Os battles windows linux unix are different computer

Difference between UNIX and Windows Operating System

In this article, we will be looking into the major difference between UNIX and Windows Operating System.

UNIX :

UNIX is a powerful, multi-user, and multitasking operating system originally developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories. This operating system is very popular among the scientific, engineering, and academic due to its most appreciated features like flexibility, portability, network capabilities, etc.

Windows :

Microsoft window is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) based operating system that provides graphical user-friendly alternatives for most of the command-line based functions. Microsoft introduced a series of versions with the latest functions.

Difference between UNIX and Windows Operating System :

Here we will discuss the various differences between UNIX and Windows operating systems, based on various parameters.

1. Licensing:

UNIX was developed as an open-source OS using C and Assembly languages. Since being open source UNIX, and its various Linux distributions account for the most used OS in the world. Unix and all its Linux distributions are available under the General Public License.

Windows Operating System is proprietary software owned by Microsoft, meaning its source code is not available to the public.

2. User Interface:

Unix operating systems are relatively harder to grasp and produce significant barriers for newcomers. However, some Linux distributions like Ubuntu are changing such perceptions by bringing in more GUI-based applications.

Windows Operating System on the other hand is designed with the outset of keeping the UI as simple and user-friendly as possible, so that non-IT people can easily use computers for their work.

3. Processing:

UNIX operating system supports Multiprocessing, meaning many processes are executed simultaneously. In Multiprocessing, every process has a separate address space and CPUs can be added for increasing computing power.

Windows Support Multithreading, meaning many threads are created from a single process for increasing computing power. In multithreading, many threads of a process are executed simultaneously where common address space is shared by all the threads.

4. File System:

UNIX operating system uses STD.ERR and STD.IO file systems or the UFS (Unix File System) and treats all physical drives as one logical drive. It has a robust and efficient file system. File system is represented as a hierarchical tree under the same root.

Windows on the other hand, uses File Allocation Table (FAT32) and New Technology File System(NTFS) systems for managing files and requires the owner of the executables before executing, files store in folders on different data drive like, C,D,E.

5. Users Accounts:

In the Linux system, there are three types of user accounts:

• Regular: These accounts have the moderate privilege to intended for routine works, it can perform only the task for access only those files and services for which it is authorized.
• Root: This account is the main user account of a Linux system, it has the highest privilege to work administrative level work to manage all the services. This is also known as superusers.
• Service: This account is generally used by services to run the process.

In Windows, there are three types of user accounts:

• Administrator: This account controls all the services and allows user to make changes and check the activities of other users
• Child: This account comes with Family Safety settings which is assigned by the admin.
• Guest: This account has no standard accounts with no privacy, it allows to other people use your computer without being able to change PC settings and install applications.

6. File Name Convention:

In Linux, we can save two files with the same name.

But in windows, we can not save with the same name. It generates errors:

7. Security:

UNIX is more secure by design. The primary protection on a Unix system is that executing a “.exe” file is much more difficult. Here executables cannot be processed without explicit permission as all processes in Unix are treated equally. But these are slowly changing as Unix distributions are moving more towards GUI and now relying on the application security itself.

Another advantage of Unix systems is that getting rid of viruses is easier, as viruses can only infect user accounts and the root remains intact and pure.

Windows is less secure in the sense that it is simple to execute files with minimal permission. These can further lead to the installation of Malwares unknowingly on the system.

8. Data Backup & Recovery:

In the earlier version of UNIX, salvaging data from a system when the device housing the said data is inaccessible, was not possible. But in some distributions of Linux like Ubuntu, a new feature is introduced called Live distribution can be used to recover data from an inaccessible device.

Recovery and Backup of data in the Windows system are much simpler and can be done using its inbuilt GUI for the same. It has an integration with OneDrive for data backup and recovery too.

9. Case Sensitivity:

Unix is completely case-sensitive, meaning the files with names “GFG.txt” and “gfg.txt” can be considered two different files. Windows, on the other hand, have optional case sensitivity.

10. Hardware:

Hardware support is limited in UNIX systems. Some hardware might not have drivers built for them. Windows has almost all the drivers for all the available hardware.

11. Reliability:

Unix is known for being very stable to run. Although the stability of Windows has significantly improved in recent years, most Unix systems are still far superior in this respect.

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Linux vs Windows in 2022

In 2022, most people have a favorite operating system choice – and, most likely, it’s either Windows or Linux. There seems to be a battle in the computer world: Linux users against Windows users. And, we get it. When you’re used to one operating system, you might not even consider using a different one – even if you could be getting better features.

В But if you’re upgrading from an older computer, now is a great time to re-evaluate your choices and see if switching to a different OS is right for you. To help you make this decision, we’ll take a look at the key differences between Windows and Linux in 2022В В

When examining Linux vs. Windows, we’ll look at each operating system from three perspectives: for users, for professionals, and for businesses. So, read on to learn how each operating system stacks up regarding security, pricing, features, updates, and more!В

Market Shares and HistoryВ

Before we dive into the detailed differences between Linux and Windows, we’d like to give you a brief history of both operating systems.В

While there are several available OS, the one that dominates the market is Microsoft Windows Operating System. macOS comes in 2nd place, with Linux coming in at a distant 3rd. According to the recent data (April 2021), Windows has 74.96% of the market share, macOS has 16.02%, and Linux has 2.18%.В

Yet, Window’s popularity doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s better than Linux – but it is certainly more well-known and what the average consumer is comfortable with.В

History of Linux vs. Windows

Microsoft Windows is a group of numerous GUI-based operating systems that are developed and provided by Microsoft. This operating system is mainly targeted at the personal computer market. There are two architectures of Windows OS: 32-bits and 64-bits. These are available both as client and server versions. Windows OS was first released in 1985, and the most recent client version, Windows 10, was released in 2015. The most recent server version is Windows Server 2019.В

Now, for Linux: it is a group of Unix-like operating systems that are based on the Linux kernel. It was first released in 1991. Linux is free, open-source software and is typically packaged in a Linux distribution. Because Linux is under an open-source license, users are free to run the program for any purpose, study it and make changes, redistribute copies of the original version, and distribute copies of the modified version. Linux is most commonly used for servers, but there is also a desktop version available.В

