OpenVPN пользуется заслуженной популярностью у системных администраторов, когда нужно быстро и эффективно соединить VPN-каналами удаленные офисы. Сегодня предлагаем вам статью нашего читателя в которой он расскажет вам как настроить безопасный канал между офисами с дополнительной парольной защитой на платформе Windows.
Научиться настраивать MikroTik с нуля или систематизировать уже имеющиеся знания можно на углубленном курсе по администрированию MikroTik. Автор курса, сертифицированный тренер MikroTik Дмитрий Скоромнов, лично проверяет лабораторные работы и контролирует прогресс каждого своего студента. В три раза больше информации, чем в вендорской программе MTCNA, более 20 часов практики и доступ навсегда.
И так нам нужно организовать VPN канал между двумя офисами. Сеть Офис 1 (назовем его С_ОФ1) и Сеть Офис 2 (назовем его С_ОФ2).
Скажу сразу что в моем случае OpenVPN в обоих офисах установлен на Windows 7.
С_ОФ1 включает:
Машина куда ставим OpenVPN Server имеет 2 сетевых интерфейса.
Также на ней установлен прокси-сервер который раздает инет в локалку, тем самым являясь для всех машин в локалке основным шлюзом(192.168.0.100)
192.168.0.100 смотрит в сеть
192.168.1.2 смотрит в мир через роутер. Роутер имеет статический IP скажем 111.222.333.444. На роутере сделан проброс порта 1190 (в моем случае порт 1190 проброшена на 192.168.1.2)
Пользователь в сети: 192.168.0.50
С_ОФ2 включает:
Машина куда ставим OpenVPN Client имеет 2 сетевых интерфейса.
Также на ней установлен прокси-сервер который раздает инет в локалку, тем самым являясь для всех машин в локалке основным шлюзом(172.17.10.10)
172.17.10.10смотрит в сеть
192.168.1.2 смотрит в мир через роутер.
Пользователь в сети: 172.17.10.50
Задача: Пользователь С_ОФ1(192.168.0.50) должен видеть расшареные ресурсы на Пользователе С_ОФ2 (172.17.10.50) и наоборот.
Приступаем к настройке
Скачиваем OpenVPN с официального сайта в соответствии с разрядностью системы.
Запускаем установку, на 3-м шаге активируем неактивные пункты.
Следующий шаг — путь для установки. Чтобы облегчить себе дальнейшую жизнь, устанавливаем в корень диска С.
В процессе установки в систему инсталлируется виртуальный сетевой адаптер TAP-Win32 Adapter V9 и, соответственно, драйвер к нему. Этому интерфейсу программа OpenVPN как раз и будет назначать IP адрес и маску виртуальной сети OpenVPN. В нашем случае ему назначен адрес 10.10.10.1с маской 255.255.255.0 на сервере С_ОФ1 и 10.10.10.2 с аналогичной маской на клиенте С_ОФ2.
Переименуем его в «VPN»
В директории «C:OpenVPN» следует сразу же создать дополнительно папку ssl (здесь мы будем хранить ключи аутентификации) папку ccd (здесь будут находится конфигурация настроек сервера для клиента).
В папке easy-rsa создаем файл vars.bat, данный пакетный файл будет задавать переменные для сеанса генерации сертификатов, в той части что касается организации и расположения заполняем своими данными.
set HOME=C:OpenVPNeasy-rsa
set KEY_CONFIG=openssl-1.0.0.cnf
set KEY_DIR=C:OpenVPNssl
set KEY_SIZE=1024
set KEY_COUNTRY=RU
set KEY_PROVINCE=Stavropol
set KEY_CITY= Stavropol
set KEY_ORG=ServerVPN
set KEY_EMAIL=admin@localhost
set KEY_CN=test
set KEY_NAME=test
set KEY_OU=test
set PKCS11_MODULE_PATH=test
set PKCS11_PIN=1234Запускаем командную строку от имени администратора.
Переходим по пути C:OpenVPNeasy-rsa, набрав для перехода в командной строке команду
cd C:OpenVPNeasy-rsaЗапускаем vars.bat:
Далее запускаем clean-all.bat:
Теперь запускаем build-ca.bat. Так как вся информация о сервере у нас уже заполнена, все оставляем без изменений:
после этого у нас в папке ssl появится два файла ca.crt и ca.key.
Запускаем build-dh.bat:
в результате у нас в папке ssl появится файл dh1024.pem.
Создаем серверный ключ, для этого вводим команду:
build-key-server.bat ServerVPNгде «ServerVPN» это название нащего VPN сервера, как в моем случае,
Важно! Указываем параметр «commonname» — пишем имя нашего VPN сервера. Все остальные параметры оставляем по умолчанию, на все вопросы отвечаем yes
в результате у нас в папке ssl появятся файлы ServerVPN.crt, ServerVPN.csr, ServerVPN.key.
Приступаем к формированию клиентских ключей.
Выполняем команду:
build-key.bat UserVPN_1где «UserVPN_1» имя нашего клиента.
Важно! Указываем параметр «commonname» — пишем имя нашего VPN клиента(UserVPN_1). Все остальные параметры оставляем по умолчанию, на все вопросы отвечаем yes
В результате у нас в папке ssl появятся файлы UserVPN_1.crt, UserVPN_1.csr, UserVPN_1.key.
Если у вас несколько клиентов, то повторяем формирование ключей; не забывая каждому клиенту присваивать свои имена
build-key.bat UserVPN_2
build-key.bat UserVPN_3Генерация ключа tls-auth (ta.key) для аутентификации пакетов, для этого переходим в корневую папку OpenVPN:
cd ..и выполняем команду:
openvpn --genkey --secret ssl/ta.keyв результате в папке ssl плучим файл ta.key.
Приступаем к созданию конфига сервера. В папке config создаем файл OpenVPN.ovpn:
#Порт для работы OpenVPN
port 1190#Указываем по какому протоколу работает OpenVPN
proto udp
#Тип интерфейса
dev tun
#Имя интерфейса
dev-node "VPN"
#Сертификат для шифрования подключения
dh C:\OpenVPN\ssl\dh1024.pem
#Сертификат центра сертификации
ca C:\OpenVPN\ssl\ca.crt
#Сертификат сервера
cert C:\OpenVPN\ssl\ServerVPN.crt
#ключ сервера
key C:\OpenVPN\ssl\ServerVPN.key
# Защита от DOS атак (для сервера, после пути к ключу, ставим 0 а для клиента 1)
tls-server
tls-auth C:\OpenVPN\keys\ta.key 0
tun-mtu 1500
tun-mtu-extra 32
mssfix 1450
#Диапазон IP адресов для VPN сети
server 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0
# Выбор криптографического шифра
cipher AES-256-CBC
#Логи
status C:\OpenVPN\log\openvpn-status.log
log C:\OpenVPN\log\openvpn.log
#Каталог, в которой лежит файл с названием нашего клиента, в моем случае UserVPN_1 без расширения, и в нем записать команды, которые будут выполнятся на клиенте:
client-config-dir "C:\OpenVPN\ccd"
#Уровень отладочной информации
verb 3
#Количество повторяющихся сообщений
mute 20
# Максимальное количество одновременно подключенных клиенты мы хотим разрешить
max-clients 2
#Время жизни неактивной сессии
keepalive 10 120
#Разрешаем клиентам видеть друг друга
client-to-client
#Включаем сжатие
comp-lzo
persist-key
persist-tun
#Маршруты добавляются через .exe если без него, то не у всех прописываются маршруты
route-method exe
#Задержка перед добавлением маршрута
route-delay 5
#Команда которая сообщает клиентам что за сервером локальная сеть с адресами 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
push "route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0"
#Прописывает маршрут на сервере чтобы видеть сеть за клиентом
route 172.17.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.2
#Шлюз
route-gateway 10.10.10.1
# каждому клиенту выдается по 1 адресу, без виртуальных портов маршрутизатора
topology subnet
В папке ccd создаем файл без расширения и называем его точно, как клиента UserVPN_1, открываем его блокнотом и пишем следующее:
#Присваиваем клиенту постоянный IP 10.10.10.2
ifconfig-push 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0#сообщаем серверу что за клиентом сеть 172.17.10.0
iroute 172.17.10.0 255.255.255.0
#если раскоментировать следующую строку, то клиент будет отключен (на случай если нужно этого клиента отключить от сервера, а остальные будут работать)
# disable
Создаем конфиг клиента.
#Говорим, чтобы клиент забирал информацию о маршрутизации с сервера (push опции)
client#Порт для работы OpenVPN
port 1190
#Указываем по какому протоколу работает OpenVPN
proto udp
#Тип интерфейса
dev tun
#Имя интерфейса
dev-node "VPN"
# Адрес сервера, к которому подключаемся
remote 444.333.222.111 1190
#защита
remote-cert-tls server
#Сертификат центра сертификации
ca C:\OpenVPN\ssl\ca.crt
#Сертификат сервера
cert C:\OpenVPN\ssl\ UserVPN_1.crt
#ключ
key C:\OpenVPN\ssl\ UserVPN_1.key
# Защита от DOS атак
tls-auth C:\OpenVPN\keys\ta.key 1
tun-mtu 1500
tun-mtu-extra 32
mssfix 1450
ping-restart 60
ping 10
#Включаем сжатие
comp-lzo
persist-key
persist-tun
# Выбор криптографического шифра
cipher AES-256-CBC
#Логи
status C:\OpenVPN\log\openvpn-status.log
log C:\OpenVPN\log\openvpn.log
#Уровень отладочной информации
verb 3
#Количество повторяющихся сообщений
mute 20
Устанавливаем на клиенте OpenVPN, предаём ему ca.crt, UserVPN_1.crt, UserVPN_1.key, ta.key.
Настраиваем файрволы и антивирусы на клиенте и на сервере для беспрепятственного прохождения пакетов. Описывать не буду все зависит от установленных антивирусов и файрволов.
После всего этого запускаем наш сервер и клиент.
Если все правильно сделали наш сервер получит IP 10.10.10.1 и подключится к нему клиент и получит IP 10.10.10.2 . И так подключение у нас состоялось теперь сервер и клиент пингуют друг друга по IP нашей VPN сети, то есть 10.10.10.1 и 10.10.10.2.
Для того чтобы пинг шел по внутренним адресам наших С_ОФ1 и С_ОФ2 нужно включить службу Маршрутизации и удаленного доступа.
Hужно зайти в свойства службы, настроить ее на автоматическое включение и запустить.
После этого мы сможем пинговать внутренние IP сервера и клиента (172.17.10.10 клиент и 192.168.0.100 сервер).
Но у этого способа есть маленький недостаток: после включения этой службы и подключения к нашему VPN-каналу на значке сетевого подключения повиснет красный крест до отключения VPN.
При этом все сети работают в штатном режиме. Лично меня этот крест раздражает и иногда сбивает с толку.
Есть второй способ как сделать видимыми внутренние IP сетей наших сервера и клиента.
Для этого заходим в реестр, открываем ветку реестра:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESystemCurrentControlSetServicesTcpIPParametersНаходим параметр и меняем значение: IPEnableRouter типа REG_DWORD значение 1.
Не забываем перезагрузить машину, чтобы настройки вступили в силу!
Это нужно проделать и на сервере, и на клиенте.
Итак мы пингуем наши сети по внутренним IP, а так как у нас и сервер и клиент для своих сетей являются шлюзами, то и машины из сети 1 могут видеть машины из сети 2 и наоборот. то есть Пользователь С_ОФ1(192.168.0.50) может видеть расшаренные папки Пользователя С_ОФ2 (172.17.10.50) и наоборот.
Если сервер и клиент не будут являться шлюзами для своих сетей, в том случае придётся прописывать маршруты руками.
Пример для С_ОФ1:
route -p 172.17.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.100 (машина где установлен OpenVPN)Пример для С_ОФ2:
route -p 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 172.17.10.10(машина где установлен OpenVPN)в моем случае этого не понадобилось.
Для автоматического запуска сервера и клиента нам нужно включить службу OpenVPN Service
теперь при загрузке машины сервер автоматически стартует, а при включении машины клиента он также автоматически подключится к серверу.
Дополнительная защита
Как известно в OpenVPN есть возможность аутентификации по сертификатам, как описано выше, а так же по логину и паролю, но можно еще и объединить их вместе. Насколько мне известно только в Linux есть возможность штатными средствами настроить аутентификацию по логину и паролю, но в Windows это тоже можно решить. Для этого в папке config создаем файл auth.vbs и пишем в него следующее
'VBscript auth.vbs для аутентификации в OpenVPN - auth-user-pass-verify auth.vbs via-file
'(c) 2007 vinni http://forum.ixbt.com/users.cgi?id=info:vinni
'Support: http://forum.ixbt.com/topic.cgi?id=14:49976
' в скрипте производится сравнение имени пользователя без учёта регистра.
' Если нужно иначе - уберите UCase(...) в 2 или 4 местах
On Error Resume Next
' открываем файл, имя которого передано OpenVPN-ом в скрипт через параметр
Set fso = CreateObject("scripting.filesystemobject")
Set CurrentUserPasswordFile = fso.OpenTextFile(WScript.Arguments(0),1) '1 = for reading
if Err.Number<>0 Then WScript.Quit(1)
' читаем из этого файла 2 строки - имя и пароль, которые ввёл пользователь "на том конце"
if CurrentUserPasswordFile.AtEndOfStream then WScript.Quit(1)
UserName=CurrentUserPasswordFile.ReadLine
if CurrentUserPasswordFile.AtEndOfStream then WScript.Quit(1)
Password=CurrentUserPasswordFile.ReadLine
CurrentUserPasswordFile.Close
' открываем переменную окружения common_name (это CN предъявленного клиентом сертификата)
' и сравниваем её с введенным именем пользователя.
' если это сравнение не нужно, то следующие 2 строки удалить или закомменировать
CurrentCommonName = CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").ExpandEnvironmentStrings("%common_name%")
if UCase(CurrentCommonName) <> UCase(UserName) then WScript.Quit(1)
' открываем наш файл с базой логинов и паролей
' по умолчанию это Users.pw в текущем каталоге
Set UserPasswordFileBase = fso.OpenTextFile("Users.pw",1) '1 = for reading
if Err.Number<>0 Then WScript.Quit(1)
' читаем в цикле пары строк, пропуская пустые МЕЖДУ ЭТИМИ ПАРАМИ,
' и сравниваем их с тем, что ввёл пользователь.
Do while not(UserPasswordFileBase.AtEndOfStream)
NextUserName=UserPasswordFileBase.ReadLine
if Err.Number<>0 Then WScript.Quit(1)
if NextUserName<>"" then
' если имя пользователя надо сравнивать с учётом регистра, то удалите здесь UCase(...)
if UCase(UserName)=UCase(NextUserName) then
if Password=UserPasswordFileBase.ReadLine then
' если имя и пароль совпали с парой из базы, то завершаем скрипт с результатом 0
' так нужно для OpenVPN'a, это признак успешной аутентификации
UserPasswordFileBase.Close
WScript.Quit(0)
end if
else
UserPasswordFileBase.ReadLine
end if
end if
Loop
' если поиск завершился безуспешно, то завершаем скрипт с результатом 1
' так нужно для OpenVPN'a, это признак НЕуспешной аутентификации
UserPasswordFileBase.Close
WScript.Quit(1)Так же в папке config содаем файл Users.pw туда пише логин и пароль нашего клиента
UserVPN_1
123456Если несколько клиентов то:
UserVPN_1
123456UserVPN_2
365214UserVPN_3
14578
Дальше нужно в конфиге клиента прописать строку auth-user-pass, теперь когда клиент будет подключаться к серверу у него будет выплывать окно авторизации где нужно ввести логин и пароль, который вы назначили ему в Users.pw,их нужно будет сообщить клиенту.
У меня настроено что имя пользователь(логин) соответствует имени клиента в сертификате, то есть UserVPN_1. но можно задать и другое имя отличное от имени в сертификате, для этого нужно смотреть настройки в auth.vbs.
' открываем переменную окружения common_name (это CN предъявленного клиентом сертификата)
' и сравниваем её с введенным именем пользователя.
' если это сравнение не нужно, то следующие 2 строки удалить или закомменироватьCurrentCommonName = CreateObject("WscrIPt.Shell").ExpandEnvironmentStrings("%common_name%")
if UCase(CurrentCommonName) <> UCase(UserName) then WScrIPt.Quit(1)
WScrIPt.Echo "Debug: CurrentCommonName= " & CurrentCommonName
А для того чтобы аутентификация работала и по сертификату, и по логину с паролем, но при этом не выплывало окно авторизации пользователя, так как это будет задерживать подключение клиента к серверу если, например, у вас включена автоматическая загрузка службы OpenVPN Service (как настроено у меня) или вы просто не хотите каждый раз вводить логин и пароль, в этом случае на клиенте в папке ssl создаем файл pass.txt и пишем в него наш логин и пароль вот так:
UserVPN_1
123456а в конфиге клиента меняем строку auth-user-pass на auth-user-pass C:\OpenVPN\ssl\pass.txt.
Теперь я включаю машину где установлен OpenVPN -Server, запускается служба и сервер VPN автоматически поднимается. Клиент запускает машину и у него также проходит автоматическое подключение к моему серверу. Теперь можно заходить в общие папки или по RDP работать, например, в 1С, установленной в другой организации.
Автор: Чурилов Александр Андреевич,
дата написания 31.03.2015.
контакты re-anim@mail.ru
Научиться настраивать MikroTik с нуля или систематизировать уже имеющиеся знания можно на углубленном курсе по администрированию MikroTik. Автор курса, сертифицированный тренер MikroTik Дмитрий Скоромнов, лично проверяет лабораторные работы и контролирует прогресс каждого своего студента. В три раза больше информации, чем в вендорской программе MTCNA, более 20 часов практики и доступ навсегда.
SCRIPTING INTEGRATION
OpenVPN can execute external scripts in various phases of the lifetime of
the OpenVPN process.
Script Order of Execution
-
--upExecuted after TCP/UDP socket bind and TUN/TAP open.
-
--tls-verifyExecuted when we have a still untrusted remote peer.
-
--ipchangeExecuted after connection authentication, or remote IP address change.
-
--client-connectExecuted in —mode server mode immediately after client
authentication. -
--route-upExecuted after connection authentication, either immediately after, or
some number of seconds after as defined by the —route-delay option. -
--route-pre-downExecuted right before the routes are removed.
-
--client-disconnectExecuted in
--mode servermode on client instance shutdown. -
--downExecuted after TCP/UDP and TUN/TAP close.
-
--learn-addressExecuted in
--mode servermode whenever an IPv4 address/route or MAC
address is added to OpenVPN’s internal routing table. -
--auth-user-pass-verifyExecuted in
--mode servermode on new client connections, when the
client is still untrusted. -
--client-crresponseExecute in
--mode serverwhenever a client sends a
CR_RESPONSEmessage
SCRIPT HOOKS
| --auth-user-pass-verify args | |
|
Require the client to provide a username/password (possibly in addition Valid syntax: auth-user-pass-verify cmd method OpenVPN will run command
If If The script should examine the username and password, returning a success If the file specified by This auth fail reason can be something simple like «User has been permanently The
For example, the message When deferred authentication is in use, the script can also request This directive is designed to enable a plugin-style interface for To protect against a client passing a maliciously formed username or Care must be taken by any user-defined scripts to avoid creating a For a sample script that performs PAM authentication, see |
|
| --client-crresponse | |
OpenVPN will write the response of the client into a temporary file. The response is passed as is from the client. The script needs to check The script can either directly write the result of the verification to For a sample script that implement TOTP (RFC 6238) based two-factor |
|
| --client-connect cmd | |
|
Run command
The command is passed the common name and IP address of the If the script wants to generate a dynamic config file to be applied on See the Note that the return value of If a |
|
| --client-disconnect cmd | |
|
Like The exception to this rule is if the The |
|
| --down cmd |
Run command Called with the same parameters and environmental variables as the Note that if you reduce privileges by using |
| --down-pre | Call --down cmd/script before, rather than after, TUN/TAP close. |
| --ipchange cmd |
Run command
When cmd ip address port number Don’t use See the Environmental Variables section below for additional If you are running in a dynamic IP address environment where the IP Similarly if our IP address changes due to DHCP, we should configure |
| --learn-address cmd | |
|
Run command
Three arguments will be appended to any arguments in
On Normally, the |
|
| --route-up cmd |
Run command
See the Environmental Variables section below for additional |
| --route-pre-down cmd | |
|
Run command
See the Environmental Variables section below for additional |
|
| --setenv args |
Set a custom environmental variable Valid syntaxes: setenv name value setenv FORWARD_COMPATIBLE 1 setenv opt config_option By setting This option should be used with caution, as there are good security It is also possible to tag a single directive so as not to trigger a Versions prior to OpenVPN 2.3.3 will always ignore options set with the See also |
| --setenv-safe args | |
|
Set a custom environmental variable Valid syntaxes: setenv-safe name value This directive is designed to be pushed by the server to clients, and |
|
| --tls-verify cmd | |
|
Run command
When cmd certificate_depth subject These arguments are, respectively, the current certificate depth and the This feature is useful if the peer you want to trust has a certificate See the Environmental Variables section below for additional |
|
| --up cmd |
Run command
The up command is useful for specifying route commands which route IP For cmd tun_dev tun_mtu 0 ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_remote_ip [init | restart] For cmd tap_dev tap_mtu 0 ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_netmask [init | restart] See the Environmental Variables section below for additional Note that if Typically, Normally the up script is called after the TUN/TAP device is opened. In
The following standalone example shows how the openvpn --dev tun --port 9999 --verb 4 --ping-restart 10
--up 'echo up' --down 'echo down' --persist-tun
--up-restart
Note that OpenVPN also provides the If route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw $5 |
| --up-delay |
Delay TUN/TAP open and possible In On Windows, this option will delay the TAP-Win32 media state |
| --up-restart | Enable the --up and --down scripts to be called for restarts aswell as initial program start. This option is described more fully above in the --up option documentation. |
String Types and Remapping
In certain cases, OpenVPN will perform remapping of characters in
strings. Essentially, any characters outside the set of permitted
characters for each string type will be converted to underbar (‘_’).
- Q: Why is string remapping necessary?
- It’s an important security feature to prevent the malicious
coding of strings from untrusted sources to be passed as parameters to
scripts, saved in the environment, used as a common name, translated to
a filename, etc. - Q: Can string remapping be disabled?
- Yes, by using the
--no-name-remappingoption, however this
should be considered an advanced option.
Here is a brief rundown of OpenVPN’s current string types and the
permitted character class for each string:
- X509 Names
- Alphanumeric, underbar (‘_’), dash (‘-‘), dot (‘.’), at
(‘@’), colon (‘:’), slash (‘/’), and equal (‘=’). Alphanumeric is
defined as a character which will cause the C library isalnum() function
to return true. - Common Names
- Alphanumeric, underbar (‘_’), dash (‘-‘), dot (‘.’), and at (‘@’).
- —auth-user-pass username
- Same as Common Name, with one exception:
starting with OpenVPN 2.0.1, the username is passed to the
OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFYplugin in its raw form,
without string remapping. - —auth-user-pass password
- Any «printable» character except CR or LF. Printable is defined to be
a character which will cause the C library isprint() function to
return true. - —client-config-dir filename as derived from common name or`username
- Alphanumeric, underbar (‘_’), dash (‘-‘), and dot (‘.’) except for «.»
or «..» as standalone strings. As of v2.0.1-rc6, the at (‘@’) character
has been added as well for compatibility with the common name character
class. - Environmental variable names
- Alphanumeric or underbar (‘_’).
- Environmental variable values
- Any printable character.
For all cases, characters in a string which are not members of the legal
character class for that string type will be remapped to underbar
(‘_’).
Environmental Variables
Once set, a variable is persisted indefinitely until it is reset by a
new value or a restart,
As of OpenVPN 2.0-beta12, in server mode, environmental variables set by
OpenVPN are scoped according to the client objects they are associated
with, so there should not be any issues with scripts having access to
stale, previously set variables which refer to different client
instances.
bytes_received- Total number of bytes received from client during VPN session. Set prior
to execution of the--client-disconnectscript. bytes_sent- Total number of bytes sent to client during VPN session. Set prior to
execution of the--client-disconnectscript. client_connect_config_file- The path to the configuration file that should be written to by the
--client-connectscript (optional, if per-session configuration
is desired). This is the same file name as passed via command line
argument on the call to the--client-connectscript. client_connect_deferred_file-
This file can be optionally written to in order to to communicate a
status code of the--client-connectscript or plgin. Only the
first character in the file is relevant. It must be either1
to indicate normal script execution,0indicates an error (in
the same way that a non zero exit status does) or2to indicate
that the script deferred returning the config file.For deferred (background) handling, the script or plugin MUST write
2to the file to indicate the deferral and then return with
exit code0to signaldeferred handler started OK.A background process or similar must then take care of writing the
configuration to the file indicated by the
client_connect_config_fileenvironment variable and when
finished, write the a1to this file (or0in case of
an error).The absence of any character in the file when the script finishes
executing is interpreted the same as1. This allows scripts
that are not written to support the defer mechanism to be used
unmodified. common_name- The X509 common name of an authenticated client. Set prior to execution
of--client-connect,--client-disconnectand
--auth-user-pass-verifyscripts. config- Name of first
--configfile. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP. daemon- Set to «1» if the
--daemondirective is specified, or «0» otherwise.
Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP. daemon_log_redirect- Set to «1» if the
--logor--log-appenddirectives are
specified, or «0» otherwise. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP. dev- The actual name of the TUN/TAP device, including a unit number if it
exists. Set prior to--upor--downscript execution. dev_idx- On Windows, the device index of the TUN/TAP adapter (to be used in
netsh.exe calls which sometimes just do not work right with interface
names). Set prior to--upor--downscript execution. dns_*-
The
--dnsconfiguration options will be made available to script
execution through this set of environment variables. Variables appear
only if the corresponding option has a value assigned. For the semantics
of each individual variable, please refer to the documentation for--dns.dns_search_domain_{n} dns_server_{n}_address4 dns_server_{n}_port4 dns_server_{n}_address6 dns_server_{n}_port6 dns_server_{n}_resolve_domain_{m} dns_server_{n}_exclude_domain_{m} dns_server_{n}_dnssec dns_server_{n}_transport dns_server_{n}_sni foreign_option_{n}- An option pushed via
--pushto a client which does not natively
support it, such as--dhcp-optionon a non-Windows system, will be
recorded to this environmental variable sequence prior to--up
script execution. ifconfig_broadcast- The broadcast address for the virtual ethernet segment which is derived
from the--ifconfigoption when--dev tapis used. Set prior to
OpenVPN calling theifconfigornetsh(windows version
of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to--upscript
execution. ifconfig_ipv6_local- The local VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the
--ifconfig-ipv6option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN
calling theifconfigor code:netsh (windows version of
ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to--upscript
execution. ifconfig_ipv6_netbits- The prefix length of the IPv6 network on the VPN interface. Derived
from the /nnn parameter of the IPv6 address in the--ifconfig-ipv6
option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the
ifconfigornetsh(windows version of ifconfig)
commands which normally occurs prior to--upscript execution. ifconfig_ipv6_remote- The remote VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the
--ifconfig-ipv6option (second parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN
calling theifconfigornetsh(windows version of
ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to--upscript
execution. ifconfig_local- The local VPN endpoint IP address specified in the
--ifconfig
option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the
ifconfigornetsh(windows version of ifconfig)
commands which normally occurs prior to--upscript execution. ifconfig_remote- The remote VPN endpoint IP address specified in the
--ifconfig
option (second parameter) when--dev tunis used. Set prior to
OpenVPN calling theifconfigornetsh(windows version
of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to--upscript
execution. ifconfig_netmask- The subnet mask of the virtual ethernet segment that is specified as
the second parameter to--ifconfigwhen--dev tapis being
used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling theifconfigor
netsh(windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally
occurs prior to--upscript execution. ifconfig_pool_local_ip- The local virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an
--ifconfig-pushdirective if specified, or otherwise from the
ifconfig pool (controlled by the--ifconfig-poolconfig file
directive). Only set for--dev tuntunnels. This option is set on
the server prior to execution of the--client-connectand
--client-disconnectscripts. ifconfig_pool_netmask- The virtual IP netmask for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an
--ifconfig-pushdirective if specified, or otherwise from the
ifconfig pool (controlled by the--ifconfig-poolconfig file
directive). Only set for--dev taptunnels. This option is set on
the server prior to execution of the--client-connectand
--client-disconnectscripts. ifconfig_pool_remote_ip- The remote virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an
--ifconfig-pushdirective if specified, or otherwise from the
ifconfig pool (controlled by the--ifconfig-poolconfig file
directive). This option is set on the server prior to execution of the
--client-connectand--client-disconnectscripts. link_mtu- No longer passed to scripts since OpenVPN 2.6.0. Used to be the
maximum packet size (not including the IP header) of tunnel data in
UDP tunnel transport mode. local- The
--localparameter. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP. local_port- The local port number or name, specified by
--portor--lport.
Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP. password- The password provided by a connecting client. Set prior to
--auth-user-pass-verifyscript execution only when thevia-env
modifier is specified, and deleted from the environment after the script
returns. proto- The
--protoparameter. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP. remote_{n}- The
--remoteparameter. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP. remote_port_{n}- The remote port number, specified by
--portor--rport. Set on
program initiation and reset on SIGHUP. route_net_gateway- The pre-existing default IP gateway in the system routing table. Set
prior to--upscript execution. route_vpn_gateway- The default gateway used by
--routeoptions, as specified in either
the--route-gatewayoption or the second parameter to
--ifconfigwhen--dev tunis specified. Set prior to--up
script execution. route_{parm}_{n}-
A set of variables which define each route to be added, and are set
prior to--upscript execution.parmwill be one ofnetwork,netmask",
gateway, ormetric.nis the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address
translations will be recorded rather than their names as denoted on the
command line or configuration file. route_ipv6_{parm}_{n}-
A set of variables which define each IPv6 route to be added, and are
set prior to —up script execution.parmwill be one ofnetwork,gatewayor
metric.route_ipv6_network_{n}containsnetmask
as/nnn, unlike IPv4 where it is passed in a separate environment
variable.nis the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address
translations will be recorded rather than their names as denoted on the
command line or configuration file. peer_cert- Temporary file name containing the client certificate upon connection.
Useful in conjunction with--tls-verify. script_context- Set to «init» or «restart» prior to up/down script execution. For more
information, see documentation for--up. script_type- Prior to execution of any script, this variable is set to the type of
script being run. It can be one of the following:up,
down,ipchange,route-up,tls-verify,
auth-user-pass-verify,client-connect,
client-disconnectorlearn-address. Set prior to
execution of any script. signal- The reason for exit or restart. Can be one of
sigusr1,
sighup,sigterm,sigint,inactive
(controlled by--inactiveoption),ping-exit(controlled
by--ping-exitoption),ping-restart(controlled by
--ping-restartoption),connection-reset(triggered on TCP
connection reset),errororunknown(unknown signal).
This variable is set just prior to down script execution. time_ascii- Client connection timestamp, formatted as a human-readable time string.
Set prior to execution of the--client-connectscript. time_duration- The duration (in seconds) of the client session which is now
disconnecting. Set prior to execution of the--client-disconnect
script. time_unix- Client connection timestamp, formatted as a unix integer date/time
value. Set prior to execution of the--client-connectscript. tls_digest_{n}/tls_digest_sha256_{n}- Contains the certificate SHA1 / SHA256 fingerprint, where
nis the
verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution
of--tls-verifyscript. tls_id_{n}- A series of certificate fields from the remote peer, where
nis the
verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution
of--tls-verifyscript. tls_serial_{n}- The serial number of the certificate from the remote peer, where
n
is the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to
execution of--tls-verifyscript. This is in the form of a decimal
string like «933971680», which is suitable for doing serial-based OCSP
queries (with OpenSSL, do not prepend «0x» to the string) If something
goes wrong while reading the value from the certificate it will be an
empty string, so your code should check that. See the
contrib/OCSP_check/OCSP_check.shscript for an example. tls_serial_hex_{n}- Like
tls_serial_{n}, but in hex form (e.g.
12:34:56:78:9A). tun_mtu- The MTU of the TUN/TAP device. Set prior to
--upor--down
script execution. trusted_ip/trusted_ip6)- Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has been
authenticated. Set prior to execution of--ipchange,
--client-connectand--client-disconnectscripts. If using ipv6
endpoints (udp6, tcp6),trusted_ip6will be set instead. trusted_port- Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has been
authenticated. Set prior to execution of--ipchange,
--client-connectand--client-disconnectscripts. untrusted_ip/untrusted_ip6- Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has not been
authenticated yet. Sometimes used to nmap the connecting host in a
--tls-verifyscript to ensure it is firewalled properly. Set prior
to execution of--tls-verifyand--auth-user-pass-verify
scripts. If using ipv6 endpoints (udp6, tcp6),untrusted_ip6
will be set instead. untrusted_port- Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has not been
authenticated yet. Set prior to execution of--tls-verifyand
--auth-user-pass-verifyscripts. username- The username provided by a connecting client. Set prior to
--auth-user-pass-verifyscript execution only when the
via-envmodifier is specified. X509_{n}_{subject_field}-
An X509 subject field from the remote peer certificate, where
nis
the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to
execution of--tls-verifyscript. This variable is similar to
tls_id_{n}except the component X509 subject fields are broken
out, and no string remapping occurs on these field values (except for
remapping of control characters to «_«). For example, the
following variables would be set on the OpenVPN server using the sample
client certificate in sample-keys (client.crt). Note that the
verification level is 0 for the client certificate and 1 for the CA
certificate.X509_0_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain X509_0_CN=Test-Client X509_0_O=OpenVPN-TEST X509_0_ST=NA X509_0_C=KG X509_1_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain X509_1_O=OpenVPN-TEST X509_1_L=BISHKEK X509_1_ST=NA X509_1_C=KG
NAME
SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
ENCRYPTION OPTIONS
DATA CHANNEL CIPHER NEGOTIATION
NETWORK CONFIGURATION
SCRIPTING INTEGRATION
UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS
CONNECTION PROFILES
INLINE FILE SUPPORT
SIGNALS
EXAMPLES
FAQ
HOWTO
PROTOCOL
WEB
BUGS
SEE ALSO
NOTES
COPYRIGHT
AUTHORS
NAME
openvpn − Secure IP tunnel daemon
SYNOPSIS
openvpn [ options … ]
openvpn −−help
INTRODUCTION
OpenVPN is an open source VPN daemon by James Yonan. Because OpenVPN tries to be a universal VPN tool offering a great deal of flexibility, there are a lot of options on this manual page. If you’re new to OpenVPN, you might want to skip ahead to the examples section where you will see how to construct simple VPNs on the command line without even needing a configuration file.
Also note that there’s more documentation and examples on the OpenVPN web site: https://openvpn.net/
And if you would like to see a shorter version of this manual, see the openvpn usage message which can be obtained by running openvpn without any parameters.
DESCRIPTION
OpenVPN is a robust and highly flexible VPN daemon. OpenVPN supports SSL/TLS security, ethernet bridging, TCP or UDP tunnel transport through proxies or NAT, support for dynamic IP addresses and DHCP, scalability to hundreds or thousands of users, and portability to most major OS platforms.
OpenVPN is tightly bound to the OpenSSL library, and derives much of its crypto capabilities from it.
OpenVPN supports conventional encryption using a pre−shared secret key (Static Key mode) or public key security (SSL/TLS mode) using client & server certificates. OpenVPN also supports non−encrypted TCP/UDP tunnels.
OpenVPN is designed to work with the TUN/TAP virtual networking interface that exists on most platforms.
Overall, OpenVPN aims to offer many of the key features of IPSec but with a relatively lightweight footprint.
OPTIONS
OpenVPN allows any option to be placed either on the command line or in a configuration file. Though all command line options are preceded by a double−leading−dash («−−»), this prefix can be removed when an option is placed in a configuration file.
Generic Options
This section covers generic options which are accessible regardless of which mode OpenVPN is configured as.
|
−−help |
Show options. |
−−auth−nocache
Don’t cache −−askpass or −−auth−user−pass username/passwords in virtual memory.
If specified, this directive will cause OpenVPN to immediately forget username/password inputs after they are used. As a result, when OpenVPN needs a username/password, it will prompt for input from stdin, which may be multiple times during the duration of an OpenVPN session.
When using −−auth−nocache in combination with a user/password file and −−chroot or −−daemon, make sure to use an absolute path.
This directive does not affect the −−http−proxy username/password. It is always cached.
−−cd dir
Change directory to dir prior to reading any files such as configuration files, key files, scripts, etc. dir should be an absolute path, with a leading «/», and without any references to the current directory such as . or ...
This option is useful when you are running OpenVPN in −−daemon mode, and you want to consolidate all of your OpenVPN control files in one location.
−−chroot dir
Chroot to dir after initialization. −−chroot essentially redefines dir as being the top level directory tree (/). OpenVPN will therefore be unable to access any files outside this tree. This can be desirable from a security standpoint.
Since the chroot operation is delayed until after initialization, most OpenVPN options that reference files will operate in a pre−chroot context.
In many cases, the dir parameter can point to an empty directory, however complications can result when scripts or restarts are executed after the chroot operation.
Note: The SSL library will probably need /dev/urandom to be available inside the chroot directory dir. This is because SSL libraries occasionally need to collect fresh random. Newer linux kernels and some BSDs implement a getrandom() or getentropy() syscall that removes the need for /dev/urandom to be available.
−−config file
Load additional config options from file where each line corresponds to one command line option, but with the leading ‘−−’ removed.
If −−config file is the only option to the openvpn command, the −−config can be removed, and the command can be given as openvpn file
Note that configuration files can be nested to a reasonable depth.
Double quotation or single quotation characters («», ») can be used to enclose single parameters containing whitespace, and «#» or «;» characters in the first column can be used to denote comments.
Note that OpenVPN 2.0 and higher performs backslash−based shell escaping for characters not in single quotations, so the following mappings should be observed:
\ Maps to a single backslash character ().
" Pass a literal doublequote character ("), don't
interpret it as enclosing a parameter.
[SPACE] Pass a literal space or tab character, don't
interpret it as a parameter delimiter.
For example on Windows, use double backslashes to represent pathnames:
secret "c:\OpenVPN\secret.key"
For examples of configuration files, see https://openvpn.net/community−resources/how−to/
Here is an example configuration file:
# # Sample OpenVPN configuration file for # using a pre−shared static key. # # '#' or ';' may be used to delimit comments. # Use a dynamic tun device. dev tun # Our remote peer remote mypeer.mydomain # 10.1.0.1 is our local VPN endpoint # 10.1.0.2 is our remote VPN endpoint ifconfig 10.1.0.1 10.1.0.2 # Our pre−shared static key secret static.key
−−daemon progname
Become a daemon after all initialization functions are completed. This option will cause all message and error output to be sent to the syslog file (such as /var/log/messages), except for the output of scripts and ifconfig commands, which will go to /dev/null unless otherwise redirected. The syslog redirection occurs immediately at the point that −−daemon is parsed on the command line even though the daemonization point occurs later. If one of the −−log options is present, it will supersede syslog redirection.
The optional progname parameter will cause OpenVPN to report its program name to the system logger as progname. This can be useful in linking OpenVPN messages in the syslog file with specific tunnels. When unspecified, progname defaults to «openvpn».
When OpenVPN is run with the −−daemon option, it will try to delay daemonization until the majority of initialization functions which are capable of generating fatal errors are complete. This means that initialization scripts can test the return status of the openvpn command for a fairly reliable indication of whether the command has correctly initialized and entered the packet forwarding event loop.
In OpenVPN, the vast majority of errors which occur after initialization are non−fatal.
Note: as soon as OpenVPN has daemonized, it can not ask for usernames, passwords, or key pass phrases anymore. This has certain consequences, namely that using a password−protected private key will fail unless the −−askpass option is used to tell OpenVPN to ask for the pass phrase (this requirement is new in v2.3.7, and is a consequence of calling daemon() before initializing the crypto layer).
Further, using −−daemon together with −−auth−user−pass (entered on console) and −−auth−nocache will fail as soon as key renegotiation (and reauthentication) occurs.
−−disable−occ
Don’t output a warning message if option inconsistencies are detected between peers. An example of an option inconsistency would be where one peer uses −−dev tun while the other peer uses −−dev tap.
Use of this option is discouraged, but is provided as a temporary fix in situations where a recent version of OpenVPN must connect to an old version.
−−engine engine−name
Enable OpenSSL hardware−based crypto engine functionality.
If engine−name is specified, use a specific crypto engine. Use the −−show−engines standalone option to list the crypto engines which are supported by OpenSSL.
−−fast−io
(Experimental) Optimize TUN/TAP/UDP I/O writes by avoiding a call to poll/epoll/select prior to the write operation. The purpose of such a call would normally be to block until the device or socket is ready to accept the write. Such blocking is unnecessary on some platforms which don’t support write blocking on UDP sockets or TUN/TAP devices. In such cases, one can optimize the event loop by avoiding the poll/epoll/select call, improving CPU efficiency by 5% to 10%.
This option can only be used on non−Windows systems, when −−proto udp is specified, and when −−shaper is NOT specified.
−−group group
Similar to the −−user option, this option changes the group ID of the OpenVPN process to group after initialization.
−−ignore−unknown−option args
Valid syntax:
ignore−unknown−options opt1 opt2 opt3 ... optN
When one of options opt1 … optN is encountered in the configuration file the configuration file parsing does not fail if this OpenVPN version does not support the option. Multiple −−ignore−unknown−option options can be given to support a larger number of options to ignore.
This option should be used with caution, as there are good security reasons for having OpenVPN fail if it detects problems in a config file. Having said that, there are valid reasons for wanting new software features to gracefully degrade when encountered by older software versions.
−−ignore−unknown−option is available since OpenVPN 2.3.3.
−−iproute cmd
Set alternate command to execute instead of default iproute2 command. May be used in order to execute OpenVPN in unprivileged environment.
−−keying−material−exporter args
Save Exported Keying Material [RFC5705] of len bytes (must be between 16 and 4095 bytes) using label in environment (exported_keying_material) for use by plugins in OPENVPN_PLUGIN_TLS_FINAL callback.
Valid syntax:
keying−material−exporter label len
Note that exporter labels have the potential to collide with existing PRF labels. In order to prevent this, labels MUST begin with EXPORTER.
−−mlock
Disable paging by calling the POSIX mlockall function. Requires that OpenVPN be initially run as root (though OpenVPN can subsequently downgrade its UID using the −−user option).
Using this option ensures that key material and tunnel data are never written to disk due to virtual memory paging operations which occur under most modern operating systems. It ensures that even if an attacker was able to crack the box running OpenVPN, he would not be able to scan the system swap file to recover previously used ephemeral keys, which are used for a period of time governed by the −−reneg options (see below), then are discarded.
The downside of using −−mlock is that it will reduce the amount of physical memory available to other applications.
The limit on how much memory can be locked and how that limit is enforced are OS−dependent. On Linux the default limit that an unprivileged process may lock (RLIMIT_MEMLOCK) is low, and if privileges are dropped later, future memory allocations will very likely fail. The limit can be increased using ulimit or systemd directives depending on how OpenVPN is started.
−−nice n
Change process priority after initialization (n greater than 0 is lower priority, n less than zero is higher priority).
−−persist−key
Don’t re−read key files across SIGUSR1 or −−ping−restart.
This option can be combined with −−user nobody to allow restarts triggered by the SIGUSR1 signal. Normally if you drop root privileges in OpenVPN, the daemon cannot be restarted since it will now be unable to re−read protected key files.
This option solves the problem by persisting keys across SIGUSR1 resets, so they don’t need to be re−read.
−−remap−usr1 signal
Control whether internally or externally generated SIGUSR1 signals are remapped to SIGHUP (restart without persisting state) or SIGTERM (exit).
signal can be set to SIGHUP or SIGTERM. By default, no remapping occurs.
−−script−security level
This directive offers policy−level control over OpenVPN’s usage of external programs and scripts. Lower level values are more restrictive, higher values are more permissive. Settings for level:
|
0 |
Strictly no calling of external programs. |
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|
1 |
(Default) Only call built−in executables such as ifconfig, ip, route, or netsh. |
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|
2 |
Allow calling of built−in executables and user−defined scripts. |
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|
3 |
Allow passwords to be passed to scripts via environmental variables (potentially unsafe). |
OpenVPN releases before v2.3 also supported a method flag which indicated how OpenVPN should call external commands and scripts. This could be either execve or system. As of OpenVPN 2.3, this flag is no longer accepted. In most *nix environments the execve() approach has been used without any issues.
Some directives such as −−up allow options to be passed to the external script. In these cases make sure the script name does not contain any spaces or the configuration parser will choke because it can’t determine where the script name ends and script options start.
To run scripts in Windows in earlier OpenVPN versions you needed to either add a full path to the script interpreter which can parse the script or use the system flag to run these scripts. As of OpenVPN 2.3 it is now a strict requirement to have full path to the script interpreter when running non−executables files. This is not needed for executable files, such as .exe, .com, .bat or .cmd files. For example, if you have a Visual Basic script, you must use this syntax now:
−−up 'C:\Windows\System32\wscript.exe C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\config\my−up−script.vbs'
Please note the single quote marks and the escaping of the backslashes () and the space character.
The reason the support for the system flag was removed is due to the security implications with shell expansions when executing scripts via the system() call.
−−setcon context
Apply SELinux context after initialization. This essentially provides the ability to restrict OpenVPN’s rights to only network I/O operations, thanks to SELinux. This goes further than −−user and −−chroot in that those two, while being great security features, unfortunately do not protect against privilege escalation by exploitation of a vulnerable system call. You can of course combine all three, but please note that since setcon requires access to /proc you will have to provide it inside the chroot directory (e.g. with mount −−bind).
Since the setcon operation is delayed until after initialization, OpenVPN can be restricted to just network−related system calls, whereas by applying the context before startup (such as the OpenVPN one provided in the SELinux Reference Policies) you will have to allow many things required only during initialization.
Like with chroot, complications can result when scripts or restarts are executed after the setcon operation, which is why you should really consider using the −−persist−key and −−persist−tun options.
−−status args
Write operational status to file every n seconds.
Valid syntaxes:
status file status file n
Status can also be written to the syslog by sending a SIGUSR2 signal.
With multi−client capability enabled on a server, the status file includes a list of clients and a routing table. The output format can be controlled by the −−status−version option in that case.
For clients or instances running in point−to−point mode, it will contain the traffic statistics.
−−status−version n
Set the status file format version number to n.
This only affects the status file on servers with multi−client capability enabled. Valid status version values:
|
1 |
Traditional format (default). The client list contains the following fields comma−separated: Common Name, Real Address, Bytes Received, Bytes Sent, Connected Since. |
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|
2 |
A more reliable format for external processing. Compared to version 1, the client list contains some additional fields: Virtual Address, Virtual IPv6 Address, Username, Client ID, Peer ID, Data Channel Cipher. Future versions may extend the number of fields. |
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|
3 |
Identical to 2, but fields are tab−separated. |
−−test−crypto
Do a self−test of OpenVPN’s crypto options by encrypting and decrypting test packets using the data channel encryption options specified above. This option does not require a peer to function, and therefore can be specified without −−dev or −−remote.
The typical usage of −−test−crypto would be something like this:
openvpn −−test−crypto −−secret key
or
openvpn −−test−crypto −−secret key −−verb 9
This option is very useful to test OpenVPN after it has been ported to a new platform, or to isolate problems in the compiler, OpenSSL crypto library, or OpenVPN’s crypto code. Since it is a self−test mode, problems with encryption and authentication can be debugged independently of network and tunnel issues.
−−tmp−dir dir
Specify a directory dir for temporary files. This directory will be used by openvpn processes and script to communicate temporary data with openvpn main process. Note that the directory must be writable by the OpenVPN process after it has dropped it’s root privileges.
This directory will be used by in the following cases:
|
• |
−−client−connect scripts and OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT plug−in hook to dynamically generate client−specific configuration client_connect_config_file and return success/failure via client_connect_deferred_file when using deferred client connect method |
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|
• |
OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY plug−in hooks returns success/failure via auth_control_file when using deferred auth method |
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|
• |
OPENVPN_PLUGIN_ENABLE_PF plugin hook to pass filtering rules via pf_file |
−−use−prediction−resistance
Enable prediction resistance on mbed TLS’s RNG.
Enabling prediction resistance causes the RNG to reseed in each call for random. Reseeding this often can quickly deplete the kernel entropy pool.
If you need this option, please consider running a daemon that adds entropy to the kernel pool.
−−user user
Change the user ID of the OpenVPN process to user after initialization, dropping privileges in the process. This option is useful to protect the system in the event that some hostile party was able to gain control of an OpenVPN session. Though OpenVPN’s security features make this unlikely, it is provided as a second line of defense.
By setting user to nobody or somebody similarly unprivileged, the hostile party would be limited in what damage they could cause. Of course once you take away privileges, you cannot return them to an OpenVPN session. This means, for example, that if you want to reset an OpenVPN daemon with a SIGUSR1 signal (for example in response to a DHCP reset), you should make use of one or more of the −−persist options to ensure that OpenVPN doesn’t need to execute any privileged operations in order to restart (such as re−reading key files or running ifconfig on the TUN device).
−−writepid file
Write OpenVPN’s main process ID to file.
Log options
−−echo parms
Echo parms to log output.
Designed to be used to send messages to a controlling application which is receiving the OpenVPN log output.
−−errors−to−stderr
Output errors to stderr instead of stdout unless log output is redirected by one of the −−log options.
−−log file
Output logging messages to file, including output to stdout/stderr which is generated by called scripts. If file already exists it will be truncated. This option takes effect immediately when it is parsed in the command line and will supersede syslog output if −−daemon or −−inetd is also specified. This option is persistent over the entire course of an OpenVPN instantiation and will not be reset by SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, or −−ping−restart.
Note that on Windows, when OpenVPN is started as a service, logging occurs by default without the need to specify this option.
−−log−append file
Append logging messages to file. If file does not exist, it will be created. This option behaves exactly like −−log except that it appends to rather than truncating the log file.
−−machine−readable−output
Always write timestamps and message flags to log messages, even when they otherwise would not be prefixed. In particular, this applies to log messages sent to stdout.
−−mute n
Log at most n consecutive messages in the same category. This is useful to limit repetitive logging of similar message types.
−−mute−replay−warnings
Silence the output of replay warnings, which are a common false alarm on WiFi networks. This option preserves the security of the replay protection code without the verbosity associated with warnings about duplicate packets.
−−suppress−timestamps
Avoid writing timestamps to log messages, even when they otherwise would be prepended. In particular, this applies to log messages sent to stdout.
−−syslog progname
Direct log output to system logger, but do not become a daemon. See −−daemon directive above for description of progname parameter.
−−verb n
Set output verbosity to n (default 1). Each level shows all info from the previous levels. Level 3 is recommended if you want a good summary of what’s happening without being swamped by output.
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0 |
No output except fatal errors. |
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1 to 4 |
Normal usage range. |
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5 |
Outputs R and W characters to the console for each packet read and write, uppercase is used for TCP/UDP packets and lowercase is used for TUN/TAP packets. |
6 to 11
Debug info range (see errlevel.h in the source code for additional information on debug levels).
Protocol options
Options in this section affect features available in the OpenVPN wire protocol. Many of these options also define the encryption options of the data channel in the OpenVPN wire protocol. These options must be configured in a compatible way between both the local and remote side.
−−allow−compression mode
As described in the −−compress option, compression is a potentially dangerous option. This option allows controlling the behaviour of OpenVPN when compression is used and allowed.
Valid syntaxes:
allow−compression allow−compression mode
The mode argument can be one of the following values:
asym (default)
OpenVPN will only decompress downlink packets but not compress uplink packets. This also allows migrating to disable compression when changing both server and client configurations to remove compression at the same time is not a feasible option.
|
no |
OpenVPN will refuse any non−stub compression. |
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yes |
OpenVPN will send and receive compressed packets. |
−−auth alg
Authenticate data channel packets and (if enabled) tls−auth control channel packets with HMAC using message digest algorithm alg. (The default is SHA1 ). HMAC is a commonly used message authentication algorithm (MAC) that uses a data string, a secure hash algorithm and a key to produce a digital signature.
The OpenVPN data channel protocol uses encrypt−then−mac (i.e. first encrypt a packet then HMAC the resulting ciphertext), which prevents padding oracle attacks.
If an AEAD cipher mode (e.g. GCM) is chosen then the specified −−auth algorithm is ignored for the data channel and the authentication method of the AEAD cipher is used instead. Note that alg still specifies the digest used for tls−auth.
In static−key encryption mode, the HMAC key is included in the key file generated by −−genkey. In TLS mode, the HMAC key is dynamically generated and shared between peers via the TLS control channel. If OpenVPN receives a packet with a bad HMAC it will drop the packet. HMAC usually adds 16 or 20 bytes per packet. Set alg=none to disable authentication.
For more information on HMAC see http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/mihir/papers/hmac.html
−−cipher alg
This option is deprecated for server−client mode. −−data−ciphers or possibly −−data−ciphers−fallback` should be used instead.
Encrypt data channel packets with cipher algorithm alg.
The default is BF−CBC, an abbreviation for Blowfish in Cipher Block Chaining mode. When cipher negotiation (NCP) is allowed, OpenVPN 2.4 and newer on both client and server side will automatically upgrade to AES−256−GCM. See −−data−ciphers and −−ncp−disable for more details on NCP.
Using BF−CBC is no longer recommended, because of its 64−bit block size. This small block size allows attacks based on collisions, as demonstrated by SWEET32. See https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/SWEET32 for details. Due to this, support for BF−CBC, DES, CAST5, IDEA and RC2 ciphers will be removed in OpenVPN 2.6.
To see other ciphers that are available with OpenVPN, use the −−show−ciphers option.
Set alg to none to disable encryption.
−−compress algorithm
DEPRECATED Enable a compression algorithm. Compression is generally not recommended. VPN tunnels which use compression are susceptible to the VORALCE attack vector.
The algorithm parameter may be lzo, lz4, lz4−v2, stub, stub−v2 or empty. LZO and LZ4 are different compression algorithms, with LZ4 generally offering the best performance with least CPU usage.
The lz4−v2 and stub−v2 variants implement a better framing that does not add overhead when packets cannot be compressed. All other variants always add one extra framing byte compared to no compression framing.
If the algorithm parameter is stub, stub−v2 or empty, compression will be turned off, but the packet framing for compression will still be enabled, allowing a different setting to be pushed later. Additionally, stub and stub−v2 wil disable announcing lzo and lz4 compression support via IV_ variables to the server.
Note: the stub (or empty) option is NOT compatible with the older option −−comp−lzo no.
*Security Considerations*
Compression and encryption is a tricky combination. If an attacker knows or is able to control (parts of) the plain−text of packets that contain secrets, the attacker might be able to extract the secret if compression is enabled. See e.g. the CRIME and BREACH attacks on TLS and VORACLE on VPNs which also leverage to break encryption. If you are not entirely sure that the above does not apply to your traffic, you are advised to not enable compression.
−−comp−lzo mode
DEPRECATED Enable LZO compression algorithm. Compression is generally not recommended. VPN tunnels which uses compression are suspectible to the VORALCE attack vector.
Use LZO compression −− may add up to 1 byte per packet for incompressible data. mode may be yes, no, or adaptive (default).
In a server mode setup, it is possible to selectively turn compression on or off for individual clients.
First, make sure the client−side config file enables selective compression by having at least one −−comp−lzo directive, such as −−comp−lzo no. This will turn off compression by default, but allow a future directive push from the server to dynamically change the on/off/adaptive setting.
Next in a −−client−config−dir file, specify the compression setting for the client, for example:
comp−lzo yes push "comp−lzo yes"
The first line sets the comp−lzo setting for the server side of the link, the second sets the client side.
−−comp−noadapt
DEPRECATED When used in conjunction with −−comp−lzo, this option will disable OpenVPN’s adaptive compression algorithm. Normally, adaptive compression is enabled with −−comp−lzo.
Adaptive compression tries to optimize the case where you have compression enabled, but you are sending predominantly incompressible (or pre−compressed) packets over the tunnel, such as an FTP or rsync transfer of a large, compressed file. With adaptive compression, OpenVPN will periodically sample the compression process to measure its efficiency. If the data being sent over the tunnel is already compressed, the compression efficiency will be very low, triggering openvpn to disable compression for a period of time until the next re−sample test.
−−key−direction
Alternative way of specifying the optional direction parameter for the −−tls−auth and −−secret options. Useful when using inline files (See section on inline files).
−−keysize n
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.6.
Size of cipher key in bits (optional). If unspecified, defaults to cipher−specific default. The −−show−ciphers option (see below) shows all available OpenSSL ciphers, their default key sizes, and whether the key size can be changed. Use care in changing a cipher’s default key size. Many ciphers have not been extensively cryptanalyzed with non−standard key lengths, and a larger key may offer no real guarantee of greater security, or may even reduce security.
−−data−ciphers cipher−list
Restrict the allowed ciphers to be negotiated to the ciphers in cipher−list. cipher−list is a colon−separated list of ciphers, and defaults to AES−256−GCM:AES−128−GCM.
For servers, the first cipher from cipher−list that is also supported by the client will be pushed to clients that support cipher negotiation.
Cipher negotiation is enabled in client−server mode only. I.e. if −−mode is set to ‘server’ (server−side, implied by setting −−server ), or if −−pull is specified (client−side, implied by setting −−client).
If no common cipher is found during cipher negotiation, the connection is terminated. To support old clients/old servers that do not provide any cipher negotiation support see −−data−ciphers−fallback.
Additionally, to allow for more smooth transition, if NCP is enabled, OpenVPN will inherit the cipher of the peer if that cipher is different from the local −−cipher setting, but the peer cipher is one of the ciphers specified in −−data−ciphers. E.g. a non−NCP client (<=v2.3, or with −−ncp−disabled set) connecting to a NCP server (v2.4+) with −−cipher BF−CBC and −−data−ciphers AES−256−GCM:AES−256−CBC set can either specify −−cipher BF−CBC or −−cipher AES−256−CBC and both will work.
Note for using NCP with an OpenVPN 2.4 peer: This list must include the AES−256−GCM and AES−128−GCM ciphers.
