@192.168.1.102

Here are some more useful SSH arguments:

  • -C – used to compress traffic between client and server (it is useful in case of slow or unstable connections)
  • -v – displays detailed information about all SSH client actions
  • -R/-L – can be used to forward ports using an SSH tunnel

Using SCP.exe to Transfer Files to/from Windows Host Using SSH

Using the scp.exe tool (is a part of Windows 10 SSH client package), you can copy a file from your computer to the SSH server:

scp.exe "E:ISOCentOS-8.1.x86_64.iso" root@192.168.1.202:/home
use scp.exe to copy files over ssh from windows to linux host (and vice versa)

You can copy all directory contents recursively:

scp -r E:ISO root@192.168.1.202:/home

And vice versa, you can transfer a file from a remote server to your computer:

scp.exe root@192.168.1.202:/home/CentOS-8.1.x86_64.iso c:iso

If you configure authentication using RSA keys, you won’t be prompted to enter your password to transfer files. This is useful if you want to configure automatic scheduled file copying.

Thus, you can connect to SSH servers directly from your Windows 10, copy files using scp without any other third-party apps or tools.

PowerShell

As a seasoned, or even new IT Pro, you’re likely an avid user of Putty, using secure shell (SSH) to connect to Unix/Linux servers, computers, and even Windows machines for an efficient and secure remote command-line experience. Well, did you know Windows 10, Windows 11, and Windows Server 2019 (and Windows Server 2022) include an open-source implementation of SSH?

Table of Contents

  • How is SSH implemented in Windows?
  • Install OpenSSH using Windows Settings
  • Install OpenSSH using PowerShell
  • Start and configure OpenSSH Server
  • Using SSH in Windows Terminal
  • Connect to OpenSSH Server
  • Uninstall OpenSSH using Windows Settings
  • Uninstall OpenSSH using PowerShell

In this mega ‘how-to’ guide, you’ll learn how to install and configure OpenSSH on Windows. Find out how to connect remotely to Linux, Unix, Oracle, Windows, Windows Server, and other operating systems via the secure command line.

How is SSH implemented in Windows?

There are two separate components of OpenSSH in Windows – an SSH client and an SSH server. Microsoft implemented both in Windows using OpenSSH Client and OpenSSH Server respectively.

And there are also two main methods to install and uninstall these components in Windows. The OpenSSH Client feature is installed by default in higher-end versions of Windows.

The Client is like the functionality of Putty. It allows you to make ‘client’ connections to other servers and devices using various secure protocols.

You can confirm if you have the client installed by opening a command prompt or PowerShell prompt and typing ‘ssh’ and hitting Enter. You will be provided with an overview of how to use the ssh command if it is already installed.

Check the SSH client is installed
OpenSSH common output

Install OpenSSH using Windows Settings

To install OpenSSH Client, let’s first use the more modern approach – Windows Settings.

First, click the Start button, then click Settings. Next, click the ‘Apps‘ category.

Windows Settings
Windows Settings

Click the ‘Add a feature’ ‘+‘ at the top of the Optional features’ window.

Windows Settings

Scroll down to ‘OpenSSH Client’, place a checkmark next to it and click the ‘Install’ button. Wait a few moments, and we’re good!

OpenSSH Client Installed
OpenSSH Client Installed!

Install OpenSSH using PowerShell

The other core method to installing OpenSSH is using PowerShell. Fire up an administrative PowerShell prompt and type in this command to install the ‘OpenSSH Client’ feature.

Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0

You can run this command to confirm the feature is installed.

Get-WindowsCapability -Online | Where-Object Name -like 'OpenSSH*'
OpenSSH Client (and Server) installed
OpenSSH Client (and Server) installed

Start and configure OpenSSH Server

As you may have noticed, you can install OpenSSH Client and OpenSSH Server on Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019/2022 (You need at least Windows Server 2019 to host OpenSSH Server). I will now switch to one of my Windows Server 2022 servers and demonstrate how to start up the ‘Server’ part of the implementation and test connections from Windows 10.

Fire up another administrative PowerShell prompt and run these commands.