While Windows has maintained a pretty standard version structure over the years, splitting versions and updates into tiers, the Linux system is much more complex. Because of Linux’s open-source nature, there are hundreds of available Linux-based operating systems – also known as distros (short for distributions). Choosing between distributions can be difficult, and it’s much more complicated than simply choosing between Windows 7, 8, or 10. However, this also brings benefits: due to the huge variety of Linux distros, you are sure to find one that matches your tastes.В

Comparing Linux vs. Windows: For Users, Professionals, and Businesses

Linux is meant for serious use – mainly server applications. This is why corporation servers often run on Linux while households choose Linux. The average user might find the entry barrier for Linux to be too challenging: after all, even picking a distro can be time-consuming and research-heavy.В

Another reason that Windows is more popular with household users is because of Microsoft’s licensing agreement with PC vendors. Many PC companies bundle Windows OS with their products, which has caused Windows to gain a huge level of market popularity over Linux OS.В

But one area that Linux really shines is with professionals. The main advantage of Linux is a variety of open-source tools, suitable for any part of software development, network administration, working with IoT devices, and other tech-heavy professions.В

Now, what about for businesses, such as e-commerce sites? Is Linux better than Windows for businesses? This really depends on your business size; small businesses (especially mom-and-pop stores with a relatively new web presence) might find it more trouble than it’s worth to use Linux. Windows operating system is familiar to the average person and has plenty of business-related software.В

Another point to keep in mind is whether your business has regulatory requirements. For instance, the healthcare industry is subject to HIPAA regulations – and Windows has the best support to meet these requirements.В В

For web hosting and other internet services, though, Linux is a great choice. Linux software usually offers great levels of customization, allowing you to tailor the system to your needs and use hardware resources as efficiently as possible.В

Linux vs. Windows Features

We’ve covered which industries Windows and Linux are widely used in – so now, we’d like to take a look at the details of each operating system.В

Installation

Windows installation takes quite a bit of time; however, it’s very simple and requires the bare minimum of user input. For Linux, everything depends on the distribution. Ubuntu and other polished distros aren’t too difficult to install, but there are some less user-friendly versions that require technical know-how to get them up and run.В

Software and Compatibility

Most popular applications are tailored specifically for Windows. Typically, only some of them will be Linux-compatible. So, people who use Linux OS will instead use a free, open-source alternative. You can find alternative applications to pretty much any program available for Windows. And, in the rare instances that you can’t find one, you could use a program like Wine to run Windows applications on a Linux operating system.В

Security and StabilityВ

Because Windows OS dominates the market, hackers and spammers frequently target it. The original consumer versions of Windows were designed for ease of use on a one-person PC without a network connection; it did not have any built-in security features. Now, Microsoft uses its Windows Update service to release security patches. These typically go out once per month, but critical updates can be made when necessary.В

Security is one of the main reasons for Linux’s popularity within the IT community. In the hands of a professional, Linux becomes a robust and transparent system. While it is often hard to get on what is going on “under the hood” in Windows, Linux distribution can be stripped down of any potentially unsecured parts and “retrofitted” with as many security features as needed.

Linux software is usually designed with server usage in mind, which sets security standards higher from the beginning. What’s more, open-source software is thought to be better maintained and more secure due to the huge number of people regularly scanning it for flaws.В

So, is Linux better than Windows in regards to security? While Linux machines are not totally immune from being targeted by hackers, you are generally safer than with Windows as long as you stick to best practices.В

Support

Comparing Windows vs. Linux support is hard. Windows offers paid professional support as well as access to clear documentation and tutorials. Its popularity also drives the market of third-party support vendors and result in many tutorials and answered questions on the forums.В

On the controversy, Linux relies on community support, where regular users help each other out through forums and issue trackers. Results are often confusing — but from a broader perspective, the Linux community usually provides more detailed and “designed for humans” information.В

Performance

Windows OS tends to get bloated and sluggish and, if not properly maintained, it will feel outdated quickly. When looking at Linux vs. Windows, we can see that Linux is a much quicker operating system. Its core is less demanding than Windows, and distros can add even more efficiency gains by eliminating some UI features. So, if you have an older device that won’t run Windows, you might be able to get it working with Linux. It is possible to strip back Windows to the bare basics, but Linux does a way better job of this.В

User-Friendliness

Windows has 30 years of refinement, with its design elements becoming industry standards. Users can instinctively navigate the operating system, whereas Linux doesn’t have a huge user base accustomed to its design cues. While some Linux distros place a heavier emphasis on a better user experience, this OS can still seem overly complicated to new users.В

Interestingly enough, though, Linux gets simpler to use the more you learn about it – but Windows can be the opposite. When you surpass the basic tasks and dive into Window’s more complicated functions, it can leave even tech-savvy users baffled.В

Multimedia Applications

Windows OS and Linux are both rich in multimedia applications. For Windows, you may get a better “plug-n-play” experience; however, the software may not come for free. For Linux, there are many open-source alternatives to popular multimedia products. You will also have the opportunity to run it on older or non-standard equipment that doesn’t have Windows drivers available. However, it will demand some tech knowledge and time to set up.В

Pricing

The Linux kernel in most distributions is entirely free. Companies might offer paid support for their distributions, but it doesn’t cost anything to download and install the underlying software. Microsoft Windows is typically priced from $99 to $199 per licensed copy. Windows 10 was once offered as a free upgrade to Windows 8, 8, and 8.1 users, but that is no longer the case.В

Windows vs. Linux UI Customization

When comparing Linux operating system vs. Windows UI customization, we can say that the former OS has much more room for personalization. Linux offers a range of attachable desktop environments that dictate the looks of all interfaces for your OS build. Moreover, popular desktop environments (such as Gnome or KDE) are modular in their nature. It means that different elements fit together on the basis of a common pattern. As a result, reconfiguring just a few of them can make a variety of designs. The user can change practically everything: the system icons, wallpapers, mouse actions, location of desktop content, and even fonts.

In the battle of Windows vs. Linux, the former OS also has a whole bunch of settings to customize its appearance. The user can change the desktop to make it look better and make the interaction experience much more personal. For example, the desktop background can be replaced with any image or stock theme from the Microsoft Store. The dark mode can be activated, and the color accent for interface elements can be adapted in accordance with one’s personal taste. The entire perception of Windows OS can be adjusted with a variety of settings.

Linux for Daily Tasks

One of the main questions concerning the choice “Linux or Windows” is whether Linux can become an everyday system. The answer of many people will be affirmative, as this OS has many advantages. If the laptop has an SSD, the installation process will take no longer than four minutes from the very beginning till finish.