This list is restricted to be 127 chars long after conversion to OpenVPN ciphers.
This option was called −−ncp−ciphers in OpenVPN 2.4 but has been renamed to −−data−ciphers in OpenVPN 2.5 to more accurately reflect its meaning.
−−data−ciphers−fallback alg
Configure a cipher that is used to fall back to if we could not determine which cipher the peer is willing to use.
This option should only be needed to connect to peers that are running OpenVPN 2.3 and older version, and have been configured with −−enable−small (typically used on routers or other embedded devices).
−−ncp−disable
DEPRECATED Disable «Negotiable Crypto Parameters». This completely disables cipher negotiation.
−−secret args
Enable Static Key encryption mode (non−TLS). Use pre−shared secret file which was generated with −−genkey.
Valid syntaxes:
secret file secret file direction
The optional direction parameter enables the use of 4 distinct keys (HMAC−send, cipher−encrypt, HMAC−receive, cipher−decrypt), so that each data flow direction has a different set of HMAC and cipher keys. This has a number of desirable security properties including eliminating certain kinds of DoS and message replay attacks.
When the direction parameter is omitted, 2 keys are used bidirectionally, one for HMAC and the other for encryption/decryption.
The direction parameter should always be complementary on either side of the connection, i.e. one side should use 0 and the other should use 1, or both sides should omit it altogether.
The direction parameter requires that file contains a 2048 bit key. While pre−1.5 versions of OpenVPN generate 1024 bit key files, any version of OpenVPN which supports the direction parameter, will also support 2048 bit key file generation using the −−genkey option.
Static key encryption mode has certain advantages, the primary being ease of configuration.
There are no certificates or certificate authorities or complicated negotiation handshakes and protocols. The only requirement is that you have a pre−existing secure channel with your peer (such as ssh) to initially copy the key. This requirement, along with the fact that your key never changes unless you manually generate a new one, makes it somewhat less secure than TLS mode (see below). If an attacker manages to steal your key, everything that was ever encrypted with it is compromised. Contrast that to the perfect forward secrecy features of TLS mode (using Diffie Hellman key exchange), where even if an attacker was able to steal your private key, he would gain no information to help him decrypt past sessions.
Another advantageous aspect of Static Key encryption mode is that it is a handshake−free protocol without any distinguishing signature or feature (such as a header or protocol handshake sequence) that would mark the ciphertext packets as being generated by OpenVPN. Anyone eavesdropping on the wire would see nothing but random−looking data.
−−tran−window n
Transition window −− our old key can live this many seconds after a new a key renegotiation begins (default 3600 seconds). This feature allows for a graceful transition from old to new key, and removes the key renegotiation sequence from the critical path of tunnel data forwarding.
Client Options
The client options are used when connecting to an OpenVPN server configured to use −−server, −−server−bridge, or −−mode server in its configuration.
−−allow−pull−fqdn
Allow client to pull DNS names from server (rather than being limited to IP address) for −−ifconfig, −−route, and −−route−gateway.
−−allow−recursive−routing
When this option is set, OpenVPN will not drop incoming tun packets with same destination as host.
−−auth−token token
This is not an option to be used directly in any configuration files, but rather push this option from a −−client−connect script or a −−plugin which hooks into the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT or OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT_V2 calls. This option provides a possibility to replace the clients password with an authentication token during the lifetime of the OpenVPN client.
Whenever the connection is renegotiated and the −−auth−user−pass−verify script or −−plugin making use of the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY hook is triggered, it will pass over this token as the password instead of the password the user provided. The authentication token can only be reset by a full reconnect where the server can push new options to the client. The password the user entered is never preserved once an authentication token has been set. If the OpenVPN server side rejects the authentication token then the client will receive an AUTH_FAILED and disconnect.
The purpose of this is to enable two factor authentication methods, such as HOTP or TOTP, to be used without needing to retrieve a new OTP code each time the connection is renegotiated. Another use case is to cache authentication data on the client without needing to have the users password cached in memory during the life time of the session.
To make use of this feature, the −−client−connect script or −−plugin needs to put
push "auth−token UNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE"
into the file/buffer for dynamic configuration data. This will then make the OpenVPN server to push this value to the client, which replaces the local password with the UNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE.
Newer clients (2.4.7+) will fall back to the original password method after a failed auth. Older clients will keep using the token value and react according to −−auth−retry
−−auth−token−user base64username
Companion option to −−auth−token. This options allows to override the username used by the client when reauthenticating with the auth−token. It also allows to use −−auth−token in setups that normally do not use username and password.
The username has to be base64 encoded.
−−auth−user−pass
Authenticate with server using username/password.
Valid syntaxes:
auth−user−pass auth−user−pass up
If up is present, it must be a file containing username/password on 2 lines. If the password line is missing, OpenVPN will prompt for one.
If up is omitted, username/password will be prompted from the console.
The server configuration must specify an −−auth−user−pass−verify script to verify the username/password provided by the client.
−−auth−retry type
Controls how OpenVPN responds to username/password verification errors such as the client−side response to an AUTH_FAILED message from the server or verification failure of the private key password.
Normally used to prevent auth errors from being fatal on the client side, and to permit username/password requeries in case of error.
An AUTH_FAILED message is generated by the server if the client fails −−auth−user−pass authentication, or if the server−side −−client−connect script returns an error status when the client tries to connect.
type can be one of:
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none |
Client will exit with a fatal error (this is the default). |
nointeract
Client will retry the connection without requerying for an −−auth−user−pass username/password. Use this option for unattended clients.
interact
Client will requery for an −−auth−user−pass username/password and/or private key password before attempting a reconnection.
Note that while this option cannot be pushed, it can be controlled from the management interface.
−−client
A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN’s client mode. This directive is equivalent to:
pull tls−client
−−client−nat args
This pushable client option sets up a stateless one−to−one NAT rule on packet addresses (not ports), and is useful in cases where routes or ifconfig settings pushed to the client would create an IP numbering conflict.
Examples:
client−nat snat 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0 client−nat dnat 10.64.0.0/255.255.0.0
network/netmask (for example 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0) defines the local view of a resource from the client perspective, while alias/netmask (for example 10.64.0.0/255.255.0.0) defines the remote view from the server perspective.
Use snat (source NAT) for resources owned by the client and dnat (destination NAT) for remote resources.
Set −−verb 6 for debugging info showing the transformation of src/dest addresses in packets.
−−connect−retry n
Wait n seconds between connection attempts (default 5). Repeated reconnection attempts are slowed down after 5 retries per remote by doubling the wait time after each unsuccessful attempt. An optional argument max specifies the maximum value of wait time in seconds at which it gets capped (default 300).
−−connect−retry−max n
n specifies the number of times each −−remote or <connection> entry is tried. Specifying n as 1 would try each entry exactly once. A successful connection resets the counter. (default unlimited).
−−connect−timeout n
See −−server−poll−timeout.
−−explicit−exit−notify n
In UDP client mode or point−to−point mode, send server/peer an exit notification if tunnel is restarted or OpenVPN process is exited. In client mode, on exit/restart, this option will tell the server to immediately close its client instance object rather than waiting for a timeout.
The n parameter (default 1 if not present) controls the maximum number of attempts that the client will try to resend the exit notification message.
In UDP server mode, send RESTART control channel command to connected clients. The n parameter (default 1 if not present) controls client behavior. With n = 1 client will attempt to reconnect to the same server, with n = 2 client will advance to the next server.
OpenVPN will not send any exit notifications unless this option is enabled.
−−inactive args
Causes OpenVPN to exit after n seconds of inactivity on the TUN/TAP device. The time length of inactivity is measured since the last incoming or outgoing tunnel packet. The default value is 0 seconds, which disables this feature.
Valid syntaxes:
inactive n inactive n bytes
If the optional bytes parameter is included, exit if less than bytes of combined in/out traffic are produced on the tun/tap device in n seconds.
In any case, OpenVPN’s internal ping packets (which are just keepalives) and TLS control packets are not considered «activity», nor are they counted as traffic, as they are used internally by OpenVPN and are not an indication of actual user activity.
−−proto−force p
When iterating through connection profiles, only consider profiles using protocol p (tcp | udp).
|
−−pull |
This option must be used on a client which is connecting to a multi−client server. It indicates to OpenVPN that it should accept options pushed by the server, provided they are part of the legal set of pushable options (note that the −−pull option is implied by −−client ). |
In particular, −−pull allows the server to push routes to the client, so you should not use −−pull or −−client in situations where you don’t trust the server to have control over the client’s routing table.
−−pull−filter args
Filter options on the client pushed by the server to the client.
Valid syntaxes:
pull−filter accept text pull−filter ignore text pull−filter reject text
Filter options received from the server if the option starts with text. The action flag accept allows the option, ignore removes it and reject flags an error and triggers a SIGUSR1 restart. The filters may be specified multiple times, and each filter is applied in the order it is specified. The filtering of each option stops as soon as a match is found. Unmatched options are accepted by default.
Prefix comparison is used to match text against the received option so that
pull−filter ignore "route"
would remove all pushed options starting with route which would include, for example, route−gateway. Enclose text in quotes to embed spaces.
pull−filter accept "route 192.168.1." pull−filter ignore "route "
would remove all routes that do not start with 192.168.1.
Note that reject may result in a repeated cycle of failure and reconnect, unless multiple remotes are specified and connection to the next remote succeeds. To silently ignore an option pushed by the server, use ignore.
−−remote args
Remote host name or IP address, port and protocol.
Valid syntaxes:
remote host remote host port remote host port proto
The port and proto arguments are optional. The OpenVPN client will try to connect to a server at host:port. The proto argument indicates the protocol to use when connecting with the remote, and may be tcp or udp. To enforce IPv4 or IPv6 connections add a 4 or 6 suffix; like udp4 / udp6 / tcp4 / tcp6.
On the client, multiple −−remote options may be specified for redundancy, each referring to a different OpenVPN server, in the order specified by the list of −−remote options. Specifying multiple −−remote options for this purpose is a special case of the more general connection−profile feature. See the <connection> documentation below.
The client will move on to the next host in the list, in the event of connection failure. Note that at any given time, the OpenVPN client will at most be connected to one server.
Examples:
remote server1.example.net remote server1.example.net 1194 remote server2.example.net 1194 tcp
|
Note: |
Since UDP is connectionless, connection failure is defined by the −−ping and −−ping−restart options. |
Also, if you use multiple −−remote options, AND you are dropping root privileges on the client with −−user and/or −−group AND the client is running a non−Windows OS, if the client needs to switch to a different server, and that server pushes back different TUN/TAP or route settings, the client may lack the necessary privileges to close and reopen the TUN/TAP interface. This could cause the client to exit with a fatal error.
If −−remote is unspecified, OpenVPN will listen for packets from any IP address, but will not act on those packets unless they pass all authentication tests. This requirement for authentication is binding on all potential peers, even those from known and supposedly trusted IP addresses (it is very easy to forge a source IP address on a UDP packet).
When used in TCP mode, −−remote will act as a filter, rejecting connections from any host which does not match host.
If host is a DNS name which resolves to multiple IP addresses, OpenVPN will try them in the order that the system getaddrinfo() presents them, so priorization and DNS randomization is done by the system library. Unless an IP version is forced by the protocol specification (4/6 suffix), OpenVPN will try both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, in the order getaddrinfo() returns them.
−−remote−random
When multiple −−remote address/ports are specified, or if connection profiles are being used, initially randomize the order of the list as a kind of basic load−balancing measure.
−−remote−random−hostname
Prepend a random string (6 bytes, 12 hex characters) to hostname to prevent DNS caching. For example, «foo.bar.gov» would be modified to «<random−chars>.foo.bar.gov».
−−resolv−retry n
If hostname resolve fails for −−remote, retry resolve for n seconds before failing.
Set n to «infinite» to retry indefinitely.
By default, −−resolv−retry infinite is enabled. You can disable by setting n=0.
−−single−session
After initially connecting to a remote peer, disallow any new connections. Using this option means that a remote peer cannot connect, disconnect, and then reconnect.
If the daemon is reset by a signal or −−ping−restart, it will allow one new connection.
−−single−session can be used with −−ping−exit or −−inactive to create a single dynamic session that will exit when finished.
−−server−poll−timeout n
When connecting to a remote server do not wait for more than n seconds for a response before trying the next server. The default value is 120s. This timeout includes proxy and TCP connect timeouts.
−−static−challenge args
Enable static challenge/response protocol
Valid syntax:
static−challenge text echo
The text challenge text is presented to the user which describes what information is requested. The echo flag indicates if the user’s input should be echoed on the screen. Valid echo values are 0 or 1.
See management−notes.txt in the OpenVPN distribution for a description of the OpenVPN challenge/response protocol.
−−show−proxy−settings
Show sensed HTTP or SOCKS proxy settings. Currently, only Windows clients support this option.
−−http−proxy args
Connect to remote host through an HTTP proxy. This requires at least an address server and port argument. If HTTP Proxy−Authenticate is required, a file name to an authfile file containing a username and password on 2 lines can be given, or stdin to prompt from console. Its content can also be specified in the config file with the −−http−proxy−user−pass option. (See section on inline files)
The last optional argument is an auth−method which should be one of none, basic, or ntlm.
HTTP Digest authentication is supported as well, but only via the auto or auto−nct flags (below). This must replace the authfile argument.
The auto flag causes OpenVPN to automatically determine the auth−method and query stdin or the management interface for username/password credentials, if required. This flag exists on OpenVPN 2.1 or higher.
The auto−nct flag (no clear−text auth) instructs OpenVPN to automatically determine the authentication method, but to reject weak authentication protocols such as HTTP Basic Authentication.
Examples:
http−proxy proxy.example.net 3128 http−proxy proxy.example.net 3128 authfile.txt http−proxy proxy.example.net 3128 stdin http−proxy proxy.example.net 3128 auto basic http−proxy proxy.example.net 3128 auto−nct ntlm
−−http−proxy−option args
Set extended HTTP proxy options. Requires an option type as argument and an optional parameter to the type. Repeat to set multiple options.
VERSION version
Set HTTP version number to version (default 1.0).
AGENT user−agent
Set HTTP «User−Agent» string to user−agent.
CUSTOM−HEADER name content
Adds the custom Header with name as name and content as the content of the custom HTTP header.
Examples:
http−proxy−option VERSION 1.1 http−proxy−option AGENT OpenVPN/2.4 http−proxy−option X−Proxy−Flag some−flags
−−socks−proxy args
Connect to remote host through a Socks5 proxy. A required server argument is needed. Optionally a port (default 1080) and authfile can be given. The authfile is a file containing a username and password on 2 lines, or stdin can be used to prompt from console.
Server Options
Starting with OpenVPN 2.0, a multi−client TCP/UDP server mode is supported, and can be enabled with the −−mode server option. In server mode, OpenVPN will listen on a single port for incoming client connections. All client connections will be routed through a single tun or tap interface. This mode is designed for scalability and should be able to support hundreds or even thousands of clients on sufficiently fast hardware. SSL/TLS authentication must be used in this mode.
−−auth−gen−token args
Returns an authentication token to successfully authenticated clients.
Valid syntax:
auth−gen−token [lifetime] [external−auth]
After successful user/password authentication, the OpenVPN server will with this option generate a temporary authentication token and push that to the client. On the following renegotiations, the OpenVPN client will pass this token instead of the users password. On the server side the server will do the token authentication internally and it will NOT do any additional authentications against configured external user/password authentication mechanisms.
The tokens implemented by this mechanism include an initial timestamp and a renew timestamp and are secured by HMAC.
The lifetime argument defines how long the generated token is valid. The lifetime is defined in seconds. If lifetime is not set or it is set to 0, the token will never expire.
The token will expire either after the configured lifetime of the token is reached or after not being renewed for more than 2 * reneg−sec seconds. Clients will be sent renewed tokens on every TLS renogiation to keep the client’s token updated. This is done to invalidate a token if a client is disconnected for a sufficently long time, while at the same time permitting much longer token lifetimes for active clients.
This feature is useful for environments which are configured to use One Time Passwords (OTP) as part of the user/password authentications and that authentication mechanism does not implement any auth−token support.
When the external−auth keyword is present the normal authentication method will always be called even if auth−token succeeds. Normally other authentications method are skipped if auth−token verification suceeds or fails.
This option postpones this decision to the external authentication methods and checks the validity of the account and do other checks.
In this mode the environment will have a session_id variable that holds the session id from auth−gen−token. Also an environment variable session_state is present. This variable indicates whether the auth−token has succeeded or not. It can have the following values:
Initial
No token from client.
Authenticated
Token is valid and not expired.
Expired
Token is valid but has expired.
Invalid
Token is invalid (failed HMAC or wrong length)
AuthenticatedEmptyUser / ExpiredEmptyUser
The token is not valid with the username sent from the client but would be valid (or expired) if we assume an empty username was used instead. These two cases are a workaround for behaviour in OpenVPN 3. If this workaround is not needed these two cases should be handled in the same way as Invalid.
Warning: Use this feature only if you want your authentication method called on every verification. Since the external authentication is called it needs to also indicate a success or failure of the authentication. It is strongly recommended to return an authentication failure in the case of the Invalid/Expired auth−token with the external−auth option unless the client could authenticate in another acceptable way (e.g. client certificate), otherwise returning success will lead to authentication bypass (as does returning success on a wrong password from a script).
−−auth−gen−token−secret file
Specifies a file that holds a secret for the HMAC used in −−auth−gen−token If file is not present OpenVPN will generate a random secret on startup. This file should be used if auth−token should validate after restarting a server or if client should be able to roam between multiple OpenVPN servers with their auth−token.
−−auth−user−pass−optional
Allow connections by clients that do not specify a username/password. Normally, when −−auth−user−pass−verify or −−management−client−auth are specified (or an authentication plugin module), the OpenVPN server daemon will require connecting clients to specify a username and password. This option makes the submission of a username/password by clients optional, passing the responsibility to the user−defined authentication module/script to accept or deny the client based on other factors (such as the setting of X509 certificate fields). When this option is used, and a connecting client does not submit a username/password, the user−defined authentication module/script will see the username and password as being set to empty strings («»). The authentication module/script MUST have logic to detect this condition and respond accordingly.
−−ccd−exclusive
Require, as a condition of authentication, that a connecting client has a −−client−config−dir file.
−−client−config−dir dir
Specify a directory dir for custom client config files. After a connecting client has been authenticated, OpenVPN will look in this directory for a file having the same name as the client’s X509 common name. If a matching file exists, it will be opened and parsed for client−specific configuration options. If no matching file is found, OpenVPN will instead try to open and parse a default file called «DEFAULT», which may be provided but is not required. Note that the configuration files must be readable by the OpenVPN process after it has dropped it’s root privileges.
This file can specify a fixed IP address for a given client using −−ifconfig−push, as well as fixed subnets owned by the client using −−iroute.
One of the useful properties of this option is that it allows client configuration files to be conveniently created, edited, or removed while the server is live, without needing to restart the server.
The following options are legal in a client−specific context: −−push, −−push−reset, −−push−remove, −−iroute, −−ifconfig−push, −−vlan−pvid and −−config.
−−client−to−client
Because the OpenVPN server mode handles multiple clients through a single tun or tap interface, it is effectively a router. The −−client−to−client flag tells OpenVPN to internally route client−to−client traffic rather than pushing all client−originating traffic to the TUN/TAP interface.
When this option is used, each client will «see» the other clients which are currently connected. Otherwise, each client will only see the server. Don’t use this option if you want to firewall tunnel traffic using custom, per−client rules.
−−disable
Disable a particular client (based on the common name) from connecting. Don’t use this option to disable a client due to key or password compromise. Use a CRL (certificate revocation list) instead (see the −−crl−verify option).
This option must be associated with a specific client instance, which means that it must be specified either in a client instance config file using −−client−config−dir or dynamically generated using a −−client−connect script.
−−connect−freq args
Allow a maximum of n new connections per sec seconds from clients.
Valid syntax:
connect−freq n sec
This is designed to contain DoS attacks which flood the server with connection requests using certificates which will ultimately fail to authenticate.
This is an imperfect solution however, because in a real DoS scenario, legitimate connections might also be refused.
For the best protection against DoS attacks in server mode, use −−proto udp and either −−tls−auth or −−tls−crypt.
−−duplicate−cn
Allow multiple clients with the same common name to concurrently connect. In the absence of this option, OpenVPN will disconnect a client instance upon connection of a new client having the same common name.
−−ifconfig−pool args
Set aside a pool of subnets to be dynamically allocated to connecting clients, similar to a DHCP server.
Valid syntax:
ifconfig−pool start−IP end−IP [netmask]
For tun−style tunnels, each client will be given a /30 subnet (for interoperability with Windows clients). For tap−style tunnels, individual addresses will be allocated, and the optional netmask parameter will also be pushed to clients.
−−ifconfig−ipv6−pool args
Specify an IPv6 address pool for dynamic assignment to clients.
Valid args:
ifconfig−ipv6−pool ipv6addr/bits
The pool starts at ipv6addr and matches the offset determined from the start of the IPv4 pool. If the host part of the given IPv6 address is 0, the pool starts at ipv6addr +1.
−−ifconfig−pool−persist args
Persist/unpersist ifconfig−pool data to file, at seconds intervals (default 600), as well as on program startup and shutdown.
Valid syntax:
ifconfig−pool−persist file [seconds]
The goal of this option is to provide a long−term association between clients (denoted by their common name) and the virtual IP address assigned to them from the ifconfig−pool. Maintaining a long−term association is good for clients because it allows them to effectively use the −−persist−tun option.
file is a comma−delimited ASCII file, formatted as <Common−Name>,<IP−address>.
If seconds = 0, file will be treated as read−only. This is useful if you would like to treat file as a configuration file.
Note that the entries in this file are treated by OpenVPN as suggestions only, based on past associations between a common name and IP address. They do not guarantee that the given common name will always receive the given IP address. If you want guaranteed assignment, use −−ifconfig−push
−−ifconfig−push args
Push virtual IP endpoints for client tunnel, overriding the −−ifconfig−pool dynamic allocation.
Valid syntax:
ifconfig−push local remote−netmask [alias]
The parameters local and remote−netmask are set according to the −−ifconfig directive which you want to execute on the client machine to configure the remote end of the tunnel. Note that the parameters local and remote−netmask are from the perspective of the client, not the server. They may be DNS names rather than IP addresses, in which case they will be resolved on the server at the time of client connection.
The optional alias parameter may be used in cases where NAT causes the client view of its local endpoint to differ from the server view. In this case local/remote−netmask will refer to the server view while alias/remote−netmask will refer to the client view.
This option must be associated with a specific client instance, which means that it must be specified either in a client instance config file using −−client−config−dir or dynamically generated using a −−client−connect script.
Remember also to include a −−route directive in the main OpenVPN config file which encloses local, so that the kernel will know to route it to the server’s TUN/TAP interface.
OpenVPN’s internal client IP address selection algorithm works as follows:
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1. |
Use −−client−connect script generated file for static IP (first choice). |
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2. |
Use −−client−config−dir file for static IP (next choice). |
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3. |
Use −−ifconfig−pool allocation for dynamic IP (last choice). |
−−ifconfig−ipv6−push args
for −−client−config−dir per−client static IPv6 interface configuration, see −−client−config−dir and −−ifconfig−push for more details.
Valid syntax:
ifconfig−ipv6−push ipv6addr/bits ipv6remote
−−inetd args
Valid syntaxes:
inetd inetd wait inetd nowait inetd wait progname
Use this option when OpenVPN is being run from the inetd or xinetd(8) server.
The wait and nowait option must match what is specified in the inetd/xinetd config file. The nowait mode can only be used with −−proto tcp−server The default is wait. The nowait mode can be used to instantiate the OpenVPN daemon as a classic TCP server, where client connection requests are serviced on a single port number. For additional information on this kind of configuration, see the OpenVPN FAQ: https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/325−openvpn−as−a−−forking−tcp−server−which−can−service−multiple−clients−over−a−single−tcp−port
This option precludes the use of −−daemon, −−local or −−remote. Note that this option causes message and error output to be handled in the same way as the −−daemon option. The optional progname parameter is also handled exactly as in −−daemon.
Also note that in wait mode, each OpenVPN tunnel requires a separate TCP/UDP port and a separate inetd or xinetd entry. See the OpenVPN 1.x HOWTO for an example on using OpenVPN with xinetd: https://openvpn.net/community−resources/1xhowto/
−−multihome
Configure a multi−homed UDP server. This option needs to be used when a server has more than one IP address (e.g. multiple interfaces, or secondary IP addresses), and is not using −−local to force binding to one specific address only. This option will add some extra lookups to the packet path to ensure that the UDP reply packets are always sent from the address that the client is talking to. This is not supported on all platforms, and it adds more processing, so it’s not enabled by default.
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Notes: |
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• |
This option is only relevant for UDP servers. |
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• |
If you do an IPv6+IPv4 dual−stack bind on a Linux machine with multiple IPv4 address, connections to IPv4 addresses will not work right on kernels before 3.15, due to missing kernel support for the IPv4−mapped case (some distributions have ported this to earlier kernel versions, though). |
−−iroute args
Generate an internal route to a specific client. The netmask parameter, if omitted, defaults to 255.255.255.255.
Valid syntax:
iroute network [netmask]
This directive can be used to route a fixed subnet from the server to a particular client, regardless of where the client is connecting from. Remember that you must also add the route to the system routing table as well (such as by using the −−route directive). The reason why two routes are needed is that the −−route directive routes the packet from the kernel to OpenVPN. Once in OpenVPN, the −−iroute directive routes to the specific client.
This option must be specified either in a client instance config file using −−client−config−dir or dynamically generated using a −−client−connect script.
The −−iroute directive also has an important interaction with −−push «route …». −−iroute essentially defines a subnet which is owned by a particular client (we will call this client A). If you would like other clients to be able to reach A‘s subnet, you can use −−push «route …» together with −−client−to−client to effect this. In order for all clients to see A‘s subnet, OpenVPN must push this route to all clients EXCEPT for A, since the subnet is already owned by A. OpenVPN accomplishes this by not not pushing a route to a client if it matches one of the client’s iroutes.
−−iroute−ipv6 args
for −−client−config−dir per−client static IPv6 route configuration, see −−iroute for more details how to setup and use this, and how −−iroute and −−route interact.
Valid syntax:
iroute−ipv6 ipv6addr/bits
−−max−clients n
Limit server to a maximum of n concurrent clients.
−−max−routes−per−client n
Allow a maximum of n internal routes per client (default 256). This is designed to help contain DoS attacks where an authenticated client floods the server with packets appearing to come from many unique MAC addresses, forcing the server to deplete virtual memory as its internal routing table expands. This directive can be used in a −−client−config−dir file or auto−generated by a −−client−connect script to override the global value for a particular client.
Note that this directive affects OpenVPN’s internal routing table, not the kernel routing table.
−−opt−verify
Clients that connect with options that are incompatible with those of the server will be disconnected.
Options that will be compared for compatibility include dev−type, link−mtu, tun−mtu, proto, ifconfig, comp−lzo, fragment, keydir, cipher, auth, keysize, secret, no−replay, tls−auth, key−method, tls−server and tls−client.
This option requires that −−disable−occ NOT be used.
−−port−share args
Share OpenVPN TCP with another service
Valid syntax:
port−share host port [dir]
When run in TCP server mode, share the OpenVPN port with another application, such as an HTTPS server. If OpenVPN senses a connection to its port which is using a non−OpenVPN protocol, it will proxy the connection to the server at host:port. Currently only designed to work with HTTP/HTTPS, though it would be theoretically possible to extend to other protocols such as ssh.
dir specifies an optional directory where a temporary file with name N containing content C will be dynamically generated for each proxy connection, where N is the source IP:port of the client connection and C is the source IP:port of the connection to the proxy receiver. This directory can be used as a dictionary by the proxy receiver to determine the origin of the connection. Each generated file will be automatically deleted when the proxied connection is torn down.
Not implemented on Windows.
−−push option
Push a config file option back to the client for remote execution. Note that option must be enclosed in double quotes («»). The client must specify −−pull in its config file. The set of options which can be pushed is limited by both feasibility and security. Some options such as those which would execute scripts are banned, since they would effectively allow a compromised server to execute arbitrary code on the client. Other options such as TLS or MTU parameters cannot be pushed because the client needs to know them before the connection to the server can be initiated.
This is a partial list of options which can currently be pushed: −−route, −−route−gateway, −−route−delay, −−redirect−gateway, −−ip−win32, −−dhcp−option, −−inactive, −−ping, −−ping−exit, −−ping−restart, −−setenv, −−auth−token, −−persist−key, −−persist−tun, −−echo, −−comp−lzo, −−socket−flags, −−sndbuf, −−rcvbuf
−−push−peer−info
Push additional information about the client to server. The following data is always pushed to the server:
IV_VER=<version>
The client OpenVPN version
IV_PLAT=[linux|solaris|openbsd|mac|netbsd|freebsd|win]
The client OS platform
IV_LZO_STUB=1
If client was built with LZO stub capability
IV_LZ4=1
If the client supports LZ4 compressions.
IV_PROTO
Details about protocol extensions that the peer supports. The variable is a bitfield and the bits are defined as follows (starting a bit 0 for the first (unused) bit:
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bit 1: The peer supports peer−id floating mechanism |
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bit 2: The client expects a push−reply and the server may send this reply without waiting for a push−request first. |
IV_NCP=2
Negotiable ciphers, client supports −−cipher pushed by the server, a value of 2 or greater indicates client supports AES−GCM−128 and AES−GCM−256.