# Start the sshd service
Start-Service sshd

# OPTIONAL but recommended:
Set-Service -Name sshd -StartupType 'Automatic'

# Confirm the Firewall rule is configured. It should be created automatically by setup. Run the following to verify
if (!(Get-NetFirewallRule -Name "OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Select-Object Name, Enabled)) {
    Write-Output "Firewall Rule 'OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP' does not exist, creating it..."
    New-NetFirewallRule -Name 'OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP' -DisplayName 'OpenSSH Server (sshd)' -Enabled True -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -Action Allow -LocalPort 22
} else {
    Write-Output "Firewall rule 'OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP' has been created and exists."
}

This will start the secure SSH service (Server), set its service settings to ‘Automatic’ so it runs every time the server boots, and verify all the appropriate Windows Firewall rules are in place to allow client connections on TCP localport 22 through Windows Server’s built-in Windows Defender software-based firewall.

Success!

OpenSSH Started and Configured
OpenSSH Started and Configured

Using SSH in Windows Terminal

If you’ve gotten on the Windows Terminal bandwagon like many an IT Pro that I’ve spoken with, you’ll be pleased to know you can set up new profiles to fire up OpenSSH connections to your favorite servers at the touch of a profile dropdown button!

Let me show you the steps you can perform to add a profile for OpenSSH in your lovely Windows Terminal configuration. This will allow you to open your favorite SSH connection right from the profile dropdown in Windows Terminal, or even launch it when Windows Terminal starts on your computer.

First, launch Windows Terminal if it’s not already running on your computer.

Windows Terminal
Windows Terminal

Click the arrow dropdown to the right of the ‘+’ sign and click Settings.

Add Profile - Windows Terminal
Add Profile – Windows Terminal

Click the ‘+ Add a new profile’ link at the bottom of the Profiles list. Click to select the ‘Windows PowerShell’ profile to choose as a template and click the ‘Duplicate’ button. You can choose whatever you prefer in the Name, Starting directory, and Tab title fields, including a different icon if you wish, but the key is in the ‘Command line’ field.

New SSH profile settings in Terminal
New SSH profile settings in Terminal

You have the option of typing in our custom ‘ssh’ command or appending said command to the end of whichever console you’re launching/using (cmd.exe, powershell.exe, etc.). We are using the following to connect to my ‘WS22-FS02′ server where ‘OpenSSH Server’ is installed: ‘ssh username@servername.’

Or, in our case, ‘ssh administrator@ws22-fs02′. Then, be sure to click Save in the lower-right corner of the Settings page. (Don’t worry if some of the syntax here doesn’t ‘click’ yet…you’ll learn a bit more about connecting to SSH in the next section – Connect to OpenSSH Server.)

Terminal - Our beautiful baby new profile is ready for life!
Terminal – Our beautiful baby new profile is ready for life!

Now, click the same dropdown arrow and click your new profile. In my case “Windows PowerShell (OpenSSH)”. You’ll be prompted for credentials (again, you’ll understand in the next section…). Enter them, and voila!

New 'automatic' SSH profile tab in Terminal
New ‘automatic’ SSH profile tab in Terminal

Connect to OpenSSH Server

We are making excellent progress. We have our Windows Server 2022 server (WS22-FS02) configured to accept SSH incoming connections. We have the OpenSSH Client feature installed and verified on our Windows 10 system. We’ll first try a basic connectivity test by pinging the server.

We’ll then type in ‘ssh username@servername‘. Because the server’s name is ‘ws22-fs02’, we’ll use ‘ssh administrator@ws22-fs02’. We’ll get prompted for the account’s password because by default, the SSH server in Windows is set to use password authentication.

Connecting to ws22-fs02 via OpenSSH
Connecting to ws22-fs02 via OpenSSH

Enter your password and we’re in!

Connected!
Connected!

We are now running an administrative command prompt remotely and securely from our Windows 10 computer, using native open-source SSH. Pretty slick, huh?

Uninstall OpenSSH using Windows Settings

If you ever need to uninstall OpenSSH components for security, compliance, or any other reason, it’s straightforward via Windows Settings. Let’s walk you through.

First, click the Start button, and click on Settings. Click the Apps category heading, then Optional Features.