The daily tasks also run smoothly on Linux, as its efficiency and capability are becoming really sustainable. It has all the necessary apps to complete practically every need. LibreOffice can fulfill any function of the MS Office package except Outlook.

The beauty of Linux compared to Windows is that if users don’t like the way some features function, they can change them in accordance with their personal preferences. Packages known as “snaps” are available on all Linux distributions. They give upstream software developers an opportunity to distribute their apps directly to their users, who are becoming more independent in the choice of the OS. Even Epic Games Store and GoG have native Linux clients, not to mention Steam. For software that functions only on Windows, WineHQ (initially an acronym for «Wine Is Not an Emulator») is the solution. It is a compatibility layer designed for running Windows apps on Linux.

Windows for Daily Tasks

If we try to compare features of Windows operating system with other operating systems, we may come to the conclusion that they are easier to use, more secure, and compatible with other software.

Yet, there are more advantages that determine the choice of OS:

• Being able to talk to your technology is nice and convenient. “Hey, Cortana, take a note” or “go to sleep” may be a quite useful function after an endless working day at the computer.
• Windows gives an opportunity to find apps for any kind of task; all of them have a version for this OS due to its incredible popularity.
• Microsoft provides a complete environment for productive work with a single sign-on. Windows credentials can be used to access Office apps, cloud services, and products from the Microsoft Store.
• There is also no more of the much-criticized Internet Explorer. Microsoft Edge is a brand-new product with improved speed and some new features like reading mode and webpage markup. It also demands much less battery from laptops and tablets.

Final Thoughts on Linux vs. Windows

In this article, we’ve examined all of the key differences between Linux and Windows, and, hopefully, you are more equipped to select the operating system that’s best for you. Windows Operating System is not objectively better than Linux, or vice versa. However, both systems are unique and targeted to specific market needs and user requirements.В

Windows provides phenomenal ease-of-use, enabling people that aren’t tech-savvy to work on their personal computers. The Linux system, on the other hand, provides great speed and security and is used for server applications by corporate organizations.В

At Develux, we are well-versed in creating bespoke software solutions for Windows and Linux OS alike. If you need custom software development for either OS, reach out to us! Our team of expert developers is ready to help.В

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Linux vs Windows is an age-old battle of the operating systems which has led to wars, disagreements and almost fanatical behavior on the Internet, for what seems like forever. I think it is important to stress that this article will discuss not which is, the best OS  because it is impossible to come to that conclusion. It’s not as simple as comparing Linux and Unix considering how vastly different said OSes are. So, what follows is hopefully a fair review of both these Operating Systems based on different, specific criteria.

Following are the topics we’re going to discuss through this blog.

• What is Windows?

• What is Linux?

• Linux vs Windows

• Distributions

• Which one is for you?

• Conclusion

Windows is a licensed operating system and its source code is inaccessible. It is designed for business owners, other commercial user and even individuals with no computer programming knowledge. It is simple and straightforward to use.

Windows offers features like,

• Multiple operating environments
• Symmetric multiprocessing
• Client-server computing
• Integrated caching
• Virtual memory
• Portability
• Extensibility
• Preemptive scheduling

The first version of Windows, known as Windows 1.0, revealed in 1985 following the formation of Microsoft. It was based upon the MS-DOS core. Following that initial launch, new versions of Windows were quickly rolled out. This included the first major update in 1987 and Windows 3.0 in the same year.

In 1995, perhaps the most widely used version yet, Windows 95 was born. At this point, it ran on a 16-bit DOS-based kernel and 32-bit userspace to enhance the user experience.

Windows hasn’t changed a whole lot in terms of core architecture since this version despite vast amounts of features that have been added to address modern computing.

You can take a look at the video tutorial for a more wholesome Idea of the same.

Linux vs Windows: What is Linux?

Linux is a free and open source operating system based on Unix standards which provides a programming interface as well as user interface compatibility. It also contains many separately developed elements, free from proprietary code.

The traditional monolithic kernel is employed in the Linux kernel for performance purposes. Its modular feature allows most drivers to dynamically load and unload at run time.

Interested in Linux Administration? Check out the Linux certification course online.

Linux was created by Finnish student Linus Torvalds, who wanted to create a free operating system kernel that anyone could use. It was launched much later than Windows, in 1991. Although it still was regarded as a very bare bones operating system, without a graphical interface like Windows. With just a few lines of source code in its original release to where it stands today, containing more than 23.3 million lines of the source code, Linux has surely grown considerably.

Linux was first distributed under GNU General Public License in 1992.

Linux vs Windows

Users

There are 3 types of users in Linux (Regular, Administrative(root) and Service users) whereas, in Windows, there are 4 types of user accounts (Administrator, Standard, Child and Guest).

Usage

According to the market research data, on 92.63% of the world’s PCs, Windows is running, while hardly 1% of PC users use Linux. Many users say it is hard to use Linux as compared to Windows and so the appeal of Linux is very limited for household use. It is mostly meant for serious use such as server application. Hence, corporation servers are running on Linux, irrespective of the GUI.

Also, due to the licensing agreement with Microsoft, various PC vendors are entitled to bundle Windows OS with their PC, enabling Windows to gain market popularity over Linux. Though these days many PC vendors such as Dell and HP have started to give Linux as the pre-installed OS, Windows still rules the market.

Kernel

Linux uses the monolithic kernel which consumes more running space whereas Windows uses the micro-kernel which takes less space but lowers the system running efficiency than Linux.

 File Systems

In Microsoft Windows, files are stored in directories/folders on different data drives like C: D: E: but, in Linux, files are ordered in a tree structure starting with the root directory, further branched out to various other sub-directories.

In Linux, everything is treated like a file. Directories are files, files are files, and externally connected devices (such as Printer, mouse, keyboard) are also files.

Security

Every Windows user has faced security and stability issues at some point in time. Since Windows is an extensively used OS, hackers, spammers target Windows frequently. Windows (consumer versions) were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection and did not have security features built in. Microsoft often releases security patches through its Windows Update service. These go out once a month, although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals or when necessary.
Many a time, users of Windows OS face the BLUE SCREEN OF DEATH. This is caused due to the failure of the system to respond. Eventually, the user has to keep aside his/her frustrations and manually restart the PC.

On the other hand, Linux is based on a multi-user architecture, making it way more stable than a single-user OS like Windows. As Linux is community-driven with regular monitoring by the developers from every corner of the earth, any new problem raised can be solved within a few hours and the necessary patch can be ready for supply.