IV_CIPHERS=<ncp−ciphers>
The client announces the list of supported ciphers configured with the −−data−ciphers option to the server.
IV_GUI_VER=<gui_id> <version>
The UI version of a UI if one is running, for example de.blinkt.openvpn 0.5.47 for the Android app.
IV_SSO=[crtext,][openurl,][proxy_url]
Additional authentication methods supported by the client. This may be set by the client UI/GUI using −−setenv
When −−push−peer−info is enabled the additional information consists of the following data:
IV_HWADDR=<mac address>
The MAC address of clients default gateway
IV_SSL=<version string>
The ssl version used by the client, e.g. OpenSSL 1.0.2f 28 Jan 2016.
IV_PLAT_VER=x.y
The version of the operating system, e.g. 6.1 for Windows 7.
UV_<name>=<value>
Client environment variables whose names start with UV_
−−push−remove opt
Selectively remove all −−push options matching «opt» from the option list for a client. opt is matched as a substring against the whole option string to−be−pushed to the client, so −−push−remove route would remove all −−push route … and −−push route−ipv6 … statements, while −−push−remove «route−ipv6 2001:» would only remove IPv6 routes for 2001:… networks.
−−push−remove can only be used in a client−specific context, like in a −−client−config−dir file, or −−client−connect script or plugin −− similar to −−push−reset, just more selective.
NOTE: to change an option, −−push−remove can be used to first remove the old value, and then add a new −−push option with the new value.
NOTE 2: due to implementation details, ‘ifconfig’ and ‘ifconfig−ipv6’ can only be removed with an exact match on the option ( push−remove ifconfig), no substring matching and no matching on the IPv4/IPv6 address argument is possible.
−−push−reset
Don’t inherit the global push list for a specific client instance. Specify this option in a client−specific context such as with a −−client−config−dir configuration file. This option will ignore −−push options at the global config file level.
NOTE: −−push−reset is very thorough: it will remove almost all options from the list of to−be−pushed options. In many cases, some of these options will need to be re−configured afterwards − specifically, −−topology subnet and −−route−gateway will get lost and this will break client configs in many cases. Thus, for most purposes, −−push−remove is better suited to selectively remove push options for individual clients.
−−server args
A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN’s server mode. This directive will set up an OpenVPN server which will allocate addresses to clients out of the given network/netmask. The server itself will take the .1 address of the given network for use as the server−side endpoint of the local TUN/TAP interface. If the optional nopool flag is given, no dynamic IP address pool will prepared for VPN clients.
Valid syntax:
server network netmask [nopool]
For example, −−server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 expands as follows:
mode server
tls−server
push "topology [topology]"
if dev tun AND (topology == net30 OR topology == p2p):
ifconfig 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.2
if !nopool:
ifconfig−pool 10.8.0.4 10.8.0.251
route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
if client−to−client:
push "route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0"
else if topology == net30:
push "route 10.8.0.1"
if dev tap OR (dev tun AND topology == subnet):
ifconfig 10.8.0.1 255.255.255.0
if !nopool:
ifconfig−pool 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.253 255.255.255.0
push "route−gateway 10.8.0.1"
if route−gateway unset:
route−gateway 10.8.0.2
Don’t use −−server if you are ethernet bridging. Use −−server−bridge instead.
−−server−bridge args
A helper directive similar to −−server which is designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN’s server mode in ethernet bridging configurations.
Valid syntaxes:
server−bridge gateway netmask pool−start−IP pool−end−IP server−bridge [nogw]
If −−server−bridge is used without any parameters, it will enable a DHCP−proxy mode, where connecting OpenVPN clients will receive an IP address for their TAP adapter from the DHCP server running on the OpenVPN server−side LAN. Note that only clients that support the binding of a DHCP client with the TAP adapter (such as Windows) can support this mode. The optional nogw flag (advanced) indicates that gateway information should not be pushed to the client.
To configure ethernet bridging, you must first use your OS’s bridging capability to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet NIC interface. For example, on Linux this is done with the brctl tool, and with Windows XP it is done in the Network Connections Panel by selecting the ethernet and TAP adapters and right−clicking on «Bridge Connections».
Next you you must manually set the IP/netmask on the bridge interface. The gateway and netmask parameters to −−server−bridge can be set to either the IP/netmask of the bridge interface, or the IP/netmask of the default gateway/router on the bridged subnet.
Finally, set aside a IP range in the bridged subnet, denoted by pool−start−IP and pool−end−IP, for OpenVPN to allocate to connecting clients.
For example, server−bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.128 10.8.0.254 expands as follows:
mode server tls−server ifconfig−pool 10.8.0.128 10.8.0.254 255.255.255.0 push "route−gateway 10.8.0.4"
In another example, −−server−bridge (without parameters) expands as follows:
mode server tls−server push "route−gateway dhcp"
Or −−server−bridge nogw expands as follows:
mode server tls−server
−−server−ipv6 args
Convenience−function to enable a number of IPv6 related options at once, namely −−ifconfig−ipv6, −−ifconfig−ipv6−pool and −−push tun−ipv6.
Valid syntax:
server−ipv6 ipv6addr/bits
Pushing of the −−tun−ipv6 directive is done for older clients which require an explicit −−tun−ipv6 in their configuration.
−−stale−routes−check args
Remove routes which haven’t had activity for n seconds (i.e. the ageing time). This check is run every t seconds (i.e. check interval).
Valid syntax:
stale−routes−check n [t]
If t is not present it defaults to n.
This option helps to keep the dynamic routing table small. See also −−max−routes−per−client
−−username−as−common−name
Use the authenticated username as the common−name, rather than the common−name from the client certificate. Requires that some form of −−auth−user−pass verification is in effect. As the replacement happens after −−auth−user−pass verification, the verification script or plugin will still receive the common−name from the certificate.
The common_name environment variable passed to scripts and plugins invoked after authentication (e.g, client−connect script) and file names parsed in client−config directory will match the username.
−−verify−client−cert mode
Specify whether the client is required to supply a valid certificate.
Possible mode options are:
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none |
A client certificate is not required. the client needs to authenticate using username/password only. Be aware that using this directive is less secure than requiring certificates from all clients. |
If you use this directive, the entire responsibility of authentication will rest on your −−auth−user−pass−verify script, so keep in mind that bugs in your script could potentially compromise the security of your VPN.
−−verify−client−cert none is functionally equivalent to −−client−cert−not−required.
optional
A client may present a certificate but it is not required to do so. When using this directive, you should also use a −−auth−user−pass−verify script to ensure that clients are authenticated using a certificate, a username and password, or possibly even both.
Again, the entire responsibility of authentication will rest on your −−auth−user−pass−verify script, so keep in mind that bugs in your script could potentially compromise the security of your VPN.
require
This is the default option. A client is required to present a certificate, otherwise VPN access is refused.
If you don’t use this directive (or use −−verify−client−cert require) but you also specify an −−auth−user−pass−verify script, then OpenVPN will perform double authentication. The client certificate verification AND the −−auth−user−pass−verify script will need to succeed in order for a client to be authenticated and accepted onto the VPN.
−−vlan−tagging
Server−only option. Turns the OpenVPN server instance into a switch that understands VLAN−tagging, based on IEEE 802.1Q.
The server TAP device and each of the connecting clients is seen as a port of the switch. All client ports are in untagged mode and the server TAP device is VLAN−tagged, untagged or accepts both, depending on the −−vlan−accept setting.
Ethernet frames with a prepended 802.1Q tag are called «tagged». If the VLAN Identifier (VID) field in such a tag is non−zero, the frame is called «VLAN−tagged». If the VID is zero, but the Priority Control Point (PCP) field is non−zero, the frame is called «prio−tagged». If there is no 802.1Q tag, the frame is «untagged».
Using the −−vlan−pvid v option once per client (see −−client−config−dir), each port can be associated with a certain VID. Packets can only be forwarded between ports having the same VID. Therefore, clients with differing VIDs are completely separated from one−another, even if −−client−to−client is activated.
The packet filtering takes place in the OpenVPN server. Clients should not have any VLAN tagging configuration applied.
The −−vlan−tagging option is off by default. While turned off, OpenVPN accepts any Ethernet frame and does not perform any special processing for VLAN−tagged packets.
This option can only be activated in −−dev tap mode.
−−vlan−accept args
Configure the VLAN tagging policy for the server TAP device.
Valid syntax:
vlan−accept all|tagged|untagged
The following modes are available:
|
tagged |
Admit only VLAN−tagged frames. Only VLAN−tagged packets are accepted, while untagged or priority−tagged packets are dropped when entering the server TAP device. |
untagged
Admit only untagged and prio−tagged frames. VLAN−tagged packets are not accepted, while untagged or priority−tagged packets entering the server TAP device are tagged with the value configured for the global −−vlan−pvid setting.
all (default)
Admit all frames. All packets are admitted and then treated like untagged or tagged mode respectively.
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Note: |
Some vendors refer to switch ports running in tagged mode as «trunk ports» and switch ports running in untagged mode as «access ports». |
Packets forwarded from clients to the server are VLAN−tagged with the originating client’s PVID, unless the VID matches the global −−vlan−pvid, in which case the tag is removed.
If no PVID is configured for a given client (see −−vlan−pvid) packets are tagged with 1 by default.
−−vlan−pvid v
Specifies which VLAN identifier a «port» is associated with. Only valid when −−vlan−tagging is speficied.
In the client context, the setting specifies which VLAN ID a client is associated with. In the global context, the VLAN ID of the server TAP device is set. The latter only makes sense for −−vlan−accept untagged and −−vlan−accept all modes.
Valid values for v go from 1 through to 4094. The global value defaults to 1. If no −−vlan−pvid is specified in the client context, the global value is inherited.
In some switch implementations, the PVID is also referred to as «Native VLAN».
ENCRYPTION OPTIONS
SSL Library information
−−show−ciphers
(Standalone) Show all cipher algorithms to use with the −−cipher option.
−−show−digests
(Standalone) Show all message digest algorithms to use with the −−auth option.
−−show−tls
(Standalone) Show all TLS ciphers supported by the crypto library. OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the control channel, over which the keys that are used to protect the actual VPN traffic are exchanged. The TLS ciphers will be sorted from highest preference (most secure) to lowest.
Be aware that whether a cipher suite in this list can actually work depends on the specific setup of both peers (e.g. both peers must support the cipher, and an ECDSA cipher suite will not work if you are using an RSA certificate, etc.).
−−show−engines
(Standalone) Show currently available hardware−based crypto acceleration engines supported by the OpenSSL library.
−−show−groups
(Standalone) Show all available elliptic curves/groups to use with the −−ecdh−curve and tls−groups options.
Generating key material
−−genkey args
(Standalone) Generate a key to be used of the type keytype. if keyfile is left out or empty the key will be output on stdout. See the following sections for the different keytypes.
Valid syntax:
−−genkey keytype keyfile
Valid keytype arguments are:
secret Standard OpenVPN shared secret keys
tls−crypt Alias for secret
tls−auth Alias for secret
auth−token Key used for −−auth−gen−token−key
tls−crypt−v2−server TLS Crypt v2 server key
tls−crypt−v2−client TLS Crypt v2 client key
Examples:
$ openvpn −−genkey secret shared.key $ openvpn −−genkey tls−crypt shared.key $ openvpn −−genkey tls−auth shared.key $ openvpn −−genkey tls−crypt−v2−server v2crypt−server.key $ openvpn −−tls−crypt−v2 v2crypt−server.key −−genkey tls−crypt−v2−client v2crypt−client−1.key
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• |
Generating Shared Secret Keys Generate a shared secret, for use with the −−secret, −−tls−auth or −−tls−crypt options. |
Syntax:
$ openvpn −−genkey secret|tls−crypt|tls−auth keyfile
The key is saved in keyfile. All three variants (−−secret, tls−crypt and tls−auth) generate the same type of key. The aliases are added for convenience.
If using this for −−secret, this file must be shared with the peer over a pre−existing secure channel such as scp(1).
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• |
Generating TLS Crypt v2 Server key Generate a −−tls−crypt−v2 key to be used by an OpenVPN server. The key is stored in keyfile. |
Syntax:
−−genkey tls−crypt−v2−server keyfile
|
• |
Generating TLS Crypt v2 Client key Generate a −−tls−crypt−v2 key to be used by OpenVPN clients. The key is stored in keyfile. |
Syntax
−−genkey tls−crypt−v2−client keyfile [metadata]
If supplied, include the supplied metadata in the wrapped client key. This metadata must be supplied in base64−encoded form. The metadata must be at most 735 bytes long (980 bytes in base64).
If no metadata is supplied, OpenVPN will use a 64−bit unix timestamp representing the current time in UTC, encoded in network order, as metadata for the generated key.
A tls−crypt−v2 client key is wrapped using a server key. To generate a client key, the user must therefore supply the server key using the −−tls−crypt−v2 option.
Servers can use −−tls−crypt−v2−verify to specify a metadata verification command.
|
• |
Generate Authentication Token key Generate a new secret that can be used with −−auth−gen−token−secret |
Syntax:
−−genkey auth−token [keyfile]
|
Note: |
This file should be kept secret to the server as anyone that has access to this file will be able to generate auth tokens that the OpenVPN server will accept as valid. |
Data Channel Renegotiation
When running OpenVPN in client/server mode, the data channel will use a separate ephemeral encryption key which is rotated at regular intervals.
−−reneg−bytes n
Renegotiate data channel key after n bytes sent or received (disabled by default with an exception, see below). OpenVPN allows the lifetime of a key to be expressed as a number of bytes encrypted/decrypted, a number of packets, or a number of seconds. A key renegotiation will be forced if any of these three criteria are met by either peer.
If using ciphers with cipher block sizes less than 128−bits, −−reneg−bytes is set to 64MB by default, unless it is explicitly disabled by setting the value to 0, but this is HIGHLY DISCOURAGED as this is designed to add some protection against the SWEET32 attack vector. For more information see the −−cipher option.
−−reneg−pkts n
Renegotiate data channel key after n packets sent and received (disabled by default).
−−reneg−sec args
Renegotiate data channel key after at most max seconds (default 3600) and at least min seconds (default is 90% of max for servers, and equal to max for clients).
reneg−sec max [min]
The effective −−reneg−sec value used is per session pseudo−uniform−randomized between min and max.
With the default value of 3600 this results in an effective per session value in the range of 3240 .. 3600 seconds for servers, or just 3600 for clients.
When using dual−factor authentication, note that this default value may cause the end user to be challenged to reauthorize once per hour.
Also, keep in mind that this option can be used on both the client and server, and whichever uses the lower value will be the one to trigger the renegotiation. A common mistake is to set −−reneg−sec to a higher value on either the client or server, while the other side of the connection is still using the default value of 3600 seconds, meaning that the renegotiation will still occur once per 3600 seconds. The solution is to increase −−reneg−sec on both the client and server, or set it to 0 on one side of the connection (to disable), and to your chosen value on the other side.
TLS Mode Options
TLS mode is the most powerful crypto mode of OpenVPN in both security and flexibility. TLS mode works by establishing control and data channels which are multiplexed over a single TCP/UDP port. OpenVPN initiates a TLS session over the control channel and uses it to exchange cipher and HMAC keys to protect the data channel. TLS mode uses a robust reliability layer over the UDP connection for all control channel communication, while the data channel, over which encrypted tunnel data passes, is forwarded without any mediation. The result is the best of both worlds: a fast data channel that forwards over UDP with only the overhead of encrypt, decrypt, and HMAC functions, and a control channel that provides all of the security features of TLS, including certificate−based authentication and Diffie Hellman forward secrecy.
To use TLS mode, each peer that runs OpenVPN should have its own local certificate/key pair (−−cert and −−key), signed by the root certificate which is specified in −−ca.
When two OpenVPN peers connect, each presents its local certificate to the other. Each peer will then check that its partner peer presented a certificate which was signed by the master root certificate as specified in −−ca.
If that check on both peers succeeds, then the TLS negotiation will succeed, both OpenVPN peers will exchange temporary session keys, and the tunnel will begin passing data.
The OpenVPN project provides a set of scripts for managing RSA certificates and keys: https://github.com/OpenVPN/easy−rsa
−−askpass file
Get certificate password from console or file before we daemonize.
Valid syntaxes:
askpass askpass file
For the extremely security conscious, it is possible to protect your private key with a password. Of course this means that every time the OpenVPN daemon is started you must be there to type the password. The −−askpass option allows you to start OpenVPN from the command line. It will query you for a password before it daemonizes. To protect a private key with a password you should omit the −nodes option when you use the openssl command line tool to manage certificates and private keys.
If file is specified, read the password from the first line of file. Keep in mind that storing your password in a file to a certain extent invalidates the extra security provided by using an encrypted key.
−−ca file
Certificate authority (CA) file in .pem format, also referred to as the root certificate. This file can have multiple certificates in .pem format, concatenated together. You can construct your own certificate authority certificate and private key by using a command such as:
openssl req −nodes −new −x509 −keyout ca.key −out ca.crt
Then edit your openssl.cnf file and edit the certificate variable to point to your new root certificate ca.crt.
For testing purposes only, the OpenVPN distribution includes a sample CA certificate (ca.crt). Of course you should never use the test certificates and test keys distributed with OpenVPN in a production environment, since by virtue of the fact that they are distributed with OpenVPN, they are totally insecure.
−−capath dir
Directory containing trusted certificates (CAs and CRLs). Not available with mbed TLS.
CAs in the capath directory are expected to be named <hash>.<n>. CRLs are expected to be named <hash>.r<n>. See the −CApath option of openssl verify, and the −hash option of openssl x509, openssl crl and X509_LOOKUP_hash_dir()(3) for more information.
Similar to the −−crl−verify option, CRLs are not mandatory − OpenVPN will log the usual warning in the logs if the relevant CRL is missing, but the connection will be allowed.
−−cert file
Local peer’s signed certificate in .pem format −− must be signed by a certificate authority whose certificate is in −−ca file. Each peer in an OpenVPN link running in TLS mode should have its own certificate and private key file. In addition, each certificate should have been signed by the key of a certificate authority whose public key resides in the −−ca certificate authority file. You can easily make your own certificate authority (see above) or pay money to use a commercial service such as thawte.com (in which case you will be helping to finance the world’s second space tourist :). To generate a certificate, you can use a command such as:
openssl req −nodes −new −keyout mycert.key −out mycert.csr
If your certificate authority private key lives on another machine, copy the certificate signing request (mycert.csr) to this other machine (this can be done over an insecure channel such as email). Now sign the certificate with a command such as:
openssl ca −out mycert.crt −in mycert.csr
Now copy the certificate (mycert.crt) back to the peer which initially generated the .csr file (this can be over a public medium). Note that the openssl ca command reads the location of the certificate authority key from its configuration file such as /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf −− note also that for certificate authority functions, you must set up the files index.txt (may be empty) and serial (initialize to 01).
−−crl−verify args
Check peer certificate against a Certificate Revocation List.
Valid syntax:
crl−verify file/directory flag
Examples:
crl−verify crl−file.pem crl−verify /etc/openvpn/crls dir
A CRL (certificate revocation list) is used when a particular key is compromised but when the overall PKI is still intact.
Suppose you had a PKI consisting of a CA, root certificate, and a number of client certificates. Suppose a laptop computer containing a client key and certificate was stolen. By adding the stolen certificate to the CRL file, you could reject any connection which attempts to use it, while preserving the overall integrity of the PKI.
The only time when it would be necessary to rebuild the entire PKI from scratch would be if the root certificate key itself was compromised.
The option is not mandatory − if the relevant CRL is missing, OpenVPN will log a warning in the logs − e.g.
VERIFY WARNING: depth=0, unable to get certificate CRL
but the connection will be allowed. If the optional dir flag is specified, enable a different mode where the crl−verify is pointed at a directory containing files named as revoked serial numbers (the files may be empty, the contents are never read). If a client requests a connection, where the client certificate serial number (decimal string) is the name of a file present in the directory, it will be rejected.
|
Note: |
As the crl file (or directory) is read every time a peer connects, if you are dropping root privileges with −−user, make sure that this user has sufficient privileges to read the file. |
−−dh file
File containing Diffie Hellman parameters in .pem format (required for −−tls−server only).
Set file to none to disable Diffie Hellman key exchange (and use ECDH only). Note that this requires peers to be using an SSL library that supports ECDH TLS cipher suites (e.g. OpenSSL 1.0.1+, or mbed TLS 2.0+).
Use openssl dhparam −out dh2048.pem 2048 to generate 2048−bit DH parameters. Diffie Hellman parameters may be considered public.
−−ecdh−curve name
Specify the curve to use for elliptic curve Diffie Hellman. Available curves can be listed with −−show−curves. The specified curve will only be used for ECDH TLS−ciphers.
This option is not supported in mbed TLS builds of OpenVPN.
−−extra−certs file
Specify a file containing one or more PEM certs (concatenated together) that complete the local certificate chain.
This option is useful for «split» CAs, where the CA for server certs is different than the CA for client certs. Putting certs in this file allows them to be used to complete the local certificate chain without trusting them to verify the peer−submitted certificate, as would be the case if the certs were placed in the ca file.
−−hand−window n
Handshake Window −− the TLS−based key exchange must finalize within n seconds of handshake initiation by any peer (default 60 seconds). If the handshake fails we will attempt to reset our connection with our peer and try again. Even in the event of handshake failure we will still use our expiring key for up to −−tran−window seconds to maintain continuity of transmission of tunnel data.
−−key file
Local peer’s private key in .pem format. Use the private key which was generated when you built your peer’s certificate (see −−cert file above).
−−pkcs12 file
Specify a PKCS #12 file containing local private key, local certificate, and root CA certificate. This option can be used instead of −−ca, −−cert, and −−key. Not available with mbed TLS.
−−remote−cert−eku oid
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit extended key usage.
This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host they connect to is a designated server.
The extended key usage should be encoded in oid notation, or OpenSSL symbolic representation.
−−remote−cert−ku key−usage
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit key−usage.
If present in the certificate, the keyUsage value is validated by the TLS library during the TLS handshake. Specifying this option without arguments requires this extension to be present (so the TLS library will verify it).
If key−usage is a list of usage bits, the keyUsage field must have at least the same bits set as the bits in one of the values supplied in the key−usage list.
The key−usage values in the list must be encoded in hex, e.g.
remote−cert−ku a0
−−remote−cert−tls type
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit key usage and extended key usage based on RFC3280 TLS rules.
Valid syntaxes:
remote−cert−tls server remote−cert−tls client
This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host they connect to is a designated server. Or the other way around; for a server to verify that only hosts with a client certificate can connect.
The −−remote−cert−tls client option is equivalent to
remote−cert−ku remote−cert−eku "TLS Web Client Authentication"
The −−remote−cert−tls server option is equivalent to
remote−cert−ku remote−cert−eku "TLS Web Server Authentication"
This is an important security precaution to protect against a man−in−the−middle attack where an authorized client attempts to connect to another client by impersonating the server. The attack is easily prevented by having clients verify the server certificate using any one of −−remote−cert−tls, −−verify−x509−name, or −−tls−verify.
−−tls−auth args
Add an additional layer of HMAC authentication on top of the TLS control channel to mitigate DoS attacks and attacks on the TLS stack.
Valid syntaxes:
tls−auth file tls−auth file 0 tls−auth file 1
In a nutshell, −−tls−auth enables a kind of «HMAC firewall» on OpenVPN’s TCP/UDP port, where TLS control channel packets bearing an incorrect HMAC signature can be dropped immediately without response.
file (required) is a file in OpenVPN static key format which can be generated by −−genkey.
Older versions (up to OpenVPN 2.3) supported a freeform passphrase file. This is no longer supported in newer versions (v2.4+).
See the −−secret option for more information on the optional direction parameter.
−−tls−auth is recommended when you are running OpenVPN in a mode where it is listening for packets from any IP address, such as when −−remote is not specified, or −−remote is specified with −−float.
The rationale for this feature is as follows. TLS requires a multi−packet exchange before it is able to authenticate a peer. During this time before authentication, OpenVPN is allocating resources (memory and CPU) to this potential peer. The potential peer is also exposing many parts of OpenVPN and the OpenSSL library to the packets it is sending. Most successful network attacks today seek to either exploit bugs in programs (such as buffer overflow attacks) or force a program to consume so many resources that it becomes unusable. Of course the first line of defense is always to produce clean, well−audited code. OpenVPN has been written with buffer overflow attack prevention as a top priority. But as history has shown, many of the most widely used network applications have, from time to time, fallen to buffer overflow attacks.
So as a second line of defense, OpenVPN offers this special layer of authentication on top of the TLS control channel so that every packet on the control channel is authenticated by an HMAC signature and a unique ID for replay protection. This signature will also help protect against DoS (Denial of Service) attacks. An important rule of thumb in reducing vulnerability to DoS attacks is to minimize the amount of resources a potential, but as yet unauthenticated, client is able to consume.
−−tls−auth does this by signing every TLS control channel packet with an HMAC signature, including packets which are sent before the TLS level has had a chance to authenticate the peer. The result is that packets without the correct signature can be dropped immediately upon reception, before they have a chance to consume additional system resources such as by initiating a TLS handshake. −−tls−auth can be strengthened by adding the −−replay−persist option which will keep OpenVPN’s replay protection state in a file so that it is not lost across restarts.
It should be emphasized that this feature is optional and that the key file used with −−tls−auth gives a peer nothing more than the power to initiate a TLS handshake. It is not used to encrypt or authenticate any tunnel data.
Use −−tls−crypt instead if you want to use the key file to not only authenticate, but also encrypt the TLS control channel.
−−tls−groups list
A list of allowable groups/curves in order of preference.
Set the allowed elliptic curves/groups for the TLS session. These groups are allowed to be used in signatures and key exchange.
mbedTLS currently allows all known curves per default.
OpenSSL 1.1+ restricts the list per default to
"X25519:secp256r1:X448:secp521r1:secp384r1".
If you use certificates that use non−standard curves, you might need to add them here. If you do not force the ecdh curve by using −−ecdh−curve, the groups for ecdh will also be picked from this list.
OpenVPN maps the curve name secp256r1 to prime256v1 to allow specifying the same tls−groups option for mbedTLS and OpenSSL.
Warning: this option not only affects elliptic curve certificates but also the key exchange in TLS 1.3 and using this option improperly will disable TLS 1.3.
−−tls−cert−profile profile
Set the allowed cryptographic algorithms for certificates according to profile.
The following profiles are supported:
legacy (default)
SHA1 and newer, RSA 2048−bit+, any elliptic curve.
preferred
SHA2 and newer, RSA 2048−bit+, any elliptic curve.
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suiteb |
SHA256/SHA384, ECDSA with P−256 or P−384. |
This option is only fully supported for mbed TLS builds. OpenSSL builds use the following approximation:
legacy (default)
sets «security level 1»
preferred
sets «security level 2»
|
suiteb |
sets «security level 3» and −−tls−cipher «SUITEB128». |
OpenVPN will migrate to ‘preferred’ as default in the future. Please ensure that your keys already comply.
WARNING: −−tls−ciphers, −−tls−ciphersuites and tls−groups
These options are expert features, which − if used correctly − can improve the security of your VPN connection. But it is also easy to unwittingly use them to carefully align a gun with your foot, or just break your connection. Use with care!
−−tls−cipher l
A list l of allowable TLS ciphers delimited by a colon («:«).
These setting can be used to ensure that certain cipher suites are used (or not used) for the TLS connection. OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the control channel, over which the keys that are used to protect the actual VPN traffic are exchanged.
The supplied list of ciphers is (after potential OpenSSL/IANA name translation) simply supplied to the crypto library. Please see the OpenSSL and/or mbed TLS documentation for details on the cipher list interpretation.
For OpenSSL, the −−tls−cipher is used for TLS 1.2 and below.
Use −−show−tls to see a list of TLS ciphers supported by your crypto library.
The default for −−tls−cipher is to use mbed TLS’s default cipher list when using mbed TLS or DEFAULT:!EXP:!LOW:!MEDIUM:!kDH:!kECDH:!DSS:!PSK:!SRP:!kRSA when using OpenSSL.
−−tls−ciphersuites l
Same as −−tls−cipher but for TLS 1.3 and up. mbed TLS has no TLS 1.3 support yet and only the −−tls−cipher setting is used.
The default for −−tls−ciphersuites is to use the crypto library’s default.
−−tls−client
Enable TLS and assume client role during TLS handshake.
−−tls−crypt keyfile
Encrypt and authenticate all control channel packets with the key from keyfile. (See −−tls−auth for more background.)
Encrypting (and authenticating) control channel packets:
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• |
provides more privacy by hiding the certificate used for the TLS connection, |
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|
• |
makes it harder to identify OpenVPN traffic as such, |
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|
• |
provides «poor−man’s» post−quantum security, against attackers who will never know the pre−shared key (i.e. no forward secrecy). |
In contrast to −−tls−auth, −−tls−crypt does not require the user to set −−key−direction.