Ready to Uninstall OpenSSH Client
Ready to Uninstall OpenSSH Client

Click ‘OpenSSH Client‘ and click the Uninstall button.

OpenSSH Uninstalled
OpenSSH Uninstalled

Go ahead and reboot your computer if it prompts you to (assuming you can, should, and no one will yell at you for Rebooting the Exchange Server!!!) One of my favorite online IT Pro videos to watch from many years ago. Some of you will definitely resonate… (The Website is Down #1)

Uninstall OpenSSH using PowerShell

There are strikingly similar PowerShell commands to run to uninstall OpenSSH features in Windows compared to Installing them. I know, right? Mesmerizing. Go ahead and run this command to validate which OpenSSH components are installed on your system.

Get-WindowsCapability -Online | Where-Object Name -like 'OpenSSH*'
List of which OpenSSH components are installed
List of which OpenSSH components are installed

Run the following command to uninstall OpenSSH Client from your computer.

Remove-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0
After uninstall of OpenSSH Client and confirmation
After uninstall of OpenSSH Client and confirmation

As you can see, I ran the ‘Get-WindowsCapability’ command again after the feature was uninstalled to confirm. All looks good!

There, that wasn’t so bad. Honestly, it’s pretty straightforward to get up and running fast with OpenSSH in Windows.

When you need to manage a *nix machine from the distance, you will almost always use SSH. Any BSD or Linux-based operating system running on a server will come with the OpenSSH daemon preinstalled. To “talk” to this daemon and interact with the remote machine, you also need an SSH client. PuTTY has long been the most popular SSH client used on Windows, but since the last major update, Windows 10 now comes with an SSH client preinstalled. It’s easier and faster to use this client rather than installing and configuring PuTTY.

First, check if it’s already installed. Press the Windows logo key on your keyboard or click on the Start Menu. Type cmd and open Command Prompt.

windows-ssh-open-command-prompt

Now, type ssh and press Enter. A short summary of command line switches should be displayed. This means the client is installed, and you can skip the rest of this section.

windows-ssh-test-if-installed

If you get a message that says the command is not recognized, click on the Start Menu and type features. Open “Apps & features” and click on “Manage optional features.”

windows-ssh-apps-and-features

Next, click on “Add a feature” and scroll down until you find “OpenSSH Client.” Install it and you should be set to go.

windows-ssh-install-openssh-client

How to Use Windows’ Built-in OpenSSH Client

If you are familiar with the ssh command in Linux, you already know how to use it on Windows. It has the same syntax and command line switches. You can read the complete SSH manual on OpenBSD’s website.

The basic syntax to connect to a server is ssh username@IP-address-or-hostname.

Examples:

ssh root@203.0.113.1
ssh john@example.com

When you log in with a password, it’s easy. Just type yes to accept the fingerprint, and then type your password (characters won’t be displayed on screen).

windows-ssh-connect-with-password

However, it is recommended that instead of passwords you use SSH keys. Zombie computers from botnets constantly scan and try to bruteforce passwords on OpenSSH servers. Keys cannot be bruteforced. They are much more secure than using the commonly recommended scheme of passwords plus fail2ban. Fail2ban blocks multiple attempts from the same IP, but another IP will try different passwords until one of them gets lucky.

How to Log in with SSH Keys

There are many methods to create key pairs for SSH authentication. And you also have ssh-keygen available on Windows, which you can use in the command prompt. After you create the pair, add the public key to your server and disable password logins. Afterwards, save the private key on your Windows computer.

When you log in you can provide the path to this (private) key after the -i parameter in a command such as:

ssh -i C:Usersmtetestkey root@203.0.113.1

windows-ssh-login-with-private-key-path

Otherwise you can move a private key to its default location. After the first connection, the SSH client creates a directory, .ssh, in your current user directory. You can open the directory by typing this in the command prompt:

explorer %userprofile%.ssh

Now, copy your private key here and name it id_rsa.

windows-ssh-id-rsa

From now on, you can log in with this private key without using the -i parameter.

Useful SSH Command Parameters

  • -p – Use this if your SSH server is listening on a different port (other than 22). Example: ssh -p 4444 root@203.0.113.1
  • -C – Compress traffic between client and server. Only useful on very slow connections
  • -v – Verbose mode, outputs a lot more about what is going on. Can help you debug connection issues.