Compatibility

Windows shoots. Windows scores. This is where the Redmond offering wipes the floor with Linux. Despite recent improvements in software being ported or developed to Linux, Windows is still the king of compatibility.

Users of Windows can be certain that almost any software(even the most obscure, outdated software) will work, even when it is abandoned by developers. Windows has great legacy support. Plain and simple.

Linux, on the other hand, has been struggling with basics that Windows users take for granted.

Ease of Use

Linux, over recent years, has gone leaps and bounds when it comes to usability. Distributions like Linux Mint and Ubuntu, have even gone as far as making their installation and setup simpler for non-technical users to do carry on with day-to-day activities with the utmost ease.

Windows, due to its market proliferation, is the default OS on many devices. Buy a new laptop or PC, and there is quite the chance it comes with Windows 10 installed. Users are used to clicking the toolbar and opening their favourite programs, for so many years now that it makes it very difficult for them to make the switch.

Privacy

If you are a Linux user, you have an operating system that doesn’t spy on you. Having Linux means the system is yours and yours alone. You can also add to the mix that most Linux systems come with an option of built-in military-grade encryption. As a user, you can be sure that device theft poses no real problem to your data.

On the contrary, Windows has gotten more advert driven over the last few years. Users are definitely given the choice to opt out but then again, who can help the clever registry hacks which are clearly a part of Redmond’s plan. Windows can watch what users do, offering to sync to the Microsoft One-Drive service or to learn behavior to make Cortana (the Microsoft personal assistant) better. To be honest, I do not favor these tools, as they’re pretty intrusive. Though, some users like these features. Subjective opinion.

Source Code

Linux is an open source operating system whereas Windows OS is commercial. Linux has access to source code and alters the code as per user need whereas Windows does not have access to the source code.

In Linux, the user has access to the source code of the kernel and alter the code according to his need. It has its own advantages. Bugs in the OS will get fixed at a rapid pace but developers may take advantage of any weakness in the OS if found.

In windows only selected members to have access to the source code.

License

The Linux kernel (and the GNU utilities and libraries which accompany it) in most distributions are entirely free and open source. Companies offer paid support for their distros, but the underlying software is still free to download and install.

Microsoft Windows is generally priced between $99.00 and $199.00 USD for each licensed copy. Windows 10 was originally being offered as a free upgrade if owners of Windows 7/8/8.1 upgraded before July 29, 2016, but that offer is no longer available.

Reliability

Windows, as we all have come to know, becomes sluggish by the day. You have to re-install Windows after a while when you encounter crashes or slowdowns on your system.

If you are a Linux user, you will not have to re-install it just to experience a faster and a smoother system. Linux helps your system run smoothly for a longer period. Much longer! in fact.

Also, as a Windows user, you will have to develop a habit where you keep on rebooting the system for just about everything.

Just installed software – reboot!

Uninstalled software – reboot!

Got a Windows update – reboot!

System seems to slow down, you guessed it right – reboot!

However, in the case of Linux, you can comfortably continue with your work, and your OS will not bother you.

This is probably why you could observe that most of the Internet giants like Facebook and Google run on Linux. Even supercomputers run mostly on Linux.

So, why isn’t Windows preferred over Linux in the industries? It is because Linux is far more reliable than Windows OS. Period.

Linux vs Windows: Distributions

Firstly, we need to address one of the more confusing aspects to the Linux platform. While Windows has maintained quite the standard version structure, with updates and versions split into tiers, Linux is far more complex.

Originally designed as an OS accessible to all, the Linux Kernel today underpins all Linux operating systems. However, as it remains open source, anyone can tweak or modify the OS for their own purposes. What we have as a result are hundreds of bespoke Linux-based OS called distributions, or ‘distros’. This makes it incredibly difficult to choose between them, making it far more complicated than simply picking Windows 7, Windows 8 or Windows 10.

But this also comes with its set of advantages. Given the nature of open source software, these distributions can vary wildly in functionality and sophistication, and many are constantly evolving. The choice is almost overwhelming.

For those of you who are new to Linux, we’d recommend Ubuntu as a good starting point. It’s extremely user-friendly (even compared to Windows) whilst still being versatile and feature-rich enough to satisfy experienced techies. It’s the closest thing Linux has to a default distribution – although I’d urge everyone to explore the various distro options available and find their favourite.

Linux vs Windows: Which one is for you?

This depends on what you need to do.

Multimedia

Both Linux and Windows OS are pretty rich in multimedia applications. Although, setting up the sound and video options in older versions of Linux can be relatively difficult for some users. A key advantage of Linux is that most of the multimedia applications are freely available. In the case of Windows, users may have to pay a hefty price to get the software although many Open Source/free versions are often available.

Gaming

If you are a gamer, need 100% compatibility with a particular software or want a user-friendly system, Hands down, Windows wins. Steam, among other clients and options, provides a huge number of games both from AAA publishers and small indie developers. Steam for Linux now allows you to install Windows games. But it is still in beta, and not all Windows games will work. It can be frustrating for Linux users, and no doubt the situation will change in the future.

But for now, in 2018, many Linux users miss out on the top games with their choice of OS. The graphics card vendors also tend to support Windows platforms rather than Linux. They provide timely updates and new features that don’t always filter to other OS.

Open Source

If you are an advocate of open-source software or just plain tired of all the forced update and reboot in Windows, then Linux may be a viable option.

Programming

Linux supports almost all of the major programming languages (Python, C/C++, Java, Ruby, Perl, etc.). Moreover, it portrays a vast range of applications useful for programming purposes.

The Linux terminal is far more superior to use over Window’s command line for developers. You would find many libraries natively developed for Linux. Also, a lot of programmers point out that they can do things easily using the package manager on Linux. The ability to script in different shells is also one of the most compelling reasons why programmers prefer using Linux OS.

Linux brings in native support for SSH, too. This would help you manage your servers quickly. You could include things like apt-get commands which further makes Linux a more popular choice of the programmers.

Linux vs Windows: Conclusion

I hope this article has been successful in giving you a more objective look at both systems. I haven’t discussed every criterion to compare Linux vs Windows, as there are just too many. There are also some age-old cliches about the respective systems that serve no one. I prefer to not pay attention to them and advise you do the same. I use Windows and Linux in equal measure based on what I need to do either by dual boot or virtualisation.

So, Linux vs Windows? This platform is open for arguments. Are your pitchforks ready?