Security Considerations
All peers use the same −−tls−crypt pre−shared group key to authenticate and encrypt control channel messages. To ensure that IV collisions remain unlikely, this key should not be used to encrypt more than 2^48 client−to−server or 2^48 server−to−client control channel messages. A typical initial negotiation is about 10 packets in each direction. Assuming both initial negotiation and renegotiations are at most 2^16 (65536) packets (to be conservative), and (re)negotiations happen each minute for each user (24/7), this limits the tls−crypt key lifetime to 8171 years divided by the number of users. So a setup with 1000 users should rotate the key at least once each eight years. (And a setup with 8000 users each year.)
If IV collisions were to occur, this could result in the security of −−tls−crypt degrading to the same security as using −−tls−auth. That is, the control channel still benefits from the extra protection against active man−in−the−middle−attacks and DoS attacks, but may no longer offer extra privacy and post−quantum security on top of what TLS itself offers.
For large setups or setups where clients are not trusted, consider using −−tls−crypt−v2 instead. That uses per−client unique keys, and thereby improves the bounds to ‘rotate a client key at least once per 8000 years’.
−−tls−crypt−v2 keyfile
Use client−specific tls−crypt keys.
For clients, keyfile is a client−specific tls−crypt key. Such a key can be generated using the −−genkey tls−crypt−v2−client option.
For servers, keyfile is used to unwrap client−specific keys supplied by the client during connection setup. This key must be the same as the key used to generate the client−specific key (see −−genkey tls−crypt−v2−client).
On servers, this option can be used together with the −−tls−auth or −−tls−crypt option. In that case, the server will detect whether the client is using client−specific keys, and automatically select the right mode.
−−tls−crypt−v2−verify cmd
Run command cmd to verify the metadata of the client−specific tls−crypt−v2 key of a connecting client. This allows server administrators to reject client connections, before exposing the TLS stack (including the notoriously dangerous X.509 and ASN.1 stacks) to the connecting client.
OpenVPN supplies the following environment variables to the command:
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• |
script_type is set to tls−crypt−v2−verify |
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• |
metadata_type is set to 0 if the metadata was user supplied, or 1 if it’s a 64−bit unix timestamp representing the key creation time. |
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metadata_file contains the filename of a temporary file that contains the client metadata. |
The command can reject the connection by exiting with a non−zero exit code.
−−tls−exit
Exit on TLS negotiation failure.
−−tls−export−cert directory
Store the certificates the clients use upon connection to this directory. This will be done before −−tls−verify is called. The certificates will use a temporary name and will be deleted when the tls−verify script returns. The file name used for the certificate is available via the peer_cert environment variable.
−−tls−server
Enable TLS and assume server role during TLS handshake. Note that OpenVPN is designed as a peer−to−peer application. The designation of client or server is only for the purpose of negotiating the TLS control channel.
−−tls−timeout n
Packet retransmit timeout on TLS control channel if no acknowledgment from remote within n seconds (default 2). When OpenVPN sends a control packet to its peer, it will expect to receive an acknowledgement within n seconds or it will retransmit the packet, subject to a TCP−like exponential backoff algorithm. This parameter only applies to control channel packets. Data channel packets (which carry encrypted tunnel data) are never acknowledged, sequenced, or retransmitted by OpenVPN because the higher level network protocols running on top of the tunnel such as TCP expect this role to be left to them.
−−tls−version−min args
Sets the minimum TLS version we will accept from the peer (default is «1.0»).
Valid syntax:
tls−version−min version ['or−highest']
Examples for version include 1.0, 1.1, or 1.2. If or−highest is specified and version is not recognized, we will only accept the highest TLS version supported by the local SSL implementation.
−−tls−version−max version
Set the maximum TLS version we will use (default is the highest version supported). Examples for version include 1.0, 1.1, or 1.2.
−−verify−hash args
Specify SHA1 or SHA256 fingerprint for level−1 cert.
Valid syntax:
verify−hash hash [algo]
The level−1 cert is the CA (or intermediate cert) that signs the leaf certificate, and is one removed from the leaf certificate in the direction of the root. When accepting a connection from a peer, the level−1 cert fingerprint must match hash or certificate verification will fail. Hash is specified as XX:XX:… For example:
AD:B0:95:D8:09:C8:36:45:12:A9:89:C8:90:09:CB:13:72:A6:AD:16
The algo flag can be either SHA1 or SHA256. If not provided, it defaults to SHA1.
−−verify−x509−name args
Accept connections only if a host’s X.509 name is equal to name. The remote host must also pass all other tests of verification.
Valid syntax:
verify−x509 name type
Which X.509 name is compared to name depends on the setting of type. type can be subject to match the complete subject DN (default), name to match a subject RDN or name−prefix to match a subject RDN prefix. Which RDN is verified as name depends on the −−x509−username−field option. But it defaults to the common name (CN), e.g. a certificate with a subject DN
C=KG, ST=NA, L=Bishkek, CN=Server−1
would be matched by:
verify−x509−name 'C=KG, ST=NA, L=Bishkek, CN=Server−1' verify−x509−name Server−1 name verify−x509−name Server− name−prefix
The last example is useful if you want a client to only accept connections to Server−1, Server−2, etc.
−−verify−x509−name is a useful replacement for the −−tls−verify option to verify the remote host, because −−verify−x509−name works in a −−chroot environment without any dependencies.
Using a name prefix is a useful alternative to managing a CRL (Certificate Revocation List) on the client, since it allows the client to refuse all certificates except for those associated with designated servers.
|
NOTE: |
Test against a name prefix only when you are using OpenVPN with a custom CA certificate that is under your control. Never use this option with type name−prefix when your client certificates are signed by a third party, such as a commercial web CA. |
−−x509−track attribute
Save peer X509 attribute value in environment for use by plugins and management interface. Prepend a + to attribute to save values from full cert chain. Values will be encoded as X509_<depth>_<attribute>=<value>. Multiple −−x509−track options can be defined to track multiple attributes.
−−x509−username−field args
Field in the X.509 certificate subject to be used as the username (default CN).
Valid syntax:
x509−username−field [ext:]fieldname
Typically, this option is specified with fieldname as either of the following:
x509−username−field emailAddress x509−username−field ext:subjectAltName
The first example uses the value of the emailAddress attribute in the certificate’s Subject field as the username. The second example uses the ext: prefix to signify that the X.509 extension fieldname subjectAltName be searched for an rfc822Name (email) field to be used as the username. In cases where there are multiple email addresses in ext:fieldname, the last occurrence is chosen.
When this option is used, the −−verify−x509−name option will match against the chosen fieldname instead of the Common Name.
Only the subjectAltName and issuerAltName X.509 extensions are supported.
Please note: This option has a feature which will convert an all−lowercase fieldname to uppercase characters, e.g., ou −> OU. A mixed−case fieldname or one having the ext: prefix will be left as−is. This automatic upcasing feature is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
PKCS#11 / SmartCard options
−−pkcs11−cert−private args
Set if access to certificate object should be performed after login. Every provider has its own setting.
Valid syntaxes:
pkcs11−cert−private 0 pkcs11−cert−private 1
−−pkcs11−id name
Specify the serialized certificate id to be used. The id can be gotten by the standalone −−show−pkcs11−ids option.
−−pkcs11−id−management
Acquire PKCS#11 id from management interface. In this case a NEED−STR ‘pkcs11−id−request’ real−time message will be triggered, application may use pkcs11−id−count command to retrieve available number of certificates, and pkcs11−id−get command to retrieve certificate id and certificate body.
−−pkcs11−pin−cache seconds
Specify how many seconds the PIN can be cached, the default is until the token is removed.
−−pkcs11−private−mode mode
Specify which method to use in order to perform private key operations. A different mode can be specified for each provider. Mode is encoded as hex number, and can be a mask one of the following:
0 (default) Try to determine automatically.
1 Use sign.
2 Use sign recover.
4 Use decrypt.
8 Use unwrap.
−−pkcs11−protected−authentication args
Use PKCS#11 protected authentication path, useful for biometric and external keypad devices. Every provider has its own setting.
Valid syntaxes:
pkcs11−protected−authentication 0 pkcs11−protected−authentication 1
−−pkcs11−providers provider
Specify an RSA Security Inc. PKCS #11 Cryptographic Token Interface (Cryptoki) providers to load. This option can be used instead of −−cert, −−key and −−pkcs12.
If p11−kit is present on the system, its p11−kit−proxy.so module will be loaded by default if either the −−pkcs11−id or −−pkcs11−id−management options are specified without −−pkcs11−provider being given.
−−show−pkcs11−ids args
(Standalone) Show PKCS#11 token object list.
Valid syntax:
show−pkcs11 [provider] [cert_private]
Specify cert_private as 1 if certificates are stored as private objects.
If p11−kit is present on the system, the provider argument is optional; if omitted the default p11−kit−proxy.so module will be queried.
−−verb option can be used BEFORE this option to produce debugging information.
DATA CHANNEL CIPHER NEGOTIATION
OpenVPN 2.4 and higher have the capability to negotiate the data cipher that is used to encrypt data packets. This section describes the mechanism in more detail and the different backwards compatibility mechanism with older server and clients.
OpenVPN 2.5 and higher behaviour
When both client and server are at least running OpenVPN 2.5, that the order of the ciphers of the server’s −−data−ciphers is used to pick the the data cipher. That means that the first cipher in that list that is also in the client’s −−data−ciphers list is chosen. If no common cipher is found the client is rejected with a AUTH_FAILED message (as seen in client log):
AUTH: Received control message: AUTH_FAILED,Data channel cipher negotiation failed (no shared cipher)
OpenVPN 2.5 will only allow the ciphers specified in −−data−ciphers. To ensure backwards compatibility also if a cipher is specified using the −−cipher option it is automatically added to this list. If both options are unset the default is AES−256−GCM:AES−128−GCM.
OpenVPN 2.4 clients
The negotiation support in OpenVPN 2.4 was the first iteration of the implementation and still had some quirks. Its main goal was «upgrade to AES−256−GCM when possible». An OpenVPN 2.4 client that is built against a crypto library that supports AES in GCM mode and does not have −−ncp−disable will always announce support for AES−256−GCM and AES−128−GCM to a server by sending IV_NCP=2.
This only causes a problem if −−ncp−ciphers option has been changed from the default of AES−256−GCM:AES−128−GCM to a value that does not include these two ciphers. When a OpenVPN servers try to use AES−256−GCM or AES−128−GCM the connection will then fail. It is therefore recommended to always have the AES−256−GCM and AES−128−GCM ciphers to the −−ncp−ciphers options to avoid this behaviour.
OpenVPN 3 clients
Clients based on the OpenVPN 3.x library (- https://github.com/openvpn/openvpn3/) do not have a configurable −−ncp−ciphers or −−data−ciphers option. Instead these clients will announce support for all their supported AEAD ciphers (AES−256−GCM, AES−128−GCM and in newer versions also Chacha20−Poly1305).
To support OpenVPN 3.x based clients at least one of these ciphers needs to be included in the server’s −−data−ciphers option.
OpenVPN 2.3 and older clients (and clients with −−ncp−disable)
When a client without cipher negotiation support connects to a server the cipher specified with the −−cipher option in the client configuration must be included in the −−data−ciphers option of the server to allow the client to connect. Otherwise the client will be sent the AUTH_FAILED message that indicates no shared cipher.
If the client is 2.3 or older and has been configured with the −−enable−small ./configure argument, using data−ciphers−fallback cipher in the server config file with the explicit cipher used by the client is necessary.
OpenVPN 2.4 server
When a client indicates support for AES−128−GCM and AES−256−GCM (with IV_NCP=2) an OpenVPN 2.4 server will send the first cipher of the −−ncp−ciphers to the OpenVPN client regardless of what the cipher is. To emulate the behaviour of an OpenVPN 2.4 client as close as possible and have compatibility to a setup that depends on this quirk, adding AES−128−GCM and AES−256−GCM to the client’s −−data−ciphers option is required. OpenVPN 2.5+ will only announce the IV_NCP=2 flag if those ciphers are present.
OpenVPN 2.3 and older servers (and servers with −−ncp−disable)
The cipher used by the server must be included in −−data−ciphers to allow the client connecting to a server without cipher negotiation support. (For compatibility OpenVPN 2.5 will also accept the cipher set with −−cipher)
If the server is 2.3 or older and has been configured with the −−enable−small ./configure argument, adding data−ciphers−fallback cipher to the client config with the explicit cipher used by the server is necessary.
Blowfish in CBC mode (BF−CBC) deprecation
The −−cipher option defaulted to BF−CBC in OpenVPN 2.4 and older version. The default was never changed to ensure backwards compatibility. In OpenVPN 2.5 this behaviour has now been changed so that if the −−cipher is not explicitly set it does not allow the weak BF−CBC cipher any more and needs to explicitly added as −−cipher BFC−CBC or added to −−data−ciphers.
We strongly recommend to switching away from BF−CBC to a more secure cipher as soon as possible instead.
NETWORK CONFIGURATION
OpenVPN consists of two sides of network configuration. One side is the link between the local and remote side, the other side is the virtual network adapter (tun/tap device).
Link Options
This link options section covers options related to the connection between the local and the remote host.
−−bind keywords
Bind to local address and port. This is the default unless any of −−proto tcp−client , −−http−proxy or −−socks−proxy are used.
If the optional ipv6only keyword is present OpenVPN will bind only to IPv6 (as opposed to IPv6 and IPv4) when a IPv6 socket is opened.
−−float
Allow remote peer to change its IP address and/or port number, such as due to DHCP (this is the default if −−remote is not used). −−float when specified with −−remote allows an OpenVPN session to initially connect to a peer at a known address, however if packets arrive from a new address and pass all authentication tests, the new address will take control of the session. This is useful when you are connecting to a peer which holds a dynamic address such as a dial−in user or DHCP client.
Essentially, −−float tells OpenVPN to accept authenticated packets from any address, not only the address which was specified in the −−remote option.
−−fragment max
Enable internal datagram fragmentation so that no UDP datagrams are sent which are larger than max bytes.
The max parameter is interpreted in the same way as the −−link−mtu parameter, i.e. the UDP packet size after encapsulation overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself.
The −−fragment option only makes sense when you are using the UDP protocol (−−proto udp).
−−fragment adds 4 bytes of overhead per datagram.
See the −−mssfix option below for an important related option to −−fragment.
It should also be noted that this option is not meant to replace UDP fragmentation at the IP stack level. It is only meant as a last resort when path MTU discovery is broken. Using this option is less efficient than fixing path MTU discovery for your IP link and using native IP fragmentation instead.
Having said that, there are circumstances where using OpenVPN’s internal fragmentation capability may be your only option, such as tunneling a UDP multicast stream which requires fragmentation.
−−keepalive args
A helper directive designed to simplify the expression of −−ping and −−ping−restart.
Valid syntax:
keepalive interval timeout
This option can be used on both client and server side, but it is enough to add this on the server side as it will push appropriate −−ping and −−ping−restart options to the client. If used on both server and client, the values pushed from server will override the client local values.
The timeout argument will be twice as long on the server side. This ensures that a timeout is detected on client side before the server side drops the connection.
For example, −−keepalive 10 60 expands as follows:
if mode server:
ping 10 # Argument: interval
ping−restart 120 # Argument: timeout*2
push "ping 10" # Argument: interval
push "ping−restart 60" # Argument: timeout
else
ping 10 # Argument: interval
ping−restart 60 # Argument: timeout
−−link−mtu n
Sets an upper bound on the size of UDP packets which are sent between OpenVPN peers. It’s best not to set this parameter unless you know what you’re doing.
−−local host
Local host name or IP address for bind. If specified, OpenVPN will bind to this address only. If unspecified, OpenVPN will bind to all interfaces.
−−lport port
Set local TCP/UDP port number or name. Cannot be used together with −−nobind option.
−−mark value
Mark encrypted packets being sent with value. The mark value can be matched in policy routing and packetfilter rules. This option is only supported in Linux and does nothing on other operating systems.
−−mode m
Set OpenVPN major mode. By default, OpenVPN runs in point−to−point mode (p2p). OpenVPN 2.0 introduces a new mode (server) which implements a multi−client server capability.
−−mssfix max
Announce to TCP sessions running over the tunnel that they should limit their send packet sizes such that after OpenVPN has encapsulated them, the resulting UDP packet size that OpenVPN sends to its peer will not exceed max bytes. The default value is 1450.
The max parameter is interpreted in the same way as the −−link−mtu parameter, i.e. the UDP packet size after encapsulation overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself. Resulting packet would be at most 28 bytes larger for IPv4 and 48 bytes for IPv6 (20/40 bytes for IP header and 8 bytes for UDP header). Default value of 1450 allows IPv4 packets to be transmitted over a link with MTU 1473 or higher without IP level fragmentation.
The −−mssfix option only makes sense when you are using the UDP protocol for OpenVPN peer−to−peer communication, i.e. −−proto udp.
−−mssfix and −−fragment can be ideally used together, where −−mssfix will try to keep TCP from needing packet fragmentation in the first place, and if big packets come through anyhow (from protocols other than TCP), −−fragment will internally fragment them.
Both −−fragment and −−mssfix are designed to work around cases where Path MTU discovery is broken on the network path between OpenVPN peers.
The usual symptom of such a breakdown is an OpenVPN connection which successfully starts, but then stalls during active usage.
If −−fragment and −−mssfix are used together, −−mssfix will take its default max parameter from the −−fragment max option.
Therefore, one could lower the maximum UDP packet size to 1300 (a good first try for solving MTU−related connection problems) with the following options:
−−tun−mtu 1500 −−fragment 1300 −−mssfix
−−mtu−disc type
Should we do Path MTU discovery on TCP/UDP channel? Only supported on OSes such as Linux that supports the necessary system call to set.
Valid types:
no Never send DF (Don’t Fragment) frames
maybe Use per−route hints
yes Always DF (Don’t Fragment)
−−mtu−test
To empirically measure MTU on connection startup, add the −−mtu−test option to your configuration. OpenVPN will send ping packets of various sizes to the remote peer and measure the largest packets which were successfully received. The −−mtu−test process normally takes about 3 minutes to complete.
−−nobind
Do not bind to local address and port. The IP stack will allocate a dynamic port for returning packets. Since the value of the dynamic port could not be known in advance by a peer, this option is only suitable for peers which will be initiating connections by using the −−remote option.
−−passtos
Set the TOS field of the tunnel packet to what the payload’s TOS is.
−−ping n
Ping remote over the TCP/UDP control channel if no packets have been sent for at least n seconds (specify −−ping on both peers to cause ping packets to be sent in both directions since OpenVPN ping packets are not echoed like IP ping packets). When used in one of OpenVPN’s secure modes (where −−secret, −−tls−server or −−tls−client is specified), the ping packet will be cryptographically secure.
This option has two intended uses:
|
1. |
Compatibility with stateful firewalls. The periodic ping will ensure that a stateful firewall rule which allows OpenVPN UDP packets to pass will not time out. |
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|
2. |
To provide a basis for the remote to test the existence of its peer using the −−ping−exit option. |
−−ping−exit n
Causes OpenVPN to exit after n seconds pass without reception of a ping or other packet from remote. This option can be combined with −−inactive, −−ping and −−ping−exit to create a two−tiered inactivity disconnect.
For example,
openvpn [options...] −−inactive 3600 −−ping 10 −−ping−exit 60
when used on both peers will cause OpenVPN to exit within 60 seconds if its peer disconnects, but will exit after one hour if no actual tunnel data is exchanged.
−−ping−restart n
Similar to −−ping−exit, but trigger a SIGUSR1 restart after n seconds pass without reception of a ping or other packet from remote.
This option is useful in cases where the remote peer has a dynamic IP address and a low−TTL DNS name is used to track the IP address using a service such as http://dyndns.org/ + a dynamic DNS client such as ddclient.
If the peer cannot be reached, a restart will be triggered, causing the hostname used with −−remote to be re−resolved (if −−resolv−retry is also specified).
In server mode, −−ping−restart, −−inactive or any other type of internally generated signal will always be applied to individual client instance objects, never to whole server itself. Note also in server mode that any internally generated signal which would normally cause a restart, will cause the deletion of the client instance object instead.
In client mode, the −−ping−restart parameter is set to 120 seconds by default. This default will hold until the client pulls a replacement value from the server, based on the −−keepalive setting in the server configuration. To disable the 120 second default, set −−ping−restart 0 on the client.
See the signals section below for more information on SIGUSR1.
Note that the behavior of SIGUSR1 can be modified by the −−persist−tun, −−persist−key, −−persist−local−ip and −−persist−remote−ip options.
Also note that −−ping−exit and −−ping−restart are mutually exclusive and cannot be used together.
−−ping−timer−rem
Run the −−ping−exit / −−ping−restart timer only if we have a remote address. Use this option if you are starting the daemon in listen mode (i.e. without an explicit −−remote peer), and you don’t want to start clocking timeouts until a remote peer connects.
−−proto p
Use protocol p for communicating with remote host. p can be udp, tcp−client, or tcp−server.
The default protocol is udp when −−proto is not specified.
For UDP operation, −−proto udp should be specified on both peers.
For TCP operation, one peer must use −−proto tcp−server and the other must use −−proto tcp−client. A peer started with tcp−server will wait indefinitely for an incoming connection. A peer started with tcp−client will attempt to connect, and if that fails, will sleep for 5 seconds (adjustable via the −−connect−retry option) and try again infinite or up to N retries (adjustable via the −−connect−retry−max option). Both TCP client and server will simulate a SIGUSR1 restart signal if either side resets the connection.
OpenVPN is designed to operate optimally over UDP, but TCP capability is provided for situations where UDP cannot be used. In comparison with UDP, TCP will usually be somewhat less efficient and less robust when used over unreliable or congested networks.
This article outlines some of problems with tunneling IP over TCP: http://sites.inka.de/sites/bigred/devel/tcp−tcp.html
There are certain cases, however, where using TCP may be advantageous from a security and robustness perspective, such as tunneling non−IP or application−level UDP protocols, or tunneling protocols which don’t possess a built−in reliability layer.
−−port port
TCP/UDP port number or port name for both local and remote (sets both −−lport and −−rport options to given port). The current default of 1194 represents the official IANA port number assignment for OpenVPN and has been used since version 2.0−beta17. Previous versions used port 5000 as the default.
−−rport port
Set TCP/UDP port number or name used by the −−remote option. The port can also be set directly using the −−remote option.
−−replay−window args
Modify the replay protection sliding−window size and time window.
Valid syntax:
replay−window n [t]
Use a replay protection sliding−window of size n and a time window of t seconds.
By default n is 64 (the IPSec default) and t is 15 seconds.
This option is only relevant in UDP mode, i.e. when either −−proto udp is specified, or no −−proto option is specified.
When OpenVPN tunnels IP packets over UDP, there is the possibility that packets might be dropped or delivered out of order. Because OpenVPN, like IPSec, is emulating the physical network layer, it will accept an out−of−order packet sequence, and will deliver such packets in the same order they were received to the TCP/IP protocol stack, provided they satisfy several constraints.
|
a. |
The packet cannot be a replay (unless −−no−replay is specified, which disables replay protection altogether). |
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|
b. |
If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if the difference between its sequence number and the highest sequence number received so far is less than n. |
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|
c. |
If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if it arrives no later than t seconds after any packet containing a higher sequence number. |
If you are using a network link with a large pipeline (meaning that the product of bandwidth and latency is high), you may want to use a larger value for n. Satellite links in particular often require this.
If you run OpenVPN at −−verb 4, you will see the message «Replay−window backtrack occurred [x]» every time the maximum sequence number backtrack seen thus far increases. This can be used to calibrate n.
There is some controversy on the appropriate method of handling packet reordering at the security layer.
Namely, to what extent should the security layer protect the encapsulated protocol from attacks which masquerade as the kinds of normal packet loss and reordering that occur over IP networks?
The IPSec and OpenVPN approach is to allow packet reordering within a certain fixed sequence number window.
OpenVPN adds to the IPSec model by limiting the window size in time as well as sequence space.
OpenVPN also adds TCP transport as an option (not offered by IPSec) in which case OpenVPN can adopt a very strict attitude towards message deletion and reordering: Don’t allow it. Since TCP guarantees reliability, any packet loss or reordering event can be assumed to be an attack.
In this sense, it could be argued that TCP tunnel transport is preferred when tunneling non−IP or UDP application protocols which might be vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack which falls within the normal operational parameters of IP networks.
So I would make the statement that one should never tunnel a non−IP protocol or UDP application protocol over UDP, if the protocol might be vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack that falls within the normal operating parameters of what is to be expected from the physical IP layer. The problem is easily fixed by simply using TCP as the VPN transport layer.
−−replay−persist file
Persist replay−protection state across sessions using file to save and reload the state.
This option will strengthen protection against replay attacks, especially when you are using OpenVPN in a dynamic context (such as with −−inetd) when OpenVPN sessions are frequently started and stopped.
This option will keep a disk copy of the current replay protection state (i.e. the most recent packet timestamp and sequence number received from the remote peer), so that if an OpenVPN session is stopped and restarted, it will reject any replays of packets which were already received by the prior session.
This option only makes sense when replay protection is enabled (the default) and you are using either −−secret (shared−secret key mode) or TLS mode with −−tls−auth.
−−socket−flags flags
Apply the given flags to the OpenVPN transport socket. Currently, only TCP_NODELAY is supported.
The TCP_NODELAY socket flag is useful in TCP mode, and causes the kernel to send tunnel packets immediately over the TCP connection without trying to group several smaller packets into a larger packet. This can result in a considerably improvement in latency.
This option is pushable from server to client, and should be used on both client and server for maximum effect.
−−tcp−nodelay
This macro sets the TCP_NODELAY socket flag on the server as well as pushes it to connecting clients. The TCP_NODELAY flag disables the Nagle algorithm on TCP sockets causing packets to be transmitted immediately with low latency, rather than waiting a short period of time in order to aggregate several packets into a larger containing packet. In VPN applications over TCP, TCP_NODELAY is generally a good latency optimization.
The macro expands as follows:
if mode server:
socket−flags TCP_NODELAY
push "socket−flags TCP_NODELAY"
Virtual Network Adapter (VPN interface)
Options in this section relates to configuration of the virtual tun/tap network interface, including setting the VPN IP address and network routing.
−−bind−dev device
(Linux only) Set device to bind the server socket to a Virtual Routing and Forwarding device
−−block−ipv6
On the client, instead of sending IPv6 packets over the VPN tunnel, all IPv6 packets are answered with an ICMPv6 no route host message. On the server, all IPv6 packets from clients are answered with an ICMPv6 no route to host message. This options is intended for cases when IPv6 should be blocked and other options are not available. −−block−ipv6 will use the remote IPv6 as source address of the ICMPv6 packets if set, otherwise will use fe80::7 as source address.
For this option to make sense you actually have to route traffic to the tun interface. The following example config block would send all IPv6 traffic to OpenVPN and answer all requests with no route to host, effectively blocking IPv6 (to avoid IPv6 connections from dual−stacked clients leaking around IPv4−only VPN services).
Client config
−−ifconfig−ipv6 fd15:53b6:dead::2/64 fd15:53b6:dead::1 −−redirect−gateway ipv6 −−block−ipv6
Server config
Push a «valid» ipv6 config to the client and block on the server
−−push "ifconfig−ipv6 fd15:53b6:dead::2/64 fd15:53b6:dead::1" −−push "redirect−gateway ipv6" −−block−ipv6
Note: this option does not influence traffic sent from the server towards the client (neither on the server nor on the client side). This is not seen as necessary, as such traffic can be most easily avoided by not configuring IPv6 on the server tun, or setting up a server−side firewall rule.
−−dev device
TUN/TAP virtual network device which can be tunX, tapX, null or an arbitrary name string (X can be omitted for a dynamic device.)
See examples section below for an example on setting up a TUN device.
You must use either tun devices on both ends of the connection or tap devices on both ends. You cannot mix them, as they represent different underlying network layers:
|
tun |
devices encapsulate IPv4 or IPv6 (OSI Layer 3) |
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|
tap |
devices encapsulate Ethernet 802.3 (OSI Layer 2). |
Valid syntaxes:
dev tun2 dev tap4 dev ovpn
When the device name starts with tun or tap, the device type is extracted automatically. Otherwise the −−dev−type option needs to be added as well.
−−dev−node node
Explicitly set the device node rather than using /dev/net/tun, /dev/tun, /dev/tap, etc. If OpenVPN cannot figure out whether node is a TUN or TAP device based on the name, you should also specify −−dev−type tun or −−dev−type tap.
Under Mac OS X this option can be used to specify the default tun implementation. Using −−dev−node utun forces usage of the native Darwin tun kernel support. Use −−dev−node utunN to select a specific utun instance. To force using the tun.kext (/dev/tunX) use −−dev−node tun. When not specifying a −−dev−node option openvpn will first try to open utun, and fall back to tun.kext.
On Windows systems, select the TAP−Win32 adapter which is named node in the Network Connections Control Panel or the raw GUID of the adapter enclosed by braces. The −−show−adapters option under Windows can also be used to enumerate all available TAP−Win32 adapters and will show both the network connections control panel name and the GUID for each TAP−Win32 adapter.
−−dev−type device−type
Which device type are we using? device−type should be tun (OSI Layer 3) or tap (OSI Layer 2). Use this option only if the TUN/TAP device used with −−dev does not begin with tun or tap.