Example command:

ssh -p 4444 -C -v root@203.0.113.1

Conclusion

Since this is basically the same OpenSSH client you find on Linux machines, some commands such as sftp are also available. This facilitates the upload and download of files to/from remote servers. For those that prefer the command line, this means they don’t need to install FTP clients such as FileZilla anymore. It’s also possible to set up SSH tunnels with the ssh command. We may cover this in a future tutorial, since it makes some “impossible” things possible, like accepting outside connections on your local computer, even if your ISP doesn’t offer you a private external IP address (more clients sit behind the same Internet IP address).

Alexandru Andrei

Fell in love with computers when he was four years old. 27 years later, the passion is still burning, fueling constant learning. Spends most of his time in terminal windows and SSH sessions, managing Linux desktops and servers.

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Если вы заядлый разработчик, вы, возможно, уже заметили, что Microsoft наконец-то добавила поддержку SSH-соединений в Windows 10 . Это интеграция OpenSSH в Windows 10, которая поставляется с выпуском Windows 10 Fall Creators Update. Теперь пользователи получают возможность отключить клиентское программное обеспечение SSH, например PuTTY , для подключения к локальному или серверу, расположенному в Интернете. Если вы новичок в этом, давайте сначала обсудим, что такое SSH или Secure Shell.

Что такое OpenSSH

SSH или Secure Shell – это не что иное, как общий протокол, подобный FTP или HTTP, который используется для отправки данных из источника в пункт назначения. Но здесь отправленные данные строго зашифрованы. OpenSSH очень популярен среди разработчиков, работающих на машинах Linux, поскольку он позволяет им получать доступ к удаленному серверу в сети и управлять им.

Прежде чем мы начнем, я хотел бы отметить, что эта функция доступна как бета-версия и может иногда показывать некоторые глюки.

Действия по включению OpenSSH в Windows 10

С функциями Windows:

Перейдите в «Настройки»> «Приложения»> «Приложения и функции» или перейдите по этому адресу:

 мс-настройки: appsfeatures

Теперь нажмите Управление дополнительными функциями.

Выберите Добавить функцию. Это приведет вас к новой странице.

Прокрутите вниз до Клиент OpenSSH (бета) и Сервер OpenSSH (бета) .

Установите их оба и перезагрузите компьютер

Это загрузит и установит все компоненты по этому пути:

 C:  Windows  System32  OpenSSH 

Теперь вы можете использовать Powershell или командную строку (CMD), чтобы перейти к указанному пути, а затем начать работать с SSH, как в Linux.

С подсистемой Windows для Linux (WSL)

Прежде всего, откройте меню «Пуск» и введите Функции Windows , а затем выберите Включить и выключить функции Windows.

Установите флажок Подсистема Windows для Linux и нажмите ОК.

Перейдите в магазин Microsoft Store и найдите Ubuntu .

Установите это приложение.

Теперь выполните поиск Ubuntu в меню «Пуск» или в Cortana, чтобы запустить командную строку Linux Bash и использовать возможности SSH.

В настоящее время эта функция перенесена в Windows 10 с помощью Win32 Port самой Microsoft. В настоящее время доступно обновление для Windows 10 Fall Creators: 0.0.19.0 , но если вы зайдете в их репозиторий GitHub, вы обнаружите, что последняя версия – 0.0.24.0 , которая новее встроенного и, следовательно, будет гораздо более стабильным. Вы можете прочитать больше об установке через Powershell в их документации по GitHub, указанной выше.

Наконец, похоже, что Microsoft усиливает использование технологий с открытым исходным кодом, интегрируя их непосредственно в Windows 10 и улучшая их для разработчиков. Это делает утверждение Терри Майерсона (исполнительного вице-президента группы разработчиков Windows в Microsoft) верным, что

«Windows 10 – лучшая чертова девбокс на планете».

И мы не можем дождаться добавления более полезных функций, подобных этой, во встроенную Windows 10!

title description ms.date ms.topic ms.author author ms.custom

Get started with OpenSSH for Windows

Learn how to install and connect to remote machines using the OpenSSH Client and Server for Windows.