There’s a lot of fanboyism when it comes to picking an operating system, with vocal supporters on all sides. The Linux vs Windows discussion is an age-old battle that has been fought over for years now. 

It is important to stress that the ‘best’ operating system cannot have a single answer, as the best really depends upon the requirements of the user. 

Here we discuss the pros and cons of both systems, as we hope to deliver a fair review based on specific criteria. Perhaps this will help you decide between Windows or Linux.

The ideal way to start this discussion is by talking about the differences between Linux and Windows. We dive into this after talking briefly about each OS.

Linux vs Windows: Head-to-Head Comparison

What is Windows Operating System?

The Windows Operating System was first released in 1985 by Microsoft. It now dominates the OS market, with the largest user base around the globe. Through updates, every OS version gets a unique graphical user interface. Windows actually has two modes: the user mode and kernel. The latter runs critical system processes, while the former runs typical applications. 

Most of the commercial systems that we see today work on the Windows Operating System, which is designed to work on the x86 hardware, including Intel and AMD.

Here’s a list of pros and cons of the Windows OS:

What is Linux Operating System?

The Linux Operating System is an open-source OS created in the early 1990s by Linus Torvalds. Based on UNIX, Linux allows users to modify the existing code and produce different versions or distributions of it, which they can re-use and even sell. 

Linux has emerged as the top choice for setting up servers, which is why most web pages on the internet are served via systems backed by one of its distributions. The OS is also popularly used in desktops, mobile, consoles, eBook readers, and much more.

Here’s a list of pros and cons of the Linux OS:

Differences between Linux and Windows

Here we’ll go over the difference between Windows and Linux based on select criteria.

1. Price and Licensing

The Linux OS and most of its utilities and libraries are entirely free and open-source for use and modification. While paid distributions of the Linux OS with additional support are available in the market, they are very moderately priced. Linux, under GNU General Public License, allows users to modify, re-use in any number of systems, and even sell their own modified versions.

Microsoft Windows OS comes with the Microsoft License, which does not give users access to the source code. Thus, no modification can be performed at the standard user level. The Microsoft License ranges from $70 to $200 for its standard versions, and can only be installed on a certain number of computers as specified in your purchase.

2. Ease of Use

This might be a tough comparison to make, as it may vary from person to person. However, Linux has revamped its usability standing over the years through constant modernization. With the release of distributions such as Linux Mint, the installation, and setup process has been made simpler. Through continuous updates, people with little or no technical knowledge can also install software and perform normal activities such as email, play music and videos, and browse the internet.

Due to the market dominance Windows has, it comes pre-installed on many devices. If you are purchasing a new device, there is a high chance that it will come with a Windows OS version installed. With the supremacy it has on the market, a vast majority of users are already accustomed to its interface. 

Moreover, the easy-to-use toolbar and easy installation of programs make it an excellent choice for both new and old users alike.

3. Support

As Linux has a huge user base around the globe, there is massive online support available for Linux. The Linux OS community provides support to users through forums, question boards, and support websites.

Windows OS has easily accessible support through integrated and online help systems, dedicated websites, and forums. In addition, numerous videos and books about Windows are available online.

4. Variety

Linux is celebrated for being open-source with several modifications in existence. There are a lot of distributions available which are highly customizable, based on the needs of the user. If you have knowledge of code, you can even alter the code yourself and modify the OS. Some of the most popular customized Ubuntu environments are Gnome, Cinnamon, Deepin, and LXQT.

In the Windows OS, customization is not as easy and a comparatively fewer number of customizations are available. Users mostly have what they get right out of the box, which may not be to everyone’s liking.

5. Speed

When it comes to speed, Linux trumps Windows by a great margin. Unlike Windows, Linux tends to minimize the ‘bogging’ when it comes to the use of multiple processes. The file system Ext4 in Linux does a commendable job at keeping the device efficient. Defragmentation is now dead and buried in Linux. 

Windows OS can slow down to sometimes intolerable levels, which is somewhat inevitable over time. Memory and disk hogging is common when multiple processes are being used.

6. Privacy

Over the past few years, Windows has become increasingly advertisement driven. Users can opt out, but those concerned about privacy can find the experience grating. Many people are fond of the tools that Microsoft Windows offers, but they are intrusive regardless.

Linux users, on the other hand, have an OS that makes the privacy of its users a priority. Linux devices are also equipped with strong encryption, which means that users can be sure of better security and less intrusion from third-party applications.

7. Security

Linux is also considerably more secure than Windows. Attack vectors are still being discovered in Linux, due to its open-source technology. However, anyone can review the vulnerabilities, which makes the identification and resolving process faster and easier. 

Meanwhile, Windows has taken long strides in improving its security system over the years with a 5% decrease between 2020 and 2021, but it is still the primary target for malicious hackers. Due to its large user base, Microsoft is always vulnerable to new threats and when they do appear, they affect many users.

8. Run Level

A run level is the state of init (the first process started during booting) and the whole system which defines what system services are in operation. The run levels are identified using numbers. You can change run levels and the services that can run inside them, which offers more control over the system.

While Linux can stop at different run levels, Windows will reboot at run level 3 for an administrator to fix the encountered problem.

9. Command Line Usage

In the Linux OS, the command line is a very handy and powerful tool used for administration and daily tasks. 

In Windows, the ‘cmd’ command can be used to open a command line and perform a basic set of operations, while PowerShell offers more flexibility.

Recommended Linux Command Line Course:

10. Reliability

The Linux OS has a strong focus on system security, process management, and uptime. Linux has compromised on this, and is the most secure and reliable OS available.

On the contrary, even though Microsoft has made improvements in reliability over the years, it is nowhere near Linux. It has let go of many features for the sake of user-friendliness and ease of access, which may lead to system instability and security vulnerabilities.

11. System Updates

In the Linux OS, the user has full control over when and what to install updates. Windows is infamous for its somewhat random updates which can pop up at inconvenient times. For the lay user, it may not matter, but those with more computer experience would prefer Linux for the flexibility.

12. Compatibility

Windows wins this category hands down, as there are many more apps that work on Windows than Linux. Most developers want to develop on Windows because of its large userbase, and legacy apps also have a lot of support. 

Linux is not so lucky when it comes to compatibility.

13. Gaming

Windows wins the gaming race by a large margin. Steam, Epic, and many other clients are available to Windows users which provide them with the opportunity to play with both AAA titles and small indie games. Graphics card manufacturers focus their support on Windows due to the larger user base.