−−dhcp−option args
Set additional network parameters on supported platforms. May be specified on the client or pushed from the server. On Windows these options are handled by the tap−windows6 driver by default or directly by OpenVPN if dhcp is disabled or the wintun driver is in use. The OpenVPN for Android client also handles them internally.
On all other platforms these options are only saved in the client’s environment under the name foreign_options_{n} before the −−up script is called. A plugin or an −−up script must be used to pick up and interpret these as required. Many Linux distributions include such scripts and some third−party user interfaces such as tunnelblick also come with scripts that process these options.
Valid syntax:
dhcp−options type [parm]
DOMAIN name
Set Connection−specific DNS Suffix to name.
ADAPTER_DOMAIN_SUFFIX name
Alias to DOMAIN. This is a compatibility option, it should not be used in new deployments.
DOMAIN−SEARCH name
Add name to the domain search list. Repeat this option to add more entries. Up to 10 domains are supported.
DNS address
Set primary domain name server IPv4 or IPv6 address. Repeat this option to set secondary DNS server addresses.
Note: DNS IPv6 servers are currently set using netsh (the existing DHCP code can only do IPv4 DHCP, and that protocol only permits IPv4 addresses anywhere). The option will be put into the environment, so an −−up script could act upon it if needed.
WINS address
Set primary WINS server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server). Repeat this option to set secondary WINS server addresses.
NBDD address
Set primary NBDD server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Datagram Distribution Server). Repeat this option to set secondary NBDD server addresses.
NTP address
Set primary NTP server address (Network Time Protocol). Repeat this option to set secondary NTP server addresses.
NBT type
Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node type. Possible options:
|
1 |
b−node (broadcasts) |
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|
2 |
p−node (point−to−point name queries to a WINS server) |
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|
4 |
m−node (broadcast then query name server) |
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|
8 |
h−node (query name server, then broadcast). |
NBS scope−id
Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Scope. A NetBIOS Scope ID provides an extended naming service for the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Known as NBT) module. The primary purpose of a NetBIOS scope ID is to isolate NetBIOS traffic on a single network to only those nodes with the same NetBIOS scope ID. The NetBIOS scope ID is a character string that is appended to the NetBIOS name. The NetBIOS scope ID on two hosts must match, or the two hosts will not be able to communicate. The NetBIOS Scope ID also allows computers to use the same computer name, as they have different scope IDs. The Scope ID becomes a part of the NetBIOS name, making the name unique. (This description of NetBIOS scopes courtesy of NeonSurge@abyss.com)
DISABLE−NBT
Disable Netbios−over−TCP/IP.
−−ifconfig args
Set TUN/TAP adapter parameters. It requires the IP address of the local VPN endpoint. For TUN devices in point−to−point mode, the next argument must be the VPN IP address of the remote VPN endpoint. For TAP devices, or TUN devices used with −−topology subnet, the second argument is the subnet mask of the virtual network segment which is being created or connected to.
For TUN devices, which facilitate virtual point−to−point IP connections (when used in −−topology net30 or p2p mode), the proper usage of −−ifconfig is to use two private IP addresses which are not a member of any existing subnet which is in use. The IP addresses may be consecutive and should have their order reversed on the remote peer. After the VPN is established, by pinging rn, you will be pinging across the VPN.
For TAP devices, which provide the ability to create virtual ethernet segments, or TUN devices in −−topology subnet mode (which create virtual «multipoint networks»), −−ifconfig is used to set an IP address and subnet mask just as a physical ethernet adapter would be similarly configured. If you are attempting to connect to a remote ethernet bridge, the IP address and subnet should be set to values which would be valid on the the bridged ethernet segment (note also that DHCP can be used for the same purpose).
This option, while primarily a proxy for the ifconfig(8) command, is designed to simplify TUN/TAP tunnel configuration by providing a standard interface to the different ifconfig implementations on different platforms.
−−ifconfig parameters which are IP addresses can also be specified as a DNS or /etc/hosts file resolvable name.
For TAP devices, −−ifconfig should not be used if the TAP interface will be getting an IP address lease from a DHCP server.
Examples:
# tun device in net30/p2p mode ifconfig 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.1 # tun/tap device in subnet mode ifconfig 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0
−−ifconfig−ipv6 args
Configure an IPv6 address on the tun device.
Valid syntax:
ifconfig−ipv6 ipv6addr/bits [ipv6remote]
The ipv6addr/bits argument is the IPv6 address to use. The second parameter is used as route target for −−route−ipv6 if no gateway is specified.
The −−topology option has no influence with −−ifconfig−ipv6
−−ifconfig−noexec
Don’t actually execute ifconfig/netsh commands, instead pass −−ifconfig parameters to scripts using environmental variables.
−−ifconfig−nowarn
Don’t output an options consistency check warning if the −−ifconfig option on this side of the connection doesn’t match the remote side. This is useful when you want to retain the overall benefits of the options consistency check (also see −−disable−occ option) while only disabling the ifconfig component of the check.
For example, if you have a configuration where the local host uses −−ifconfig but the remote host does not, use −−ifconfig−nowarn on the local host.
This option will also silence warnings about potential address conflicts which occasionally annoy more experienced users by triggering «false positive» warnings.
−−lladdr address
Specify the link layer address, more commonly known as the MAC address. Only applied to TAP devices.
−−persist−tun
Don’t close and reopen TUN/TAP device or run up/down scripts across SIGUSR1 or −−ping−restart restarts.
SIGUSR1 is a restart signal similar to SIGHUP, but which offers finer−grained control over reset options.
−−redirect−gateway flags
Automatically execute routing commands to cause all outgoing IP traffic to be redirected over the VPN. This is a client−side option.
This option performs three steps:
|
1. |
Create a static route for the −−remote address which forwards to the pre−existing default gateway. This is done so that (3) will not create a routing loop. |
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|
2. |
Delete the default gateway route. |
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|
3. |
Set the new default gateway to be the VPN endpoint address (derived either from −−route−gateway or the second parameter to −−ifconfig when −−dev tun is specified). |
When the tunnel is torn down, all of the above steps are reversed so that the original default route is restored.
Option flags:
|
local |
Add the local flag if both OpenVPN peers are directly connected via a common subnet, such as with wireless. The local flag will cause step (1) above to be omitted. |
autolocal
Try to automatically determine whether to enable local flag above.
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def1 |
Use this flag to override the default gateway by using 0.0.0.0/1 and 128.0.0.0/1 rather than 0.0.0.0/0. This has the benefit of overriding but not wiping out the original default gateway. |
bypass−dhcp
Add a direct route to the DHCP server (if it is non−local) which bypasses the tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may not be available on non−Windows clients).
bypass−dns
Add a direct route to the DNS server(s) (if they are non−local) which bypasses the tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may not be available on non−Windows clients).
block−local
Block access to local LAN when the tunnel is active, except for the LAN gateway itself. This is accomplished by routing the local LAN (except for the LAN gateway address) into the tunnel.
|
ipv6 |
Redirect IPv6 routing into the tunnel. This works similar to the def1 flag, that is, more specific IPv6 routes are added (2000::/4, 3000::/4), covering the whole IPv6 unicast space. |
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|
!ipv4 |
Do not redirect IPv4 traffic − typically used in the flag pair ipv6 !ipv4 to redirect IPv6−only. |
−−redirect−private flags
Like −−redirect−gateway, but omit actually changing the default gateway. Useful when pushing private subnets.
−−route args
Add route to routing table after connection is established. Multiple routes can be specified. Routes will be automatically torn down in reverse order prior to TUN/TAP device close.
Valid syntaxes:
route network/IP route network/IP netmask route network/IP netmask gateway route network/IP netmask gateway metric
This option is intended as a convenience proxy for the route(8) shell command, while at the same time providing portable semantics across OpenVPN’s platform space.
netmask
defaults to 255.255.255.255 when not given
gateway
default taken from −−route−gateway or the second parameter to −−ifconfig when −−dev tun is specified.
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metric |
default taken from −−route−metric if set, otherwise 0. |
The default can be specified by leaving an option blank or setting it to default.
The network and gateway parameters can also be specified as a DNS or /etc/hosts file resolvable name, or as one of three special keywords:
vpn_gateway
The remote VPN endpoint address (derived either from −−route−gateway or the second parameter to −−ifconfig when −−dev tun is specified).
net_gateway
The pre−existing IP default gateway, read from the routing table (not supported on all OSes).
remote_host
The −−remote address if OpenVPN is being run in client mode, and is undefined in server mode.
−−route−delay args
Valid syntaxes:
route−delay route−delay n route−delay n m
Delay n seconds (default 0) after connection establishment, before adding routes. If n is 0, routes will be added immediately upon connection establishment. If −−route−delay is omitted, routes will be added immediately after TUN/TAP device open and −−up script execution, before any −−user or −−group privilege downgrade (or −−chroot execution.)
This option is designed to be useful in scenarios where DHCP is used to set tap adapter addresses. The delay will give the DHCP handshake time to complete before routes are added.
On Windows, −−route−delay tries to be more intelligent by waiting w seconds (default 30 by default) for the TAP−Win32 adapter to come up before adding routes.
−−route−ipv6 args
Setup IPv6 routing in the system to send the specified IPv6 network into OpenVPN’s tun.
Valid syntax:
route−ipv6 ipv6addr/bits [gateway] [metric]
The gateway parameter is only used for IPv6 routes across tap devices, and if missing, the ipv6remote field from −−ifconfig−ipv6 or −−route−ipv6−gateway is used.
−−route−gateway arg
Specify a default gateway for use with −−route.
If dhcp is specified as the parameter, the gateway address will be extracted from a DHCP negotiation with the OpenVPN server−side LAN.
Valid syntaxes:
route−gateway gateway route−gateway dhcp
−−route−ipv6−gateway gw
Specify a default gateway gw for use with −−route−ipv6.
−−route−metric m
Specify a default metric m for use with −−route.
−−route−noexec
Don’t add or remove routes automatically. Instead pass routes to −−route−up script using environmental variables.
−−route−nopull
When used with −−client or −−pull, accept options pushed by server EXCEPT for routes, block−outside−dns and dhcp options like DNS servers.
When used on the client, this option effectively bars the server from adding routes to the client’s routing table, however note that this option still allows the server to set the TCP/IP properties of the client’s TUN/TAP interface.
−−topology mode
Configure virtual addressing topology when running in −−dev tun mode. This directive has no meaning in −−dev tap mode, which always uses a subnet topology.
If you set this directive on the server, the −−server and −−server−bridge directives will automatically push your chosen topology setting to clients as well. This directive can also be manually pushed to clients. Like the −−dev directive, this directive must always be compatible between client and server.
mode can be one of:
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net30 |
Use a point−to−point topology, by allocating one /30 subnet per client. This is designed to allow point−to−point semantics when some or all of the connecting clients might be Windows systems. This is the default on OpenVPN 2.0. |
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p2p |
Use a point−to−point topology where the remote endpoint of the client’s tun interface always points to the local endpoint of the server’s tun interface. This mode allocates a single IP address per connecting client. Only use when none of the connecting clients are Windows systems. |
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subnet |
Use a subnet rather than a point−to−point topology by configuring the tun interface with a local IP address and subnet mask, similar to the topology used in −−dev tap and ethernet bridging mode. This mode allocates a single IP address per connecting client and works on Windows as well. Only available when server and clients are OpenVPN 2.1 or higher, or OpenVPN 2.0.x which has been manually patched with the −−topology directive code. When used on Windows, requires version 8.2 or higher of the TAP−Win32 driver. When used on *nix, requires that the tun driver supports an ifconfig(8) command which sets a subnet instead of a remote endpoint IP address. |
Note: Using −−topology subnet changes the interpretation of the arguments of −−ifconfig to mean «address netmask», no longer «local remote».
−−tun−mtu n
Take the TUN device MTU to be n and derive the link MTU from it (default 1500). In most cases, you will probably want to leave this parameter set to its default value.
The MTU (Maximum Transmission Units) is the maximum datagram size in bytes that can be sent unfragmented over a particular network path. OpenVPN requires that packets on the control and data channels be sent unfragmented.
MTU problems often manifest themselves as connections which hang during periods of active usage.
It’s best to use the −−fragment and/or −−mssfix options to deal with MTU sizing issues.
−−tun−mtu−extra n
Assume that the TUN/TAP device might return as many as n bytes more than the −−tun−mtu size on read. This parameter defaults to 0, which is sufficient for most TUN devices. TAP devices may introduce additional overhead in excess of the MTU size, and a setting of 32 is the default when TAP devices are used. This parameter only controls internal OpenVPN buffer sizing, so there is no transmission overhead associated with using a larger value.
TUN/TAP standalone operations
These two standalone operations will require −−dev and optionally −−user and/or −−group.
−−mktun
(Standalone) Create a persistent tunnel on platforms which support them such as Linux. Normally TUN/TAP tunnels exist only for the period of time that an application has them open. This option takes advantage of the TUN/TAP driver’s ability to build persistent tunnels that live through multiple instantiations of OpenVPN and die only when they are deleted or the machine is rebooted.
One of the advantages of persistent tunnels is that they eliminate the need for separate −−up and −−down scripts to run the appropriate ifconfig(8) and route(8) commands. These commands can be placed in the the same shell script which starts or terminates an OpenVPN session.
Another advantage is that open connections through the TUN/TAP−based tunnel will not be reset if the OpenVPN peer restarts. This can be useful to provide uninterrupted connectivity through the tunnel in the event of a DHCP reset of the peer’s public IP address (see the −−ipchange option above).
One disadvantage of persistent tunnels is that it is harder to automatically configure their MTU value (see −−link−mtu and −−tun−mtu above).
On some platforms such as Windows, TAP−Win32 tunnels are persistent by default.
−−rmtun
(Standalone) Remove a persistent tunnel.
Virtual Routing and Forwarding
Options in this section relates to configuration of virtual routing and forwarding in combination with the underlying operating system.
As of today this is only supported on Linux, a kernel >= 4.9 is recommended.
This could come in handy when for example the external network should be only used as a means to connect to some VPN endpoints and all regular traffic should only be routed through any tunnel(s). This could be achieved by setting up a VRF and configuring the interface connected to the external network to be part of the VRF. The examples below will cover this setup.
Another option would be to put the tun/tap interface into a VRF. This could be done by an up−script which uses the ip link set command shown below.
VRF setup with iproute2
Create VRF vrf_external and map it to routing table 1023
ip link add vrf_external type vrf table 1023
Move eth0 into vrf_external
ip link set master vrf_external dev eth0
Any prefixes configured on eth0 will be moved from the :code`main` routing table into routing table 1023
VRF setup with ifupdown
For Debian based Distributions ifupdown2 provides an almost drop−in replacement for ifupdown including VRFs and other features. A configuration for an interface eth0 being part of VRF code:vrf_external could look like this:
auto eth0
iface eth0
address 192.0.2.42/24
address 2001:db8:08:15::42/64
gateway 192.0.2.1
gateway 2001:db8:08:15::1
vrf vrf_external
auto vrf_external
iface vrf_external
vrf−table 1023
OpenVPN configuration
The OpenVPN configuration needs to contain this line:
bind−dev vrf_external
Further reading
Wikipedia has nice page one VRFs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_routing_and_forwarding
This talk from the Network Track of FrOSCon 2018 provides an overview about advanced layer 2 and layer 3 features of Linux
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• |
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/BarbarossaTM/l2l3−fr−fortgeschrittene−helle−und−dunkle−magie−im−linuxnetzwerkstack |
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• |
Video (german): https://media.ccc.de/v/froscon2018−2247−l2_l3_fur_fortgeschrittene_−_helle_und_dunkle_magie_im_linux−netzwerkstack |
SCRIPTING INTEGRATION
OpenVPN can execute external scripts in various phases of the lifetime of the OpenVPN process.
Script Order of Execution
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1. |
−−up |
Executed after TCP/UDP socket bind and TUN/TAP open.
|
2. |
−−tls−verify |
Executed when we have a still untrusted remote peer.
|
3. |
−−ipchange |
Executed after connection authentication, or remote IP address change.
|
4. |
−−client−connect |
Executed in −−mode server mode immediately after client authentication.
|
5. |
−−route−up |
Executed after connection authentication, either immediately after, or some number of seconds after as defined by the −−route−delay option.
|
6. |
−−route−pre−down |
Executed right before the routes are removed.
|
7. |
−−client−disconnect |
Executed in −−mode server mode on client instance shutdown.
|
8. |
−−down |
Executed after TCP/UDP and TUN/TAP close.
|
9. |
−−learn−address |
Executed in −−mode server mode whenever an IPv4 address/route or MAC address is added to OpenVPN’s internal routing table.
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10. |
−−auth−user−pass−verify |
Executed in −−mode server mode on new client connections, when the client is still untrusted.
SCRIPT HOOKS
−−auth−user−pass−verify args
Require the client to provide a username/password (possibly in addition to a client certificate) for authentication.
Valid syntax:
auth−user−pass−verify cmd method
OpenVPN will run command cmd to validate the username/password provided by the client.
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
If method is set to via−env, OpenVPN will call script with the environmental variables username and password set to the username/password strings provided by the client. Beware that this method is insecure on some platforms which make the environment of a process publicly visible to other unprivileged processes.
If method is set to via−file, OpenVPN will write the username and password to the first two lines of a temporary file. The filename will be passed as an argument to script, and the file will be automatically deleted by OpenVPN after the script returns. The location of the temporary file is controlled by the −−tmp−dir option, and will default to the current directory if unspecified. For security, consider setting −−tmp−dir to a volatile storage medium such as /dev/shm (if available) to prevent the username/password file from touching the hard drive.
The script should examine the username and password, returning a success exit code (0) if the client’s authentication request is to be accepted, or a failure code (1) to reject the client.
This directive is designed to enable a plugin−style interface for extending OpenVPN’s authentication capabilities.
To protect against a client passing a maliciously formed username or password string, the username string must consist only of these characters: alphanumeric, underbar (‘_‘), dash (‘−‘), dot (‘.‘), or at (‘@‘). The password string can consist of any printable characters except for CR or LF. Any illegal characters in either the username or password string will be converted to underbar (‘_‘).
Care must be taken by any user−defined scripts to avoid creating a security vulnerability in the way that these strings are handled. Never use these strings in such a way that they might be escaped or evaluated by a shell interpreter.
For a sample script that performs PAM authentication, see sample−scripts/auth−pam.pl in the OpenVPN source distribution.
−−client−connect cmd
Run command cmd on client connection.
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
The command is passed the common name and IP address of the just−authenticated client as environmental variables (see environmental variable section below). The command is also passed the pathname of a freshly created temporary file as the last argument (after any arguments specified in cmd ), to be used by the command to pass dynamically generated config file directives back to OpenVPN.
If the script wants to generate a dynamic config file to be applied on the server when the client connects, it should write it to the file named by the last argument.
See the −−client−config−dir option below for options which can be legally used in a dynamically generated config file.
Note that the return value of script is significant. If script returns a non−zero error status, it will cause the client to be disconnected.
If a −−client−connect wants to defer the generating of the configuration then the script needs to use the client_connect_deferred_file and client_connect_config_file environment variables, and write status accordingly into these files. See the Environmental Variables section for more details.
−−client−disconnect cmd
Like −−client−connect but called on client instance shutdown. Will not be called unless the −−client−connect script and plugins (if defined) were previously called on this instance with successful (0) status returns.
The exception to this rule is if the −−client−disconnect command or plugins are cascaded, and at least one client−connect function succeeded, then ALL of the client−disconnect functions for scripts and plugins will be called on client instance object deletion, even in cases where some of the related client−connect functions returned an error status.
The −−client−disconnect command is not passed any extra arguments (only those arguments specified in cmd, if any).
−−down cmd
Run command cmd after TUN/TAP device close (post −−user UID change and/or −−chroot ). cmd consists of a path to script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
Called with the same parameters and environmental variables as the −−up option above.
Note that if you reduce privileges by using −−user and/or −−group, your −−down script will also run at reduced privilege.
−−down−pre
Call −−down cmd/script before, rather than after, TUN/TAP close.
−−ipchange cmd
Run command cmd when our remote ip−address is initially authenticated or changes.
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
When cmd is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments specified in cmd , as follows:
cmd ip address port number
Don’t use −−ipchange in −−mode server mode. Use a −−client−connect script instead.
See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.
If you are running in a dynamic IP address environment where the IP addresses of either peer could change without notice, you can use this script, for example, to edit the /etc/hosts file with the current address of the peer. The script will be run every time the remote peer changes its IP address.
Similarly if our IP address changes due to DHCP, we should configure our IP address change script (see man page for dhcpcd(8)) to deliver a SIGHUP or SIGUSR1 signal to OpenVPN. OpenVPN will then re−establish a connection with its most recently authenticated peer on its new IP address.
−−learn−address cmd
Run command cmd to validate client virtual addresses or routes.
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
Three arguments will be appended to any arguments in cmd as follows:
$1 − [operation]
«add», «update», or «delete» based on whether or not the address is being added to, modified, or deleted from OpenVPN’s internal routing table.
$2 − [address]
The address being learned or unlearned. This can be an IPv4 address such as «198.162.10.14», an IPv4 subnet such as «198.162.10.0/24», or an ethernet MAC address (when −−dev tap is being used) such as «00:FF:01:02:03:04».
$3 − [common name]
The common name on the certificate associated with the client linked to this address. Only present for «add» or «update» operations, not «delete».
On «add» or «update» methods, if the script returns a failure code (non−zero), OpenVPN will reject the address and will not modify its internal routing table.
Normally, the cmd script will use the information provided above to set appropriate firewall entries on the VPN TUN/TAP interface. Since OpenVPN provides the association between virtual IP or MAC address and the client’s authenticated common name, it allows a user−defined script to configure firewall access policies with regard to the client’s high−level common name, rather than the low level client virtual addresses.
−−route−up cmd
Run command cmd after routes are added, subject to −−route−delay.
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.
−−route−pre−down cmd
Run command cmd before routes are removed upon disconnection.
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.
−−setenv args
Set a custom environmental variable name=value to pass to script.
Valid syntaxes:
setenv name value setenv FORWARD_COMPATIBLE 1 setenv opt config_option
By setting FORWARD_COMPATIBLE to 1, the config file syntax checking is relaxed so that unknown directives will trigger a warning but not a fatal error, on the assumption that a given unknown directive might be valid in future OpenVPN versions.
This option should be used with caution, as there are good security reasons for having OpenVPN fail if it detects problems in a config file. Having said that, there are valid reasons for wanting new software features to gracefully degrade when encountered by older software versions.
It is also possible to tag a single directive so as not to trigger a fatal error if the directive isn’t recognized. To do this, prepend the following before the directive: setenv opt
Versions prior to OpenVPN 2.3.3 will always ignore options set with the setenv opt directive.
See also −−ignore−unknown−option
−−setenv−safe args
Set a custom environmental variable OPENVPN_name to value to pass to scripts.
Valid syntaxes:
setenv−safe name value
This directive is designed to be pushed by the server to clients, and the prepending of OPENVPN_ to the environmental variable is a safety precaution to prevent a LD_PRELOAD style attack from a malicious or compromised server.
−−tls−verify cmd
Run command cmd to verify the X509 name of a pending TLS connection that has otherwise passed all other tests of certification (except for revocation via −−crl−verify directive; the revocation test occurs after the −−tls−verify test).
cmd should return 0 to allow the TLS handshake to proceed, or 1 to fail.
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
When cmd is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments specified in cmd, as follows:
cmd certificate_depth subject
These arguments are, respectively, the current certificate depth and the X509 subject distinguished name (dn) of the peer.
This feature is useful if the peer you want to trust has a certificate which was signed by a certificate authority who also signed many other certificates, where you don’t necessarily want to trust all of them, but rather be selective about which peer certificate you will accept. This feature allows you to write a script which will test the X509 name on a certificate and decide whether or not it should be accepted. For a simple perl script which will test the common name field on the certificate, see the file verify−cn in the OpenVPN distribution.
See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.
−−up cmd
Run command cmd after successful TUN/TAP device open (pre −−user UID change).
cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single− or double−quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
The up command is useful for specifying route commands which route IP traffic destined for private subnets which exist at the other end of the VPN connection into the tunnel.
For −−dev tun execute as:
cmd tun_dev tun_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_remote_ip [init | restart]
For −−dev tap execute as:
cmd tap_dev tap_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_netmask [init | restart]
See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.
Note that if cmd includes arguments, all OpenVPN−generated arguments will be appended to them to build an argument list with which the executable will be called.
Typically, cmd will run a script to add routes to the tunnel.
Normally the up script is called after the TUN/TAP device is opened. In this context, the last command line parameter passed to the script will be init. If the −−up−restart option is also used, the up script will be called for restarts as well. A restart is considered to be a partial reinitialization of OpenVPN where the TUN/TAP instance is preserved (the −−persist−tun option will enable such preservation). A restart can be generated by a SIGUSR1 signal, a −−ping−restart timeout, or a connection reset when the TCP protocol is enabled with the −−proto option. If a restart occurs, and −−up−restart has been specified, the up script will be called with restart as the last parameter.
|
NOTE: |
On restart, OpenVPN will not pass the full set of environment variables to the script. Namely, everything related to routing and gateways will not be passed, as nothing needs to be done anyway − all the routing setup is already in place. Additionally, the up−restart script will run with the downgraded UID/GID settings (if configured). |
The following standalone example shows how the −−up script can be called in both an initialization and restart context. (NOTE: for security reasons, don’t run the following example unless UDP port 9999 is blocked by your firewall. Also, the example will run indefinitely, so you should abort with control−c).
openvpn −−dev tun −−port 9999 −−verb 4 −−ping−restart 10
−−up 'echo up' −−down 'echo down' −−persist−tun
−−up−restart
Note that OpenVPN also provides the −−ifconfig option to automatically ifconfig the TUN device, eliminating the need to define an −−up script, unless you also want to configure routes in the −−up script.
If −−ifconfig is also specified, OpenVPN will pass the ifconfig local and remote endpoints on the command line to the −−up script so that they can be used to configure routes such as:
route add −net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw $5
−−up−delay
Delay TUN/TAP open and possible −−up script execution until after TCP/UDP connection establishment with peer.
In −−proto udp mode, this option normally requires the use of −−ping to allow connection initiation to be sensed in the absence of tunnel data, since UDP is a «connectionless» protocol.
On Windows, this option will delay the TAP−Win32 media state transitioning to «connected» until connection establishment, i.e. the receipt of the first authenticated packet from the peer.
−−up−restart
Enable the −−up and −−down scripts to be called for restarts as well as initial program start. This option is described more fully above in the −−up option documentation.
String Types and Remapping
In certain cases, OpenVPN will perform remapping of characters in strings. Essentially, any characters outside the set of permitted characters for each string type will be converted to underbar (‘_’).
Q: Why is string remapping necessary?
It’s an important security feature to prevent the malicious coding of strings from untrusted sources to be passed as parameters to scripts, saved in the environment, used as a common name, translated to a filename, etc.
Q: Can string remapping be disabled?
Yes, by using the −−no−name−remapping option, however this should be considered an advanced option.
Here is a brief rundown of OpenVPN’s current string types and the permitted character class for each string:
X509 Names
Alphanumeric, underbar (‘_’), dash (‘−’), dot (‘.’), at (‘@’), colon (‘:’), slash (‘/’), and equal (‘=’). Alphanumeric is defined as a character which will cause the C library isalnum() function to return true.
Common Names
Alphanumeric, underbar (‘_’), dash (‘−’), dot (‘.’), and at (‘@’).
−−auth−user−pass username
Same as Common Name, with one exception: starting with OpenVPN 2.0.1, the username is passed to the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY plugin in its raw form, without string remapping.
−−auth−user−pass password
Any «printable» character except CR or LF. Printable is defined to be a character which will cause the C library isprint() function to return true.
−−client−config−dir filename as derived from common name or`username
Alphanumeric, underbar (‘_’), dash (‘−’), and dot (‘.’) except for «.» or «..» as standalone strings. As of v2.0.1−rc6, the at (‘@’) character has been added as well for compatibility with the common name character class.
Environmental variable names
Alphanumeric or underbar (‘_’).
Environmental variable values
Any printable character.
For all cases, characters in a string which are not members of the legal character class for that string type will be remapped to underbar (‘_’).
Environmental Variables
Once set, a variable is persisted indefinitely until it is reset by a new value or a restart,
As of OpenVPN 2.0−beta12, in server mode, environmental variables set by OpenVPN are scoped according to the client objects they are associated with, so there should not be any issues with scripts having access to stale, previously set variables which refer to different client instances.
bytes_received
Total number of bytes received from client during VPN session. Set prior to execution of the −−client−disconnect script.
bytes_sent
Total number of bytes sent to client during VPN session. Set prior to execution of the −−client−disconnect script.
client_connect_config_file
The path to the configuration file that should be written to by the −−client−connect script (optional, if per−session configuration is desired). This is the same file name as passed via command line argument on the call to the −−client−connect script.
client_connect_deferred_file
This file can be optionally written to in order to to communicate a status code of the −−client−connect script or plgin. Only the first character in the file is relevant. It must be either 1 to indicate normal script execution, 0 indicates an error (in the same way that a non zero exit status does) or 2 to indicate that the script deferred returning the config file.
For deferred (background) handling, the script or plugin MUST write 2 to the file to indicate the deferral and then return with exit code 0 to signal deferred handler started OK.