01/11/2023

quickstart

roharwoo

robinharwood

contperf-fy21q4

Get started with OpenSSH for Windows

Applies to: Windows Server 2022, Windows Server 2019, Windows 10 (build 1809 and later)

OpenSSH is a connectivity tool for remote sign-in that uses the SSH protocol. It encrypts all traffic between client and server to eliminate eavesdropping, connection hijacking, and other attacks.

An OpenSSH-compatible client can be used to connect to Windows Server and Windows client devices.

[!IMPORTANT]
If you downloaded the OpenSSH beta from the GitHub repo at PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH, follow the instructions listed there, not the ones in this article. Some information in the Win32-OpenSSH repository relates to prerelease product that may be substantially modified before it’s released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided there.

Prerequisites

Before you start, your computer must meet the following requirements:

  • A device running at least Windows Server 2019 or Windows 10 (build 1809).
  • PowerShell 5.1 or later.
  • An account that is a member of the built-in Administrators group.

Prerequisites check

To validate your environment, open an elevated PowerShell session and do the following:

  • Type winver.exe and press enter to see the version details for your Windows device.

  • Run $PSVersionTable.PSVersion. Verify your major version is at least 5, and your minor version at least 1. Learn more about installing PowerShell on Windows.

  • Run the command below. The output will show True when you’re a member of the built-in Administrators group.

    (New-Object Security.Principal.WindowsPrincipal([Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent())).IsInRole([Security.Principal.WindowsBuiltInRole]::Administrator)

Install OpenSSH for Windows

GUI

Both OpenSSH components can be installed using Windows Settings on Windows Server 2019 and Windows 10 devices.

To install the OpenSSH components:

  1. Open Settings, select Apps, then select Optional Features.

  2. Scan the list to see if the OpenSSH is already installed. If not, at the top of the page, select Add a feature, then:

    • Find OpenSSH Client, then select Install
    • Find OpenSSH Server, then select Install
  3. Once setup completes, return to Apps and Optional Features and confirm OpenSSH is listed.

  4. Open the Services desktop app. (Select Start, type services.msc in the search box, and then select the Service app or press ENTER.)

  5. In the details pane, double-click OpenSSH SSH Server.

  6. On the General tab, from the Startup type drop-down menu, select Automatic.

  7. To start the service, select Start.

[!NOTE]
Installing OpenSSH Server will create and enable a firewall rule named OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP. This allows inbound SSH traffic on port 22. If this rule is not enabled and this port is not open, connections will be refused or reset.

PowerShell

To install OpenSSH using PowerShell, run PowerShell as an Administrator.
To make sure that OpenSSH is available, run the following cmdlet:

Get-WindowsCapability -Online | Where-Object Name -like 'OpenSSH*'

The command should return the following output if neither are already installed:

Name  : OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0
State : NotPresent

Name  : OpenSSH.Server~~~~0.0.1.0
State : NotPresent

Then, install the server or client components as needed:

# Install the OpenSSH Client
Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0

# Install the OpenSSH Server
Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Server~~~~0.0.1.0

Both commands should return the following output:

Path          :
Online        : True
RestartNeeded : False

To start and configure OpenSSH Server for initial use, open an elevated PowerShell prompt (right click, Run as an administrator), then run the following commands to start the sshd service:

# Start the sshd service
Start-Service sshd

# OPTIONAL but recommended:
Set-Service -Name sshd -StartupType 'Automatic'

# Confirm the Firewall rule is configured. It should be created automatically by setup. Run the following to verify
if (!(Get-NetFirewallRule -Name "OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Select-Object Name, Enabled)) {
    Write-Output "Firewall Rule 'OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP' does not exist, creating it..."
    New-NetFirewallRule -Name 'OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP' -DisplayName 'OpenSSH Server (sshd)' -Enabled True -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -Action Allow -LocalPort 22
} else {
    Write-Output "Firewall rule 'OpenSSH-Server-In-TCP' has been created and exists."
}

Connect to OpenSSH Server

Once installed, you can connect to OpenSSH Server from a Windows or Windows Server device with the OpenSSH client installed. From a PowerShell prompt, run the following command.

ssh domainusername@servername

Once connected, you get a message similar to the following output.