While Linux is slowly climbing its way into the gaming market, with the introduction of beta support for many games, it is hard to imagine that it will catch up with Windows. If you purchase a Linux OS, you will be missing out on a large number of games.

Linux Mastery: Master the Linux Command Line in 11.5 Hours

Windows vs Linux: Which is Better?

With the debate of Windows vs Linux operating systems explained briefly, you should be in a better position to choose between the two. It’s not that one is better than the other, it’s just that they both have different audiences in mind. Many people may ask is Linux better than Windows, or vice versa, but pick for yourself based on the information above.

Do you feel we left out any useful points in the article? Let us know in the comment section below. You can also check out some Linux System Administration Tutorials and Courses, which might help you get started with Linux.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is Linux or Windows Better?

There is no straight answer to this question, as both serve a different audience. If you want something that is easy to use and runs a lot of apps straight out of the box, choose Windows. If security, customizability, and reliability are important to you, choose Linux.

2. What is the Main Difference Between Linux and Windows?

The main differences between Linux and Windows are that Linux is more secure, private, and reliable. Windows is more intuitive and has support for more apps and hardware.

3. What Can Linux Do that Windows Can’t?

There are lots of such things. One major feature is that Linux does not need to restart the machine in order to install an update if the changes are minor.

4. Can Linux Run Windows Programs?

Yes, you can run Windows programs on Linux through third-party software. Bear in mind you cannot run all Windows programs, only a select few.

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Windows vs Linux. Сравниваем производительность систем при помощи бенчмарков

Сегодня мы протестируем операционные системы Windows 10 и Arch Linux c графической оболочкой Gnome 3 на одинаковом железе в играх и бенчмарках и посмотрим, что из этого выйдет. Все системы полностью оригинальные. Тесты проходили по 3 прогона.

Тестовый пк

Сравнение систем по потреблению при старте

Windows — 115-146 процессов при пустом старте, 1.5 Гигабайта потребления, система и драйверы обновлены.

Archlinux — 56 процессов при пустом старте, 500 мегабайт потребления, система и драйверы обновлены.

Для более честного сравнения для системы на основе Linux было выбрано тяжёлое графическое окружение (DE) Gnome 3, известное своими костылями. Но не стоит забывать о существовании оболочек, потребляющих менее 100 мегабайт оперативной памяти. Оптимизаций никаких не производилось кроме установки для Linux lqx ядра и фоновых служб zramswap и anonicy.

Средства записи и мониторинга

Для записи игр и тестов в Windows использовалась программа Bandicam с быстрым кодеком nvenc и контейнером mp4, что минимально (5-10%) влияют на потери, а такжеMSI Autoberner для мониторинга загруженности ресурсов.

Для записи игр и тестов в Linux использовалась программа SimpleScreenRecorder c аналогичным кодеком и контейнером для минимизации влияния средства записи и разницы, а также Mangohud для мониторинга загруженности ресурсов.

Программы простые и не требуют глубокого понимания или настройки. Игры выбирались с учётом встроенного бенчмарка и являются лицензиями.

Выводы делаю, напрямую сравнивая результаты бенчмарков на минимальных и максимальных параметрах графики с выводом графика времени кадра.

Синтетический тест

Синтетический тест Geekbench 5 оценивает производительность ЦП с работой в разных задачах — сжатие, распаковка, обработка, серф и прочее веселье.

Никакого открытия для себя я не сделал. Давно известно, что планировщик работы с центральным процессором в системах на базе Linux реализован лучше.

Тестирование в играх

Открывает наше игровое противостояние прибежище всех раков и причина попадания в армию — Dota 2.

Тест для меня не показывает что-то новое. Отчётливо видно излишнее потребление оперативной и видеопамяти фоновыми процессами системы Windows. Преимущество Linux составляет от 5 до 20 кадров в зависимости от сцены, что нельзя свести на погрешность теста.

Тестирование на максимальных настройках успешно показывает, что разницы в FPS нет, но система Windows больше просаживается во время ожесточённых моментов до 22 FPS, а потребление оперативной памяти значительно возросло. Archlinux обеспечил плавность и играбельность в любых моментах.

Вторым героем теста становится улица моего детства — Counter-Strike: Source.

Сравнение не совсем честное, потому что тестирование идет на уровне разных графических API. Встроенный графический бенчмарк показывает преимущество DX9 над OpenGL, но на самой карте разница ровно противоположная — OpenGL рисует больше кадров.

Максимальные настройки графики показывают уверенное преимущество DX9 в плане максимального FPS, но странные подёргивания и ослепляющая желтизна на карте вызывают недоумение.

Третьей игрой для теста станет симулятор подростковых фантазий — Tomb Raider 2013.

Максимальные и минимальные настройки, а также сравнение с DXVK.

Интересные выводы можно сделать по данному ролику. Например, что OpenGL почти мёртв в плане соревновательной части с DX9-12, где идёт упор на максимальный FPS, а не удобство программирования или платформы.

Часть теста с упором в GPU подтверждает предыдущие тесты о преимуществе Dx11 в сравнении с OpenGL и проигрыше Windows-платформы по сравнению с Linux в плане работы с процессором. На это указывает преимущество в минимальном FPS и проигрыш в максимальном.

C OpenGL разобрались. А что, если противопоставить две Windows-версии игры, но одна из них будет запущена под Linux через обёртку DXVK? Результаты почти одинаковы! Мне удалось запустить Windows-версию игры под Linux. Она показывает схожую игровую производительность, а потребляет мой ПК при этом меньше ресурсов.

P.S. Опять этот странный эффект желтизны у DX — проблема DX?

Выводы

Современный Archlinux — это система, потребляющая меньше ресурсов ПК по сравнению с нынешней Windows. Это способствует лучшей производительности в играх с поддержкой Vulkan и равную производительность в проектах, запускающихся через обёртку DXVK. Если вы хотите считать, что ваш ПК — это только ваш ПК, не париться по поводу вечной слежки и всегда иметь всё самое свежее, то Linux — это ваш бро.

P.S. Автор знает и понимает, какие проблемы существуют c античитами, какие способы запуска игр и проблемы есть. Также автор напоминает, что тест производился без использования оптимизаторов и прочих ускоряющих вещей, что даёт надежду на ещё больший выигрыш в Linux.