A background process or similar must then take care of writing the configuration to the file indicated by the client_connect_config_file environment variable and when finished, write the a 1 to this file (or 0 in case of an error).
The absence of any character in the file when the script finishes executing is interpreted the same as 1. This allows scripts that are not written to support the defer mechanism to be used unmodified.
common_name
The X509 common name of an authenticated client. Set prior to execution of −−client−connect, −−client−disconnect and −−auth−user−pass−verify scripts.
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config |
Name of first −−config file. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP. |
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daemon |
Set to «1» if the −−daemon directive is specified, or «0» otherwise. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP. |
daemon_log_redirect
Set to «1» if the −−log or −−log−append directives are specified, or «0» otherwise. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.
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dev |
The actual name of the TUN/TAP device, including a unit number if it exists. Set prior to −−up or −−down script execution. |
dev_idx
On Windows, the device index of the TUN/TAP adapter (to be used in netsh.exe calls which sometimes just do not work right with interface names). Set prior to −−up or −−down script execution.
foreign_option_{n}
An option pushed via −−push to a client which does not natively support it, such as −−dhcp−option on a non−Windows system, will be recorded to this environmental variable sequence prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_broadcast
The broadcast address for the virtual ethernet segment which is derived from the −−ifconfig option when −−dev tap is used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_ipv6_local
The local VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the −−ifconfig−ipv6 option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or code:netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_ipv6_netbits
The prefix length of the IPv6 network on the VPN interface. Derived from the /nnn parameter of the IPv6 address in the −−ifconfig−ipv6 option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_ipv6_remote
The remote VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the −−ifconfig−ipv6 option (second parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_local
The local VPN endpoint IP address specified in the −−ifconfig option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_remote
The remote VPN endpoint IP address specified in the −−ifconfig option (second parameter) when −−dev tun is used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_netmask
The subnet mask of the virtual ethernet segment that is specified as the second parameter to −−ifconfig when −−dev tap is being used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to −−up script execution.
ifconfig_pool_local_ip
The local virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an −−ifconfig−push directive if specified, or otherwise from the ifconfig pool (controlled by the −−ifconfig−pool config file directive). Only set for −−dev tun tunnels. This option is set on the server prior to execution of the −−client−connect and −−client−disconnect scripts.
ifconfig_pool_netmask
The virtual IP netmask for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an −−ifconfig−push directive if specified, or otherwise from the ifconfig pool (controlled by the −−ifconfig−pool config file directive). Only set for −−dev tap tunnels. This option is set on the server prior to execution of the −−client−connect and −−client−disconnect scripts.
ifconfig_pool_remote_ip
The remote virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an −−ifconfig−push directive if specified, or otherwise from the ifconfig pool (controlled by the −−ifconfig−pool config file directive). This option is set on the server prior to execution of the −−client−connect and −−client−disconnect scripts.
link_mtu
The maximum packet size (not including the IP header) of tunnel data in UDP tunnel transport mode. Set prior to −−up or −−down script execution.
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local |
The −−local parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP. |
local_port
The local port number or name, specified by −−port or −−lport. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.
password
The password provided by a connecting client. Set prior to −−auth−user−pass−verify script execution only when the via−env modifier is specified, and deleted from the environment after the script returns.
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proto |
The −−proto parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP. |
remote_{n}
The −−remote parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.
remote_port_{n}
The remote port number, specified by −−port or −−rport. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.
route_net_gateway
The pre−existing default IP gateway in the system routing table. Set prior to −−up script execution.
route_vpn_gateway
The default gateway used by −−route options, as specified in either the −−route−gateway option or the second parameter to −−ifconfig when −−dev tun is specified. Set prior to −−up script execution.
route_{parm}_{n}
A set of variables which define each route to be added, and are set prior to −−up script execution.
parm will be one of network, netmask», gateway, or metric.
n is the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.
If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address translations will be recorded rather than their names as denoted on the command line or configuration file.
route_ipv6_{parm}_{n}
A set of variables which define each IPv6 route to be added, and are set prior to −−up script execution.
parm will be one of network, gateway or metric. route_ipv6_network_{n} contains netmask as /nnn, unlike IPv4 where it is passed in a separate environment variable.
n is the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.
If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address translations will be recorded rather than their names as denoted on the command line or configuration file.
peer_cert
Temporary file name containing the client certificate upon connection. Useful in conjunction with −−tls−verify.
script_context
Set to «init» or «restart» prior to up/down script execution. For more information, see documentation for −−up.
script_type
Prior to execution of any script, this variable is set to the type of script being run. It can be one of the following: up, down, ipchange, route−up, tls−verify, auth−user−pass−verify, client−connect, client−disconnect or learn−address. Set prior to execution of any script.
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signal |
The reason for exit or restart. Can be one of sigusr1, sighup, sigterm, sigint, inactive (controlled by −−inactive option), ping−exit (controlled by −−ping−exit option), ping−restart (controlled by −−ping−restart option), connection−reset (triggered on TCP connection reset), error or unknown (unknown signal). This variable is set just prior to down script execution. |
time_ascii
Client connection timestamp, formatted as a human−readable time string. Set prior to execution of the −−client−connect script.
time_duration
The duration (in seconds) of the client session which is now disconnecting. Set prior to execution of the −−client−disconnect script.
time_unix
Client connection timestamp, formatted as a unix integer date/time value. Set prior to execution of the −−client−connect script.
tls_digest_{n} / tls_digest_sha256_{n}
Contains the certificate SHA1 / SHA256 fingerprint, where n is the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of −−tls−verify script.
tls_id_{n}
A series of certificate fields from the remote peer, where n is the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of −−tls−verify script.
tls_serial_{n}
The serial number of the certificate from the remote peer, where n is the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of −−tls−verify script. This is in the form of a decimal string like «933971680», which is suitable for doing serial−based OCSP queries (with OpenSSL, do not prepend «0x» to the string) If something goes wrong while reading the value from the certificate it will be an empty string, so your code should check that. See the contrib/OCSP_check/OCSP_check.sh script for an example.
tls_serial_hex_{n}
Like tls_serial_{n}, but in hex form (e.g. 12:34:56:78:9A).
tun_mtu
The MTU of the TUN/TAP device. Set prior to −−up or −−down script execution.
trusted_ip / trusted_ip6)
Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has been authenticated. Set prior to execution of −−ipchange, −−client−connect and −−client−disconnect scripts. If using ipv6 endpoints (udp6, tcp6), trusted_ip6 will be set instead.
trusted_port
Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has been authenticated. Set prior to execution of −−ipchange, −−client−connect and −−client−disconnect scripts.
untrusted_ip / untrusted_ip6
Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has not been authenticated yet. Sometimes used to nmap the connecting host in a −−tls−verify script to ensure it is firewalled properly. Set prior to execution of −−tls−verify and −−auth−user−pass−verify scripts. If using ipv6 endpoints (udp6, tcp6), untrusted_ip6 will be set instead.
untrusted_port
Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has not been authenticated yet. Set prior to execution of −−tls−verify and −−auth−user−pass−verify scripts.
username
The username provided by a connecting client. Set prior to −−auth−user−pass−verify script execution only when the via−env modifier is specified.
X509_{n}_{subject_field}
An X509 subject field from the remote peer certificate, where n is the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of −−tls−verify script. This variable is similar to tls_id_{n} except the component X509 subject fields are broken out, and no string remapping occurs on these field values (except for remapping of control characters to «_«). For example, the following variables would be set on the OpenVPN server using the sample client certificate in sample−keys (client.crt). Note that the verification level is 0 for the client certificate and 1 for the CA certificate.
X509_0_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain X509_0_CN=Test−Client X509_0_O=OpenVPN−TEST X509_0_ST=NA X509_0_C=KG X509_1_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain X509_1_O=OpenVPN−TEST X509_1_L=BISHKEK X509_1_ST=NA X509_1_C=KG
Management Interface Options
OpenVPN provides a feature rich socket based management interface for both server and client mode operations.
−−management args
Enable a management server on a socket−name Unix socket on those platforms supporting it, or on a designated TCP port.
Valid syntaxes:
management socket−name unix # management socket−name unix pw−file # (recommended) management IP port # (INSECURE) management IP port pw−file #
pw−file, if specified, is a password file where the password must be on first line. Instead of a filename it can use the keyword stdin which will prompt the user for a password to use when OpenVPN is starting.
For unix sockets, the default behaviour is to create a unix domain socket that may be connected to by any process. Use the −−management−client−user and −−management−client−group directives to restrict access.
The management interface provides a special mode where the TCP management link can operate over the tunnel itself. To enable this mode, set IP to tunnel. Tunnel mode will cause the management interface to listen for a TCP connection on the local VPN address of the TUN/TAP interface.
*BEWARE* of enabling the management interface over TCP. In these cases you should ALWAYS make use of pw−file to password protect the management interface. Any user who can connect to this TCP IP:port will be able to manage and control (and interfere with) the OpenVPN process. It is also strongly recommended to set IP to 127.0.0.1 (localhost) to restrict accessibility of the management server to local clients.
While the management port is designed for programmatic control of OpenVPN by other applications, it is possible to telnet to the port, using a telnet client in «raw» mode. Once connected, type help for a list of commands.
For detailed documentation on the management interface, see the management−notes.txt file in the management folder of the OpenVPN source distribution.
−−management−client
Management interface will connect as a TCP/unix domain client to IP:port specified by −−management rather than listen as a TCP server or on a unix domain socket.
If the client connection fails to connect or is disconnected, a SIGTERM signal will be generated causing OpenVPN to quit.
−−management−client−auth
Gives management interface client the responsibility to authenticate clients after their client certificate has been verified. See management−notes.txt in OpenVPN distribution for detailed notes.
−−management−client−group g
When the management interface is listening on a unix domain socket, only allow connections from group g.
−−management−client−pf
Management interface clients must specify a packet filter file for each connecting client. See management−notes.txt in OpenVPN distribution for detailed notes.
−−management−client−user u
When the management interface is listening on a unix domain socket, only allow connections from user u.
−−management−external−cert certificate−hint
Allows usage for external certificate instead of −−cert option (client−only). certificate−hint is an arbitrary string which is passed to a management interface client as an argument of NEED−CERTIFICATE notification. Requires −−management−external−key.
−−management−external−key args
Allows usage for external private key file instead of −−key option (client−only).
Valid syntaxes:
management−external−key management−external−key nopadding management−external−key pkcs1 management−external−key nopadding pkcs1
The optional parameters nopadding and pkcs1 signal support for different padding algorithms. See doc/mangement−notes.txt for a complete description of this feature.
−−management−forget−disconnect
Make OpenVPN forget passwords when management session disconnects.
This directive does not affect the −−http−proxy username/password. It is always cached.
−−management−hold
Start OpenVPN in a hibernating state, until a client of the management interface explicitly starts it with the hold release command.
−−management−log−cache n
Cache the most recent n lines of log file history for usage by the management channel.
−−management−query−passwords
Query management channel for private key password and −−auth−user−pass username/password. Only query the management channel for inputs which ordinarily would have been queried from the console.
−−management−query−proxy
Query management channel for proxy server information for a specific −−remote (client−only).
−−management−query−remote
Allow management interface to override −−remote directives (client−only).
−−management−signal
Send SIGUSR1 signal to OpenVPN if management session disconnects. This is useful when you wish to disconnect an OpenVPN session on user logoff. For −−management−client this option is not needed since a disconnect will always generate a SIGTERM.
−−management−up−down
Report tunnel up/down events to management interface.
Plug−in Interface Options
OpenVPN can be extended by loading external plug−in modules at runtime. These plug−ins must be prebuilt and adhere to the OpenVPN Plug−In API.
−−plugin args
Loads an OpenVPN plug−in module.
Valid syntax:
plugin module−name plugin module−name "arguments"
The module−name needs to be the first argument, indicating the plug−in to load. The second argument is an optional init string which will be passed directly to the plug−in. If the init consists of multiple arguments it must be enclosed in double−quotes («). Multiple plugin modules may be loaded into one OpenVPN process.
The module−name argument can be just a filename or a filename with a relative or absolute path. The format of the filename and path defines if the plug−in will be loaded from a default plug−in directory or outside this directory.
−−plugin path Effective directory used ===================== ============================= myplug.so DEFAULT_DIR/myplug.so subdir/myplug.so DEFAULT_DIR/subdir/myplug.so ./subdir/myplug.so CWD/subdir/myplug.so /usr/lib/my/plug.so /usr/lib/my/plug.so
DEFAULT_DIR is replaced by the default plug−in directory, which is configured at the build time of OpenVPN. CWD is the current directory where OpenVPN was started or the directory OpenVPN have switched into via the −−cd option before the −−plugin option.
For more information and examples on how to build OpenVPN plug−in modules, see the README file in the plugin folder of the OpenVPN source distribution.
If you are using an RPM install of OpenVPN, see /usr/share/openvpn/plugin. The documentation is in doc and the actual plugin modules are in lib.
Multiple plugin modules can be cascaded, and modules can be used in tandem with scripts. The modules will be called by OpenVPN in the order that they are declared in the config file. If both a plugin and script are configured for the same callback, the script will be called last. If the return code of the module/script controls an authentication function (such as tls−verify, auth−user−pass−verify, or client−connect), then every module and script must return success (0) in order for the connection to be authenticated.
Windows−Specific Options
−−allow−nonadmin TAP−adapter
(Standalone) Set TAP−adapter to allow access from non−administrative accounts. If TAP−adapter is omitted, all TAP adapters on the system will be configured to allow non−admin access. The non−admin access setting will only persist for the length of time that the TAP−Win32 device object and driver remain loaded, and will need to be re−enabled after a reboot, or if the driver is unloaded and reloaded. This directive can only be used by an administrator.
−−block−outside−dns
Block DNS servers on other network adapters to prevent DNS leaks. This option prevents any application from accessing TCP or UDP port 53 except one inside the tunnel. It uses Windows Filtering Platform (WFP) and works on Windows Vista or later.
This option is considered unknown on non−Windows platforms and unsupported on Windows XP, resulting in fatal error. You may want to use −−setenv opt or −−ignore−unknown−option (not suitable for Windows XP) to ignore said error. Note that pushing unknown options from server does not trigger fatal errors.
−−cryptoapicert select−string
(Windows/OpenSSL Only) Load the certificate and private key from the Windows Certificate System Store.
Use this option instead of −−cert and −−key.
This makes it possible to use any smart card, supported by Windows, but also any kind of certificate, residing in the Cert Store, where you have access to the private key. This option has been tested with a couple of different smart cards (GemSAFE, Cryptoflex, and Swedish Post Office eID) on the client side, and also an imported PKCS12 software certificate on the server side.
To select a certificate, based on a substring search in the certificate’s subject:
cryptoapicert "SUBJ:Peter Runestig"
To select a certificate, based on certificate’s thumbprint:
cryptoapicert "THUMB:f6 49 24 41 01 b4 ..."
The thumbprint hex string can easily be copy−and−pasted from the Windows Certificate Store GUI.
−−dhcp−release
Ask Windows to release the TAP adapter lease on shutdown. This option has no effect now, as it is enabled by default starting with OpenVPN 2.4.1.
−−dhcp−renew
Ask Windows to renew the TAP adapter lease on startup. This option is normally unnecessary, as Windows automatically triggers a DHCP renegotiation on the TAP adapter when it comes up, however if you set the TAP−Win32 adapter Media Status property to «Always Connected», you may need this flag.
−−ip−win32 method
When using −−ifconfig on Windows, set the TAP−Win32 adapter IP address and netmask using method. Don’t use this option unless you are also using −−ifconfig.
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manual |
Don’t set the IP address or netmask automatically. Instead output a message to the console telling the user to configure the adapter manually and indicating the IP/netmask which OpenVPN expects the adapter to be set to. |
dynamic [offset] [lease−time]
Automatically set the IP address and netmask by replying to DHCP query messages generated by the kernel. This mode is probably the «cleanest» solution for setting the TCP/IP properties since it uses the well−known DHCP protocol. There are, however, two prerequisites for using this mode:
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1. |
The TCP/IP properties for the TAP−Win32 adapter must be set to «Obtain an IP address automatically», and |
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2. |
OpenVPN needs to claim an IP address in the subnet for use as the virtual DHCP server address. |
By default in −−dev tap mode, OpenVPN will take the normally unused first address in the subnet. For example, if your subnet is 192.168.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0, then OpenVPN will take the IP address 192.168.4.0 to use as the virtual DHCP server address. In −−dev tun mode, OpenVPN will cause the DHCP server to masquerade as if it were coming from the remote endpoint.
The optional offset parameter is an integer which is > −256 and < 256 and which defaults to −1. If offset is positive, the DHCP server will masquerade as the IP address at network address + offset. If offset is negative, the DHCP server will masquerade as the IP address at broadcast address + offset.
The Windows ipconfig /all command can be used to show what Windows thinks the DHCP server address is. OpenVPN will «claim» this address, so make sure to use a free address. Having said that, different OpenVPN instantiations, including different ends of the same connection, can share the same virtual DHCP server address.
The lease−time parameter controls the lease time of the DHCP assignment given to the TAP−Win32 adapter, and is denoted in seconds. Normally a very long lease time is preferred because it prevents routes involving the TAP−Win32 adapter from being lost when the system goes to sleep. The default lease time is one year.
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netsh |
Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows command−line «netsh» command. This method appears to work correctly on Windows XP but not Windows 2000. |
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ipapi |
Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows IP Helper API. This approach does not have ideal semantics, though testing has indicated that it works okay in practice. If you use this option, it is best to leave the TCP/IP properties for the TAP−Win32 adapter in their default state, i.e. «Obtain an IP address automatically.» |
adaptive (Default)
Try dynamic method initially and fail over to netsh if the DHCP negotiation with the TAP−Win32 adapter does not succeed in 20 seconds. Such failures have been known to occur when certain third−party firewall packages installed on the client machine block the DHCP negotiation used by the TAP−Win32 adapter. Note that if the netsh failover occurs, the TAP−Win32 adapter TCP/IP properties will be reset from DHCP to static, and this will cause future OpenVPN startups using the adaptive mode to use netsh immediately, rather than trying dynamic first.
To «unstick» the adaptive mode from using netsh, run OpenVPN at least once using the dynamic mode to restore the TAP−Win32 adapter TCP/IP properties to a DHCP configuration.
−−pause−exit
Put up a «press any key to continue» message on the console prior to OpenVPN program exit. This option is automatically used by the Windows explorer when OpenVPN is run on a configuration file using the right−click explorer menu.
−−register−dns
Run ipconfig /flushdns and ipconfig /registerdns on connection initiation. This is known to kick Windows into recognizing pushed DNS servers.
−−route−method m
Which method m to use for adding routes on Windows?
adaptive (default)
Try IP helper API first. If that fails, fall back to the route.exe shell command.
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ipapi |
Use IP helper API. |
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exe |
Call the route.exe shell command. |
−−service args
Should be used when OpenVPN is being automatically executed by another program in such a context that no interaction with the user via display or keyboard is possible.
Valid syntax:
service exit−event [0|1]
In general, end−users should never need to explicitly use this option, as it is automatically added by the OpenVPN service wrapper when a given OpenVPN configuration is being run as a service.
exit−event is the name of a Windows global event object, and OpenVPN will continuously monitor the state of this event object and exit when it becomes signaled.
The second parameter indicates the initial state of exit−event and normally defaults to 0.
Multiple OpenVPN processes can be simultaneously executed with the same exit−event parameter. In any case, the controlling process can signal exit−event, causing all such OpenVPN processes to exit.
When executing an OpenVPN process using the −−service directive, OpenVPN will probably not have a console window to output status/error messages, therefore it is useful to use −−log or −−log−append to write these messages to a file.
−−show−adapters
(Standalone) Show available TAP−Win32 adapters which can be selected using the −−dev−node option. On non−Windows systems, the ifconfig(8) command provides similar functionality.
−−show−net
(Standalone) Show OpenVPN’s view of the system routing table and network adapter list.
−−show−net−up
Output OpenVPN’s view of the system routing table and network adapter list to the syslog or log file after the TUN/TAP adapter has been brought up and any routes have been added.
−−show−valid−subnets
(Standalone) Show valid subnets for −−dev tun emulation. Since the TAP−Win32 driver exports an ethernet interface to Windows, and since TUN devices are point−to−point in nature, it is necessary for the TAP−Win32 driver to impose certain constraints on TUN endpoint address selection.
Namely, the point−to−point endpoints used in TUN device emulation must be the middle two addresses of a /30 subnet (netmask 255.255.255.252).
−−tap−sleep n
Cause OpenVPN to sleep for n seconds immediately after the TAP−Win32 adapter state is set to «connected».
This option is intended to be used to troubleshoot problems with the −−ifconfig and −−ip−win32 options, and is used to give the TAP−Win32 adapter time to come up before Windows IP Helper API operations are applied to it.
−−win−sys path
Set the Windows system directory pathname to use when looking for system executables such as route.exe and netsh.exe. By default, if this directive is not specified, OpenVPN will use the SystemRoot environment variable.
This option has changed behaviour since OpenVPN 2.3. Earlier you had to define −−win−sys env to use the SystemRoot environment variable, otherwise it defaulted to C:\WINDOWS. It is not needed to use the env keyword any more, and it will just be ignored. A warning is logged when this is found in the configuration file.
−−windows−driver drv
Specifies which tun driver to use. Values are tap−windows6 (default) and wintun. This is a Windows−only option. wintun» requires −−dev tun and the OpenVPN process to run elevated, or be invoked using the Interactive Service.
Standalone Debug Options
−−show−gateway args
(Standalone) Show current IPv4 and IPv6 default gateway and interface towards the gateway (if the protocol in question is enabled).
Valid syntax:
−−show−gateway −−show−gateway IPv6−target
For IPv6 this queries the route towards ::/128, or the specified IPv6 target address if passed as argument. For IPv4 on Linux, Windows, MacOS and BSD it looks for a 0.0.0.0/0 route. If there are more specific routes, the result will not always be matching the route of the IPv4 packets to the VPN gateway.
Advanced Expert Options
These are options only required when special tweaking is needed, often used when debugging or testing out special usage scenarios.
−−hash−size args
Set the size of the real address hash table to r and the virtual address table to v.
Valid syntax:
hash−size r v
By default, both tables are sized at 256 buckets.
−−bcast−buffers n
Allocate n buffers for broadcast datagrams (default 256).
−−persist−local−ip
Preserve initially resolved local IP address and port number across SIGUSR1 or −−ping−restart restarts.
−−persist−remote−ip
Preserve most recently authenticated remote IP address and port number across SIGUSR1 or −−ping−restart restarts.
−−prng args
(Advanced) Change the PRNG (Pseudo−random number generator) parameters
Valid syntaxes:
prng alg prng alg nsl
Changes the PRNG to use digest algorithm alg (default sha1), and set nsl (default 16) to the size in bytes of the nonce secret length (between 16 and 64).
Set alg to none to disable the PRNG and use the OpenSSL RAND_bytes function instead for all of OpenVPN’s pseudo−random number needs.
−−rcvbuf size
Set the TCP/UDP socket receive buffer size. Defaults to operating system default.
−−shaper n
Limit bandwidth of outgoing tunnel data to n bytes per second on the TCP/UDP port. Note that this will only work if mode is set to p2p. If you want to limit the bandwidth in both directions, use this option on both peers.
OpenVPN uses the following algorithm to implement traffic shaping: Given a shaper rate of n bytes per second, after a datagram write of b bytes is queued on the TCP/UDP port, wait a minimum of (b / n) seconds before queuing the next write.
It should be noted that OpenVPN supports multiple tunnels between the same two peers, allowing you to construct full−speed and reduced bandwidth tunnels at the same time, routing low−priority data such as off−site backups over the reduced bandwidth tunnel, and other data over the full−speed tunnel.
Also note that for low bandwidth tunnels (under 1000 bytes per second), you should probably use lower MTU values as well (see above), otherwise the packet latency will grow so large as to trigger timeouts in the TLS layer and TCP connections running over the tunnel.
OpenVPN allows n to be between 100 bytes/sec and 100 Mbytes/sec.
−−sndbuf size
Set the TCP/UDP socket send buffer size. Defaults to operating system default.
−−tcp−queue−limit n
Maximum number of output packets queued before TCP (default 64).
When OpenVPN is tunneling data from a TUN/TAP device to a remote client over a TCP connection, it is possible that the TUN/TAP device might produce data at a faster rate than the TCP connection can support. When the number of output packets queued before sending to the TCP socket reaches this limit for a given client connection, OpenVPN will start to drop outgoing packets directed at this client.
−−txqueuelen n
(Linux only) Set the TX queue length on the TUN/TAP interface. Currently defaults to operating system default.
UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS
Options listed in this section have been removed from OpenVPN and are no longer supported
−−client−cert−not−required
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5. This should be replaxed with −−verify−client−cert none.
−−ifconfig−pool−linear
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5. This should be replaced with −−topology p2p.
−−key−method
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5. This option should not be used, as using the old key−method weakens the VPN tunnel security. The old key−method was also only needed when the remote side was older than OpenVPN 2.0.
−−no−iv
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5. This option should not be used as it weakens the VPN tunnel security. This has been a NOOP option since OpenVPN 2.4.
−−no−replay
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5. This option should not be used as it weakens the VPN tunnel security.
−−ns−cert−type
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5. The nsCertType field is no longer supported in recent SSL/TLS libraries. If your certificates does not include key usage and extended key usage fields, they must be upgraded and the −−remote−cert−tls option should be used instead.
CONNECTION PROFILES
Client configuration files may contain multiple remote servers which it will attempt to connect against. But there are some configuration options which are related to specific −−remote options. For these use cases, connection profiles are the solution.
By enacpulating the −−remote option and related options within <connection> and </connection>, these options are handled as a group.
An OpenVPN client will try each connection profile sequentially until it achieves a successful connection.
−−remote−random can be used to initially «scramble» the connection list.
Here is an example of connection profile usage:
client dev tun <connection> remote 198.19.34.56 1194 udp </connection> <connection> remote 198.19.34.56 443 tcp </connection> <connection> remote 198.19.34.56 443 tcp http−proxy 192.168.0.8 8080 </connection> <connection> remote 198.19.36.99 443 tcp http−proxy 192.168.0.8 8080 </connection> persist−key persist−tun pkcs12 client.p12 remote−cert−tls server verb 3
First we try to connect to a server at 198.19.34.56:1194 using UDP. If that fails, we then try to connect to 198.19.34.56:443 using TCP. If that also fails, then try connecting through an HTTP proxy at 192.168.0.8:8080 to 198.19.34.56:443 using TCP. Finally, try to connect through the same proxy to a server at 198.19.36.99:443 using TCP.
The following OpenVPN options may be used inside of a <connection> block:
bind, connect−retry, connect−retry−max, connect−timeout, explicit−exit−notify, float, fragment, http−proxy, http−proxy−option, key−direction, link−mtu, local, lport, mssfix, mtu−disc, nobind, port, proto, remote, rport, socks−proxy, tls−auth, tls−crypt, tun−mtu and, tun−mtu−extra.
A defaulting mechanism exists for specifying options to apply to all <connection> profiles. If any of the above options (with the exception of remote ) appear outside of a <connection> block, but in a configuration file which has one or more <connection> blocks, the option setting will be used as a default for <connection> blocks which follow it in the configuration file.
For example, suppose the nobind option were placed in the sample configuration file above, near the top of the file, before the first <connection> block. The effect would be as if nobind were declared in all <connection> blocks below it.
INLINE FILE SUPPORT
OpenVPN allows including files in the main configuration for the −−ca, −−cert, −−dh, −−extra−certs, −−key, −−pkcs12, −−secret, −−crl−verify, −−http−proxy−user−pass, −−tls−auth, −−auth−gen−token−secret, −−tls−crypt and −−tls−crypt−v2 options.
Each inline file started by the line <option> and ended by the line </option>
Here is an example of an inline file usage
<cert> −−−−−BEGIN CERTIFICATE−−−−− [...] −−−−−END CERTIFICATE−−−−− </cert>
When using the inline file feature with −−pkcs12 the inline file has to be base64 encoded. Encoding of a .p12 file into base64 can be done for example with OpenSSL by running openssl base64 −in input.p12
SIGNALS
|
SIGHUP |
Cause OpenVPN to close all TUN/TAP and network connections, restart, re−read the configuration file (if any), and reopen TUN/TAP and network connections. |
SIGUSR1
Like SIGHUP`, except don’t re−read configuration file, and possibly don’t close and reopen TUN/TAP device, re−read key files, preserve local IP address/port, or preserve most recently authenticated remote IP address/port based on −−persist−tun, −−persist−key, −−persist−local−ip and −−persist−remote−ip options respectively (see above).
This signal may also be internally generated by a timeout condition, governed by the −−ping−restart option.
This signal, when combined with −−persist−remote−ip, may be sent when the underlying parameters of the host’s network interface change such as when the host is a DHCP client and is assigned a new IP address. See −−ipchange for more information.
SIGUSR2
Causes OpenVPN to display its current statistics (to the syslog file if −−daemon is used, or stdout otherwise).
SIGINT, SIGTERM
Causes OpenVPN to exit gracefully.
EXAMPLES
Prior to running these examples, you should have OpenVPN installed on two machines with network connectivity between them. If you have not yet installed OpenVPN, consult the INSTALL file included in the OpenVPN distribution.