The authenticity of host 'servername (10.00.00.001)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:(<a large string>).
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?

Entering yes adds that server to the list of known SSH hosts on your Windows client.

At this point, you’ll be prompted for your password. As a security precaution, your password won’t be displayed as you type.

Once connected, you’ll see the Windows command shell prompt:

domainusername@SERVERNAME C:Usersusername>

Uninstall OpenSSH for Windows

GUI

To uninstall OpenSSH using Windows Settings:

  1. Open Settings, then go to Apps > Apps & Features.
  2. Go to Optional Features.
  3. In the list, select OpenSSH Client or OpenSSH Server.
  4. Select Uninstall.

PowerShell

To uninstall the OpenSSH components using PowerShell, use the following commands:

# Uninstall the OpenSSH Client
Remove-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Client~~~~0.0.1.0

# Uninstall the OpenSSH Server
Remove-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Server~~~~0.0.1.0

You may need to restart Windows afterwards if the service was in use at the time it was uninstalled.

Next steps

Now that you’ve installed OpenSSH Server for Windows, here are some articles that might help you as you use it:

  • Learn more about using key pairs for authentication in OpenSSH key management
  • Learn more about the OpenSSH Server configuration for Windows



03 Feb, 23



by Ayden I



3 min Read

Install OpenSSH Server and Client on Windows

List of content you will read in this article:

  • 1. What is OpenSSH?
  • 2. How to Install OpenSSH Client
  • 3. How to Install OpenSSH Server
  • 4. Conclusion

Secure Shel is built into Linux OS as the default method of carrying out remote server management, however, until recently, Microsoft’s proprietary Remote Desktop software was the only option for Windows (i.e., without installing third-party software). Luckily, with the release of Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019, the developers have mercifully added one more first-party choice.

OpenSSH is the recent addition that allows you to remotely control your server without installing any third-party applications on either of the devices. As you might have guessed from the name, it uses Secure Shell in order to establish the connection, and today we will show you how to install OpenSSH Client on Windows 10 systems and OpenSSH Server on Windows Server 2019. But first, let us delve into what OpenSSH is.

What is OpenSSH?

OpenSSH is the open-source version of the Secure Shell (SSH) tools used by administrators of Linux and other non-Windows for cross-platform management of remote systems. OpenSSH has been added to Windows as of autumn 2018 and is included in Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019.

OpenSSH in Windows 10 comes with two different versions, called OpenSSH Client and OpenSSH Server. OpenSSH Client only has the ability to communicate with Windows SSH and is available to users through the CMD and PowerShell environment.

How to Install OpenSSH Client

To install OpenSSH Client, follow these very simple steps:

Step 1: Open Windows 10 settings and click on Apps.

Step 2: On the newly-opened page, you will see all of the installed applications on Windows. Click on Manage optional features.

Step 3: Then, click on Add a feature to viewing all of the features which you can install on your Windows.

Step 4: In the feature list, find OpenSSH Client and click on it, then click on Install.

Step 5: Wait for the installation step to be completed. After finishing the OpenSSH Client installation, restart your PC to finish up.

How to Install OpenSSH Server

The steps for OpenSSH Server installation are very similar to OpenSSH Client. Here’s what you should do:

Step 1: Open Windows settings and click on Apps.

Step 2: On the newly-opened page, you will see all of the installed applications on Windows. Click on Manage optional features.

Step 3: Then, click on Add a feature to viewing all of the features which you can install on your Windows.

Step 4: In the feature list, find OpenSSH Server and click on it, then click on Install.

Step 5: After the OpenSSH Server installation is complete, restart your server to finalize the process.

Conclusion

There are many trustworthy third-party clients out there, however, thanks to OpenSSH it is now possible to do so without the hassle of installing them. While RDP is still the most convenient option for establishing Windows-to-Windows connections, Secure Shell is the best tool for cross-platform remote server management.

We hope that with the help of the detailed tutorials outlined within this blog, you were able to successfully install OpenSSH Client and Server versions on your respective systems. If you have any questions or suggestions, please leave them in the comment section below.

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