Видеоверсия, если лень читать

Источник

Сравнение Linux и Windows

Обновл. 19 Сен 2022 |

Linux против Windows — вековая битва операционных систем, приведшая к яростным и почти фанатичным разногласиям между пользователями данных ОС. В этой статье я постараюсь рассказать о плюсах и минусах данных операционных систем и сделать для вас справедливый обзор на основе различных аргументов за ту или иную систему.

Но для начала нам нужно разобраться с тем, что такое операционная система и кратко ознакомиться с Windows и Linux.

Что такое операционная система?

Операционная система — это низкоуровневое программное обеспечение, которое управляет аппаратными и программными ресурсами компьютера и обеспечивает выполнение основных функций компьютера, таких как планирование задач, управление ресурсами, управление памятью, управление периферийными устройствами, сетевое взаимодействие и т.д.

Что такое Windows?

Windows — это лицензируемая операционная система с закрытым исходным кодом, разработанная компанией Microsoft.

Первая версия Windows, известная как Windows 1.0, появилась в 1985 году и была основана на ядре MS-DOS. После стартового запуска системы компания Microsoft начала разрабатывать новые версии Windows, включая первое крупное обновление и Windows версии 3.0.

В 1995 году появилась, пожалуй, самая распространенная версия — Windows 95. Она работала на 16-битном ядре DOS и 32-битном пользовательском окружении. На данный момент, самыми свежими версиями данной системы являются:

Для настольных ПК — Windows 10 (2015 г.).

Для серверов — Windows Server 2019.

Несмотря на огромное количество новых функций и возможностей для современных вычислений, архитектура ядра Windows практически не претерпела изменений.

Что такое Linux?

Linux — это семейство Unix-подобных операционных систем, использующих ядро Linux, которое разработал финно-американский программист Линус Торвальдс. ОС, использующие ядро Linux, называются дистрибутивами Linux.

Для повышения производительности Linux используется традиционное монолитное ядро с элементами модульной архитектуры (благодаря чему, большинству драйверов доступна возможность динамически загружать и выгружать данные во время выполнения).

Ядро Linux было написано в 1991 году (гораздо позже, чем была создана первая версия Windows) Линусом Торвальдсом, который хотел создать свободное ядро ОС, которое сможет использовать любой желающий. На сегодняшний день, ядро Linux содержит более 23 миллиона строк исходного кода, распространяющегося (начиная с 1992 года) под лицензией свободного программного обеспечения GNU General Public License.

Linux против Windows

Доля рынка

ОС Windows обычно называют лучшей ОС для начинающих пользователей. По данным NetMarketShare за 2020 год мировая доля ОС Windows на настольных компьютерах составляет 87%, в то время как macOS занимает 9% рынка, а Linux — всего лишь 2%.

Частично, мизерная доля Linux обусловлена тем, что для большинства простых пользователей работать с Linux гораздо труднее, чем с Windows, и поэтому привлекательность Linux для домашнего использования очень ограничена. Основным сектором применения Linux является серверное ПО.

Linux использует монолитное ядро, которое потребляет больше ресурсов, в то время как Windows использует микроядро, которое занимает меньше места, но при этом снижает эффективность работы системы, в отличие от Linux.

Файловая система

В Linux всё представляется и обрабатывается, как будто вы имеете дело с файлом. Каталоги — это файлы, файлы — это файлы, внешние подключенные устройства (такие как принтер, мышь, клавиатура) — тоже являются файлами.

Безопасность

Поскольку Windows является широко применяемой операционной системой, то каждый её пользователь время от времени сталкивался с проблемами безопасности и стабильности системы. Windows изначально была разработана с прицелом на однопользовательские ПК без сетевого подключения и не имела встроенных функций безопасности. В Windows вредоносные программы и вирусы легко получают доступ к системным файлам и могут нанести большой ущерб. Кроме того, максимальное количество вирусов создается именно под Windows (учитывая огромную долю рынка). Стоит отметить, что Linux также не застрахован от атак на систему, но если вы будете следовать самым простым правилам и не давать прав суперпользователя всему, что запускаете, то вы, вероятно, будете в большей безопасности, в сравнении с Windows.

Стоит также отметить, что сейчас компания Microsoft регулярно выпускает исправления безопасности через свою службу Центр обновления Windows. Они выходят раз в месяц, хотя критические обновления доступны и через более короткие промежутки времени.

Если рассматривать Linux, то поддержание должного уровня безопасности и конфиденциальности личных данных являются краеугольными принципами данной ОС. По умолчанию, обычные пользователи не имеют доступ к корневому каталогу или административным привилегиям. А поскольку ядро Linux имеет открытый исходный код, а сама система управляется сообществом и регулярно контролируется разработчиками со всех уголков земли, то любая возникшая проблема может быть решена в течение нескольких часов получением необходимого патча с исправлениями. Именно поэтому Linux пользуется огромной популярностью среди IT-специалистов.

Простота использования

Linux за последние годы достиг значительных результатов в плане улучшения качества и удобства своего применения. Дистрибутивы, такие как Linux Mint и Ubuntu, даже дошли до того, что упростили свою установку и настройку для далеких от техники пользователей, чтобы они могли с максимальной легкостью выполнять повседневную работу.

Windows, из-за её распространения, является стандартной ОС на многих устройствах. Пользователи уже настолько привыкли нажимать на «Пуск» и открывать свои любимые программы, что им очень трудно переключиться на что-то другое.

Совместимость

Несмотря на недавние улучшения в программном обеспечении, переносимого с других платформ или разрабатываемом на Linux, Windows по-прежнему является «королем совместимости».

Пользователи Windows могут быть уверены, что практически любое ПО (даже самое малоизвестное и устаревшее) будет работать, даже если его перестали развивать сами разработчики. Windows имеет отличную поддержку устаревшего ПО.

Конфиденциальность

Если вы пользуетесь Linux, то можете не бояться, что операционная система будет за вами шпионить. Добавьте к этому то, что большинство систем Linux поставляются с возможностью встроенного шифрования дисков. Вы можете быть уверены, что кража вашего устройства не представляет реальной проблемы для конфиденциальности ваших данных.

Стоит также отметить, что за последние несколько лет Windows начала активно следить за тем, что делают её пользователи: прослушивать информацию, передаваемую через голосового помощника Cortana; собирать информацию, предлагая синхронизацию с сервисом Microsoft OneDrive; отслеживать нажатия кнопок клавиатуры, движения мышки, посещаемые сайты, типы и время запускаемого ПО и еще кучу всякой разной информации. Microsoft хранит громадные объемы вашей личной информации, и мы не знаем, с кем она делится этой информацией.