Firewall Setup:
If firewalls exist between the two machines, they should be set to forward the port OpenVPN is configured to use, in both directions. The default for OpenVPN is 1194/udp. If you do not have control over the firewalls between the two machines, you may still be able to use OpenVPN by adding −−ping 15 to each of the openvpn commands used below in the examples (this will cause each peer to send out a UDP ping to its remote peer once every 15 seconds which will cause many stateful firewalls to forward packets in both directions without an explicit firewall rule).
Please see your operating system guides for how to configure the firewall on your systems.
VPN Address Setup:
For purposes of our example, our two machines will be called bob.example.com and alice.example.com. If you are constructing a VPN over the internet, then replace bob.example.com and alice.example.com with the internet hostname or IP address that each machine will use to contact the other over the internet.
Now we will choose the tunnel endpoints. Tunnel endpoints are private IP addresses that only have meaning in the context of the VPN. Each machine will use the tunnel endpoint of the other machine to access it over the VPN. In our example, the tunnel endpoint for bob.example.com will be 10.4.0.1 and for alice.example.com, 10.4.0.2.
Once the VPN is established, you have essentially created a secure alternate path between the two hosts which is addressed by using the tunnel endpoints. You can control which network traffic passes between the hosts (a) over the VPN or (b) independently of the VPN, by choosing whether to use (a) the VPN endpoint address or (b) the public internet address, to access the remote host. For example if you are on bob.example.com and you wish to connect to alice.example.com via ssh without using the VPN (since ssh has its own built−in security) you would use the command ssh alice.example.com. However in the same scenario, you could also use the command telnet 10.4.0.2 to create a telnet session with alice.example.com over the VPN, that would use the VPN to secure the session rather than ssh.
You can use any address you wish for the tunnel endpoints but make sure that they are private addresses (such as those that begin with 10 or 192.168) and that they are not part of any existing subnet on the networks of either peer, unless you are bridging. If you use an address that is part of your local subnet for either of the tunnel endpoints, you will get a weird feedback loop.
Example 1: A simple tunnel without security
On bob:
openvpn −−remote alice.example.com −−dev tun1
−−ifconfig 10.4.0.1 10.4.0.2 −−verb 9
On alice:
openvpn −−remote bob.example.com −−dev tun1
−−ifconfig 10.4.0.2 10.4.0.1 −−verb 9
Now verify the tunnel is working by pinging across the tunnel.
On bob:
ping 10.4.0.2
On alice:
ping 10.4.0.1
The −−verb 9 option will produce verbose output, similar to the tcpdump(8) program. Omit the −−verb 9 option to have OpenVPN run quietly.
Example 2: A tunnel with static−key security (i.e. using a pre−shared secret)
First build a static key on bob.
openvpn −−genkey −−secret key
This command will build a key file called key (in ascii format). Now copy key to alice.example.com over a secure medium such as by using the scp(1) program.
On bob:
openvpn −−remote alice.example.com −−dev tun1
−−ifconfig 10.4.0.1 10.4.0.2 −−verb 5
−−secret key
On alice:
openvpn −−remote bob.example.com −−dev tun1
−−ifconfig 10.4.0.2 10.4.0.1 −−verb 5
−−secret key
Now verify the tunnel is working by pinging across the tunnel.
On bob:
ping 10.4.0.2
On alice:
ping 10.4.0.1
Example 3: A tunnel with full TLS−based security
For this test, we will designate bob as the TLS client and alice as the TLS server.
|
Note: |
The client or server designation only has meaning for the TLS subsystem. It has no bearing on OpenVPN’s peer−to−peer, UDP−based communication model.* |
First, build a separate certificate/key pair for both bob and alice (see above where −−cert is discussed for more info). Then construct Diffie Hellman parameters (see above where −−dh is discussed for more info). You can also use the included test files client.crt, client.key, server.crt, server.key and ca.crt. The .crt files are certificates/public−keys, the .key files are private keys, and ca.crt is a certification authority who has signed both client.crt and server.crt. For Diffie Hellman parameters you can use the included file dh2048.pem.
WARNING:
All client, server, and certificate authority certificates and keys included in the OpenVPN distribution are totally insecure and should be used for testing only.
On bob:
openvpn −−remote alice.example.com −−dev tun1
−−ifconfig 10.4.0.1 10.4.0.2
−−tls−client −−ca ca.crt
−−cert client.crt −−key client.key
−−reneg−sec 60 −−verb 5
On alice:
openvpn −−remote bob.example.com −−dev tun1
−−ifconfig 10.4.0.2 10.4.0.1
−−tls−server −−dh dh1024.pem −−ca ca.crt
−−cert server.crt −−key server.key
−−reneg−sec 60 −−verb 5
Now verify the tunnel is working by pinging across the tunnel.
On bob:
ping 10.4.0.2
On alice:
ping 10.4.0.1
Notice the −−reneg−sec 60 option we used above. That tells OpenVPN to renegotiate the data channel keys every minute. Since we used −−verb 5 above, you will see status information on each new key negotiation.
For production operations, a key renegotiation interval of 60 seconds is probably too frequent. Omit the −−reneg−sec 60 option to use OpenVPN’s default key renegotiation interval of one hour.
Routing:
Assuming you can ping across the tunnel, the next step is to route a real subnet over the secure tunnel. Suppose that bob and alice have two network interfaces each, one connected to the internet, and the other to a private network. Our goal is to securely connect both private networks. We will assume that bob’s private subnet is 10.0.0.0/24 and alice’s is 10.0.1.0/24.
First, ensure that IP forwarding is enabled on both peers. On Linux, enable routing:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
This setting is not persistent. Please see your operating systems documentation how to properly configure IP forwarding, which is also persistent through system boots.
If your system is configured with a firewall. Please see your operating systems guide on how to configure the firewall. You typically want to allow traffic coming from and going to the tun/tap adapter OpenVPN is configured to use.
On bob:
route add −net 10.0.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.4.0.2
On alice:
route add −net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.4.0.1
Now any machine on the 10.0.0.0/24 subnet can access any machine on the 10.0.1.0/24 subnet over the secure tunnel (or vice versa).
In a production environment, you could put the route command(s) in a script and execute with the −−up option.
FAQ
https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/FAQ
HOWTO
For a more comprehensive guide to setting up OpenVPN in a production setting, see the OpenVPN HOWTO at https://openvpn.net/community−resources/how−to/
PROTOCOL
For a description of OpenVPN’s underlying protocol, see https://openvpn.net/community−resources/openvpn−protocol/
WEB
OpenVPN’s web site is at https://openvpn.net/
Go here to download the latest version of OpenVPN, subscribe to the mailing lists, read the mailing list archives, or browse the SVN repository.
BUGS
Report all bugs to the OpenVPN team info@openvpn.net
SEE ALSO
dhcpcd(8), ifconfig(8), openssl(1), route(8), scp(1) ssh(1)
NOTES
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project (- https://www.openssl.org/)
For more information on the TLS protocol, see http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2246.txt
For more information on the LZO real−time compression library see https://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2002−2020 OpenVPN Inc This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
AUTHORS
James Yonan james@openvpn.net
Данная статья предназначена для опытных сисадминов. Мне просто лень всё разжёвывать и описывать каждый чих, а потом получать письма типа «я паставил и ниработает«. Кому нужно, тот разберётся. Код можно изменить под свой домен. Можно даже изменить вид логина, чтобы не указывать домен в настройках, но мне лень. Делать поддержку LDAPS тоже лень, не совсем понимаю нужна ли она.
Все настройки и код найдены на просторах сети. Код немного правил, уже не помню что именно и где, помню только что допиливал поддержку Windows Server 2019. Автор изначального кода Jose Ortega. http://amigo4life.googlepages.com/openvpn
Итак, вы установили OpenVPN сервер и клиент успешно подключился к OpenVPN серверу.
Установка OpenVPN сервера на Windows
Теперь вам захотелось усилить безопасность и пускать в сеть только определённых доменных пользователей. Вам нужна доменная аутентификация для OpenVPN.
Настройка AD
В Active Directory нам понадобится:
- создать учётную запись пользователя, у меня будет v.pupkin;
- создать группу, членам которой будет разрешено подключаться к OpenVPN, у меня группа будет называться vpn;
- добавить пользователя v.pupkin в группу vpn.
Пользователь создан.
Группа создана.
Пользователь добавлен в группу.
Настройка клиента
В конфигурационный файл клиента добавляем настройки:
auth-user-pass
auth-retry interactНастройка сервера
В конфигурационный файл сервера добавляем настройки:
script-security 3
auth-user-pass-verify Auth4OpenVPN-64bitWrapper.cmd via-envРядом с конфигурационным файлом создаём три файла:
- Auth4OpenVPN.ini
- Auth4OpenVPN.vbs
- Auth4OpenVPN-64bitWrapper.cmd
Содержимое файлов:
Auth4OpenVPN-64bitWrapper.cmd
Все три файла можно скачать архивом: Auth4OpenVPN.zip
Конфиг Auth4OpenVPN.ini модифицируйте под свой домен. Если OpenVPN сервер установлен не в директорию по умолчанию, то потребуется править путь в Auth4OpenVPN-64bitWrapper.cmd.
Перезапускаем сервис OpenVPN.
Проверка работы доменной аутентификации
При попытке соединиться клиента просят ввести логин и пароль:
Если пароль правильный и мы всё настроили верно, то нас ждёт успех:
В ином случае аутентификацию мы не пройдём:
Увидимся в следующей серии в новых приключениях.
В этой статье кратко и без лишнего описано, то, как быстро настроить OpenVPN сервер в Windows и сконфигурировать OpenVPN клиента.
Бывает необходимо построить защищенную, шифрованную связь между компьютерами без лишних затрат на оборудование и ПО.
В этом поможет такая бесплатная и известная программа, как OpenVPN — свободная реализация технологии виртуальной частной сети (VPN).
Содержание
- 1 Установка OpenVPN Server на Windows
- 2 Создание сертификатов и ключей OpenVPN
- 3 Создаем конфигурационные файлы для OpenVPN
- 3.1 Конфигурационный файл сервера OpenVPN
- 3.2 Конфигурация клиента OpenVPN
- 3.3 Ошибка «WARNING: can’t open config file: /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf «
- 4 Описание команд и параметров OpenVPN
- 4.1 Опции в режиме сервера
- 4.2 Команды и параметры при работе с сертификатами x509 и параметрами шифрования
- 4.3 Команды для управления маршрутизацией
- 4.4 Команды для управления туннелем
- 4.5 Методы аутентификации
- 4.6 Работа с прокси
- 4.7 Скриптинг
- 4.8 Команды отладки и поиска неисправностей
- 4.9 Чем отличаются виртуальные устройства tun и tap?
- 5 Полезные ссылки:
Установка OpenVPN Server на Windows
- Качаем инсталлятор OpenVPN: openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/downloads
- Устанавливаем: обязательно отметьте все пункты птичками, на предложение установить драйвер отвечаем утвердительно.
Создание сертификатов и ключей OpenVPN
- Запускаем консоль (командную строку) из под администратора
- Переходим в папку куда установили OpenVPN: cd «C:Program FilesOpenVPNeasy-rsa»
- Запускаем: init-config.bat
- В папке «C:Program FilesOpenVPNeasy-rsa» появится файл vars.bat, открываем его в блокноте.
Вот содержимое файла, которое вышло у меня:
@echo off rem Edit this variable to point to rem the openssl.cnf file included rem with easy-rsa. set HOME=%ProgramFiles%OpenVPNeasy-rsa set KEY_CONFIG=openssl-1.0.0.cnf rem Edit this variable to point to rem your soon-to-be-created key rem directory. rem rem WARNING: clean-all will do rem a rm -rf on this directory rem so make sure you define rem it correctly! set KEY_DIR=keys rem Increase this to 2048 if you rem are paranoid. This will slow rem down TLS negotiation performance rem as well as the one-time DH parms rem generation process. set KEY_SIZE=1024 rem These are the default values for fields rem which will be placed in the certificate. rem Change these to reflect your site. rem Don't leave any of these parms blank. set KEY_COUNTRY=UA set KEY_PROVINCE=Kiev set KEY_CITY=Kiev set KEY_ORG=OpenVPN set KEY_EMAIL=elims@pochta.com set KEY_CN=server set KEY_NAME=server set KEY_OU=ouou set PKCS11_MODULE_PATH=changeme set PKCS11_PIN=1234
В следующих строках указал вот такие данные:
set KEY_COUNTRY=UA set KEY_PROVINCE=Kiev set KEY_CITY=Kiev set KEY_ORG=OpenVPN set KEY_EMAIL=elims@pochta.com set KEY_CN=server set KEY_NAME=server set KEY_OU=ouou
Укажите что-либо свое, в строках где есть «server» ничего не меняйте.
В этой же папке открываем файл «openssl-1.0.0.cnf» и ищем строчку default_days 365, ставим 3650: теперь сертификаты будут действительны на протяжении 10 лет.
Снова переходим в командную строку которая запущена от имени администратора и выполняем команды:
- cd «C:Program FilesOpenVPNeasy-rsa»
- vars
- clean-all — в ответ должно написать два раза «Скопировано файлов: 1». Значит, все хорошо
- build-dh — создаст ключ Диффи-Хельмана.
- build-ca — создаст основной сертификат. Будут заданы вопросы, просто нажимаем Enter пока работа команды не завершится.
- build-key-server server — опять таки будут вопросы: жмем Enter, когда увидим два вопроса «Sign the certificate?» и «1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit?», жмем Y. Сертификаты для сервера созданы.
- build-key client — создаем сертификат клиента.
- Жмем Enter, но…
- При вопросе Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) нужно ввести client.
- В конце также два раза Y.
- Для каждого клиента создается новый сертификат, только с другим именем, например, build-key client1 и также указывать его в common name.
- Из папки C:OpenVPNeasy-rsakeys копируем файлы: ca.crt, dh1024.pem, server.crt, server.key в папку C:OpenVPNconfig.
Создаем конфигурационные файлы для OpenVPN
Конфигурационный файл сервера OpenVPN
В папке «C:Program FilesOpenVPNconfig», создаем текстовой документ server.ovpn — это будет конфиг сервера, вставляем в файл текст:
dev tun # Поднимаем L3-туннель proto udp # Протокол port 12345 # Порт который слушает впн # Ключи и сертификаты: ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key dh dh1024.pem topology subnet # Грубо говоря экономим адреса server 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Пул адресов cipher AES-128-CBC # Метод шифрования comp-lzo # Сжатие mssfix # Немного улучшит пинг keepalive 10 120 # Время жизни клиентов, если не откликнулся — отключает verb 3 # Уровень отладки
Пробуем запустить сервер: Кликаем на рабочем столе по ярлыку OpenVPN Gui или запускаем файл «C:Program FilesOpenVPNbinopenvpn-gui.exe».
В панели задач возле к появится серый значок, кликаем по нему дважды, если через 10-20 секунд он загорелся зеленым, значит, все хорошо, если нет, тогда смотрим лог в папке log.
Конфигурация клиента OpenVPN
На компьютере клиента тоже устанавливаем OpenVPN, все галочки можно не отмечать.
Копируем из папки «C:Program FilesOpenVPNeasy-rsa» на компьютере с сервером файлы:
- ca.crt
- client.crt
- client.key
на компьютер с OpenVPN клиентом в папку C:Program FilesOpenVPNconfig. В этой же папке создаем файл client.ovpn, в котором прописываем:
client dev tun proto udp remote АДРЕС_СЕРВЕРА 12345 # Адрес и порт сервера ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key cipher AES-128-CBC nobind comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun verb 3
На клиентском компьютере запускаем OpenVPN Gui или client.ovpn.
Если подключились, пробуем проверить связь: в командной строке набираем ping 10.9.0.1. Если пинг проходит, значит все настроено верно.
На OpenVPN сервере можно настроить автоматический запуск OpenVPN службы:
- переходим в Панель Управления — Администрирование — Службы
- Ищем OpenVPN Service и выставляем тип запуска «Автоматически»
Ошибка «WARNING: can’t open config file: /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf «
Если при попытке создать сертификат для OpenVpn вы видите эту ошибку, то скорее всего вы не запустили перед этим действием bat-файл OpenVPNeasy-rsavars.bat.
Описание команд и параметров OpenVPN
Команды без — (двумя знаками дефиса) перед командой должны быть использованы в конфигурационном файле, команды с — в начале используются только из командной строки.
- remote < host > — определяет удаленный конец туннеля. Могут использоваться записи IP и DNS.
- local < host > — определяет локальный ip или имя хоста, на котором будет работать OpenVPN. Актуально, если на локальной машине несколько адресов.
- dev < device > — определяет какой использовать тип устройства tun или tap. Например: dev tun или dev tap. Так же можно явно указывать номер виртуального интрефейса, например tun0.
- port < port number > — указывает на каком порту будет работать OpenVPN (локально и удаленно).
- proto < proto > — какой протокол будет использоваться. Возможные значения: udp, tcp, tcp-client, tcp-server.
- tcp-client — сам пытается установить соединение
- tcp-server — только ждет подключений
- Использование протокола udp VPN будет работать чуть быстрее, чем tcp. Но в плане стабильности работы лучше выбирать tcp (как показывает практика, VPN-соединение более устойчиво)
- remote-random — если указана данная опция и в random перечисленно несколько удаленных хостов, то OpenVPN в случайном порядке будет к ним подключаться. Применяется для балансировки нагрузки.
- float — позволяет удаленному хосту изменять IP во время работы туннеля. Соединение при этом не разрывается.
- ipchange < cmd > — выполняет скрипт или команду указанную в < cmd >, если IP сменился. Пример: ipchange script-ip.sh
- connect-retry < seconds > — пробует переподключиться через указанное время в секундах, если соединение было разорвано.
- connect-retry-max < n > — максимальное количество повторов если соединение было разорвано
- resolv-retry < seconds > — если OpenVPN не удалось узнать имя удаленного хоста по DNS, то через указанное количество секунд попытаться переподключиться.
- lport < port > — указывает на локальный порт для использования OpenVPN
- rport < port > — аналогично для удаленного порта. Пример: rport 8000 — OpenVPN будет пытаться подключится к удаленному порту 8000
- nobind — использовать динамический порт для подключения (только для клиента)
- shaper < bytes > — указывает скорость передачи данных в байтах для исходящего трафика (только для клиента)
- tun-mtu < mtu size > — устанавливает максимальный размер MTU. По умолчанию tun-mtu равен 1500. Использование: tun-mtu 1200
- dev-node < interface name > — устанавливает имя виртуального интерфейса. Например: dev-node openvpn1
- ifconfig — устанавливает локальный IP и маску подсети для туннельного интерфейса. Например: ifconfig 10.3.0.1 255.255.255.0
- server < network > < mask > — автоматически присваивает адреса всем клиентам (DHCP) в указанном диапазоне с маской сети. Данная опция заменяет ifconfig и может работать только с TLS-клиентами в режиме TUN, соответственно использование сертификатов обязательно. Например: server 10.3.0.0 255.255.255.0 . Подключившиеся клиенты получат адреса в диапазоне между 10.3.0.1 и 10.3.0.254.
- server-bridge < gateway > < mask > < pool > — сервер в режиме моста для TAP устройств. Пример: server bridge 10.3.0.1 255.255.255.0 10.3.0.128 10.3.0.254 Клиентам будут выданы адреса в диапазоне 10.3.0.128 — 10.3.0.254, в качестве шлюза будет указан 10.3.0.1.
- mode server — переключает OpenVPN в режим сервера (начиная с 2-й версии)
- mode p2p — данная опция идет по умолчанию.
Опции в режиме сервера
- push < options > — передача клиенту конфигурационных параметров. Пример: push «route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0». Аналогично с помощью push клиенту могут передаваться следующие параметры: route, route-gateway, route-delay, redirect-gateway, inactive, ping, ping-exit, ping-restart, persist-key, persist-tun, comp-lzo, dhcp-option, ip-win32. Последние две опции применимы только для Window-клиентов. Например передадим Windows-клиенту адрес DNS-сервера 11.11.11.11: push «dhcp-option DNS 11.11.11.11»
- ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt — в файле ipp.txt назначаем клиентам статические IP-адреса. В файле в каждой строке пишем «название_сертификата,айпи_адрес», например: «demyanovich,172.16.25.10»
- comp-lzo — параметр сжатия трафика, идущего через виртуальный туннель. Может принимать значения yes, no, adaptive. Последнее используется по умолчанию.
- comp-lzo yes — принудительно включить сжатие
- comp-lzo no — принудительно отключить сжатие
- comp-lzo adaptive — адаптивный режим.
Команды и параметры при работе с сертификатами x509 и параметрами шифрования
- cipher < alg > — указываем алгоритм шифрования. Например: cipher AES-256-CBC. Рекомендуется использование шифров в режиме CBC (Cipher Block Chaining).
- keysize < n > — размер ключа в битах. Например: keysize 128
- auth < alg > — алгоритм хэширования. Пример: auth SHA1
- df < file > — файл с ключем Диффи-Хелмана
- ca < file > — файл сертификата для CA
- cert < file > — сертификат локальной машины
- key < file > — локальный ключ машины
- tls-server — явно указывает, что данный хост является tls-server
- tls-client — соответственно tls-client
- pkcs12 < file > — указываем файл (PKCS12), который содержит в себе сертификат, ключ и CA в одном файле. Пример: pkcs12 /file
- crl-verify < file > — список отозванных сертификатов, т.е. blacklist.
- no-replay — отключает защиту OpenVPN от атаки повторного воспроизведения (replay attack). Крайне не рекомендуется отключать!
- no-iv — отключает использование вектора инициализации шифра (IV). Крайне не рекомендуется отключать!
- secret < file > — включает режим шифрования и аутентификации на статических ключах. В качестве параметра использует заранее сгенерированный, командой —genkey, файл. Например: secret key.txt
- Все доступные алгоритмы шифрования можно просмотреть выполнив из командной строки: openvpn —show-ciphers
- Алгоритмы хэширования: openvpn —show-digests
- Показать все доступные TLS-шифры (TLS используется только для шифрования канала управления): openvpn —show-tls
- Показать все доступные крипто-устройства в системе (если такие имеются): openvpn —show-engines
Команды для управления маршрутизацией
Обозначение: VPN-хост — удаленная сторона (удаленный хост)
- route < network > — устанавливает указанную маршрутизацию на VPN-хосте, после успешного запуска туннеля. Пример: route 10.0.10.0 255.255.255.252
- route-gateway < IP > — устанавливает шлюз на VPN-хосте. Пример: route-gateway 192.168.0.22. После успешного запуска виртуального туннеля клиенту будет задан шлюз 192.168.0.22
- route-delay < seconds > — указывает подождать n-секунд перед установкой маршрутов. Пример: route-delay 5 — через 5 секунд после установки туннеля будут заданы маршруты.
- route-up < cmd > — выполнить скрипт или программу < cmd > после установки маршрутов. Пример: route-up /script.sh
- redirect-gateway — установить шлюзом по умолчанию удаленный сервер. Т.е. когда удаленный пользователь подключается к нашему серверу, то ему будет задан шлюз по умолчанию на наш сервер.
Команды для управления туннелем
- ping < seconds > — указывает отсылать ping на удаленный конец тунеля после указанных n-секунд, если по туннелю не передавался никакой трафик. Пример:
ping 10 - ping-restart < seconds > — если за указанное время не было получено ни одного пакета с удаленной стороны, то перезапускать туннель. Пример: ping-restart 60 — если в течении 60 секунд не было получено ни одного пакета, то туннель будет перезапущен.
- ping-timer-rem — позволяет перезапускать туннель, только когда указан удаленный адрес.
- persist-tun — данная опция оставляет без изменения устройства tun/tap при перезапуске OpenVPN.
- persist-key — указывает не перечитавать файлы ключей при перезапуске туннеля.
- resolv-retry < seconds > — устанавливает время в секундах для запроса об удаленном имени хоста. Актуально только если используется DNS-имя удаленного хоста. Пример: resolv-retry 86400
- inactive < seconds > — после n-секунд неактивности устройство TUN/TAP автоматически отключется. Пример: inactive 120
- ping-exit < seconds > — если за указанные n-секунд не было получено ни одного пакета, то отключать OpenVPN. Пример: ping-exit 120
- keepalive < seconds > < seconds > — является совмещением сразу двух команд — ping и ping-restart. Использует сразу два параметра в секундах, перечисленных через пробел. Пример: keepalive 10 180 — каждые 10 секунд посылать ping на удаленный хост, и, если за 180 секунд не было получено ни одного пакета — то перезапускать туннель.
- persist-local-ip < IP > — оставлять неизменными локальный IP адрес и номер порт, если туннель был перезапущен.
- persist-remote-ip < IP > — оставлять неизменными удаленный IP адрес и номер порт, если туннель был перезапущен. persist-remote-ip 192.168.50.1
Методы аутентификации
- auth-user-pass-verify < script > < method > — указывается только на серверной стороне.
- < script > — путь к скрипту, который будет производить авторизацию. Скрипт должен возвращать 0 если авторизация успешна, и соответственно, 1 если авторизация не успешна.
- < method > — метод авторизации, может быть двух типов: via-env и via-file
- auth-user-pass < file >- указывается на клиентской стороне. Параметр не обязателен, если он отсутствует то будет предложено ввести пару логин/пароль. должен содержать имя пользователя и пароль в двух строчках: username и password
- client-cert-not-required — отключает авторизацию по сертификатам
Работа с прокси
OpenVPN без проблем может работать через http и socks прокси.
- http-proxy < server port [auth] > — указываем адрес и порт прокси-сервера. http-proxy 192.168.0.12 8080
- Если требуется авторизация на прокси-сервере: http-proxy < server port authfile > — где authfile — файл содержащий две строки (имя пользователя и пароль) или stdin (будет запрошено имя пользователя и пароль). Так же после authfile требуется указать метод авторизации. Можно оставить auto для автоматического выбора метода авторизации или указать явно через auth-method. auth-method может быть трех видов «none», «basic» или «ntlm».
- http-proxy-retry — переподключаться, если соединение было разорвано.
- http-proxy-timeout < seconds > — считать соединение с прокси-сервером разорванным после n-секунд неактивности. Например: http-proxy-timeout 5
- socks-proxy < server port > — указываем сокс-прокси сервер. Пример: socks-proxy 192.168.0.12 8080
- socks-proxy-retry — переподключаться, если соединение было разорвано.
- auto-proxy — автоматически определять прокси-сервер.
Скриптинг
- up < command >- выполнить команду после запуска устройства TUN/TAP. Пример: up script-up.sh
- up-delay < seconds > — подождать n-секунд перед запуском команды указанной в up. Пример: up-delay 5
- down < command > — выполнить команду когда интерфейс TUN/TAP выключится. Пример: down script-down.sh
- down-pre — выполнить команду, указанную в down перед выключением интерфейса TUN/TAP
- up-restart < command > — выполнить команду после каждого реконнекта
- route-up < command > — выполнить команду после установки сетевых маршрутов. Пример: route-up script.sh
- learn-address < command > — выполнить указанную команду, если ip удаленной стороны изменился.
- ipchange < command > — выполнить команду, если ip сервера изменился.
- client-connect < command > — выполнить команду, когда клиент подключился.
- client-disconnect < command > — выполнить команду, когда клиент отключился.
Команды отладки и поиска неисправностей
- verb < verbosity level > — устанавливает уровень информативности отладочных сообщений. Может принимать параметр от 0 до 11. По умолчанию verb равен 1.
При уровне verb 5 и выше в логе будут встречаться подобные записи: RwrW. R (read), W (write) — соответственно чтение и запись. Большая буква обозначает, что пакет был считан (R) или записан (W) на виртуальном устройстве TUN/TAP, а маленькие — считан (r) и записан (w) в туннеле. - mute < number of messages > — если значение установлено в 10, то в лог будет записываться только по 10 сообщений из одной категории.
- log < file > — указываем лог-файл. Если данный параметр не указан, то весь вывод openvpn будет производиться в stdout.
- log-append < file > — дописывать сообщения в лог-файл, а не перезаписывать.
- status < file > — указывает путь к статус-файлу, в котором содержится информация о текущих соединениях и информация о интерфейсах TUN/TAP.
Чем отличаются виртуальные устройства tun и tap?
- TUN — туннель, соединение по которому указывается по типу: локальный IP < — > удаленный IP. Например, при явном указании ifconfig: —ifconfig 10.3.0.2 10.3.0.1. В этом примере 10.3.0.2 — локальный IP, 10.3.0.1 — удаленный IP
- TAP — эмулирует виртуальную ethernet карточку, для которой требуется указывать локальный IP и маску подсети. Например: —ifconfig 10.3.0.2 255.255.255.0
Полезные ссылки:
- geektimes.ru/post/197744 — оригинал этой статьи — «OpenVPN: создание сервера на Windows»
- interface31.ru — схожая статья «Организация каналов между офисами при помощи OpenVPN с дополнительной парольной защитой», с описанием полезных нюансов
- habrahabr.ru/post/273371 — Подробная инструкция по OpenVPN v2.3.8 на Windows server 2008R2
- Установка OpenVPN на Windows VPS
- Установка и настройка OpenVPN на Windows 2008
- habrahabr.ru/company/1cloud/blog/307280 — Немного о VPN: Краткий обзор программных реализаций
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