Исходный код

Дистрибутивы Linux — это операционные системы с открытым исходным кодом, в который могут вноситься изменения в соответствии с потребностями пользователя. В этом есть свои преимущества: обнаруженные в ОС ошибки будут исправляться гораздо быстрее, но в то же время некоторые программисты могут сами воспользоваться данными уязвимостями в своих личных интересах.

Windows же является коммерческой ОС, и её исходные коды закрыты: только избранные участники имеют доступ к исходному коду ядра и всей системы в целом.

Лицензия

Ядро Linux (и сопутствующие с ним утилиты и библиотеки GNU) в большинстве дистрибутивов (Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, Manjaro и пр.) полностью свободны (часто — бесплатны) и имеют открытый исходный код благодаря соответствующей лицензии GNU GPL и её вариациям. Компании (например, Red Hat, SUSE) предлагают платную поддержку своих дистрибутивов (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server), но базовое программное обеспечение по-прежнему можно скачать и установить бесплатно.

Microsoft Windows для ПК обычно стоит от 99.00 до 199.00 долларов США за каждую лицензионную копию. Для владельцев Windows 7/8/8.1 система Windows 10 первоначально (до 29 июля 2016 года) предлагалась в качестве бесплатного обновления, но теперь это предложение больше не доступно.

Надежность

Велика вероятность, что через некоторое время, когда вы столкнетесь со сбоями или замедлением работы вашей системы, вам придется переустановить Windows.

Если вы являетесь пользователем Linux, то вам не нужно будет переустанавливать его только для того, чтобы снова получить быструю и отзывчивую систему. Linux будет бесперебойно работать в течение более длительного периода. Гораздо дольше, чем Windows!

Кроме того, если вы являетесь пользователем Windows, то вам придется выработать привычку перезагружать систему практически после каждого чиха:

Только что установили программу — перезагрузка!

Удалили программу — перезагрузка!

Пришли обновления Windows — перезагрузка!

Система стала медленнее работать — вы правильно догадались, перезагрузка!

Однако в случае с Linux вы можете спокойно продолжать свою работу, и ваша ОС не будет вас беспокоить.

Дистрибутивы

Во-первых, нам нужно рассмотреть один из наиболее запутанных аспектов платформы Linux. В то время как Windows сохранила вполне стандартную структуру версий, с минорными и мажорными обновлениями, в Linux же всё обстоит гораздо сложнее.

На сегодняшний день ядро Linux лежит в основе всех операционных систем на базе Linux. Однако, поскольку его исходные коды остаются открытыми, любой человек может настроить или изменить ОС для своих собственных целей. В результате мы имеем сотни индивидуальных Linux-подобных операционных систем, называемых дистрибутивами. Это делает невероятно трудным выбор между ними, гораздо более сложным, чем просто выбор между Windows 7, Windows 8 или Windows 10.

Но у такого расклада есть и свои достоинства. Учитывая природу программного обеспечения с открытым исходным кодом, эти дистрибутивы могут сильно отличаться по функциональности и сложности, ведь каждый дистрибутив Linux имеет свой цикл разработки, и многие из них постоянно развиваются.

Для тех из вас, кто является новичком в Linux, в качестве отправной точки рекомендуется начать с дистрибутива под названием Ubuntu. Он чрезвычайно удобен в использовании (даже по сравнению с Windows), но при этом также достаточно универсален и многофункционален, чтобы удовлетворить, в том числе, и опытных технарей. Мы уже ранее проводили обзор дистрибутивов Linux, где вы сможете изучить и другие доступные варианты.

В случае с Windows существует только одна компания — Microsoft, которая занимается разработкой и обслуживанием всей операционной системы: ядро, среда рабочего стола и большая часть предустановленного программного обеспечения. Вы должны принимать всё, что они вам предлагают, независимо от того, будет это вам полезно или нет.

Если вы геймер и вам нужна 100% совместимость с определенным программным обеспечением, то тут без компромиссов побеждает Windows. Сервис Steam, помимо прочих клиентов и лаунчеров, предоставляет огромное количество игр как от ААА-издателей, так и от небольших инди-разработчиков.

Steam для Linux теперь позволяет устанавливать игры для Windows, но он все еще находится в процессе развития, и не все игры для Windows будут на нем корректно работать (если вообще запустятся). Кроме того, вы также можете поиграть в некоторые игры, специфичные для Windows, на Linux через Wine или Proton.

Установка ПО

Система управления программным обеспечением является важным элементом любой операционной системы. От нее напрямую зависят стабильность и гибкость операционной системы. В этом отношении ОС Windows остается далеко позади системы Linux. В ОС Windows вы должны перейти на сайт конкретного программного обеспечения, чтобы получить установочный файл для загрузки и установки выбранного программного обеспечения. Этот файл может включать в себя большое количество рекламного ПО или вредоносных программ, и далеко не факт, что вы об этом узнаете (если скачивать файлы не с официальных сайтов).

С другой стороны, дистрибутивы Linux предоставляют централизованный программный центр для установки любых приложений из специальных хранилищ (репозиториев). Программное обеспечение в репозиториях тщательно проверяется сообществом разработчиков, и вряд ли есть какая-либо возможность включить в его состав какое-либо рекламное, вредоносное и прочее нежелательное ПО. Более того, существует и другие способы установки программного обеспечения в системе Linux.

Программирование

Linux поддерживает почти все основные языки программирования (Python, C/C++, Java, Ruby, Perl и др.). Кроме того, он предоставляет широкий спектр приложений, полезных для программирования и разработки различных приложений. Вы найдете множество библиотек, изначально разработанных для Linux. Многие программисты отмечают, что они могут легко выполнять рутинные задачи с помощью менеджера пакетов в Linux. Возможность писать сценарии в различных оболочках также является одной из самых убедительных причин, почему программисты предпочитают использовать Linux. Он также предоставляет встроенную поддержку протокола SSH, с помощью которого вы с легкостью сможете быстро управлять своими серверами.

Использование на серверах

Если вы думаете о безопасности сервера, стабильности, свободе выбора, совместимости оборудования и экономической эффективности, то сервер на Linux превосходит аналогичный сервер на Windows во всех отношениях. Windows — это популярный вариант для настольного использования, а Linux — лучший вариант для серверных систем.

Серверный дистрибутив Linux предлагает множество различных вариантов настройки системы с широким спектром эффективных инструментов мониторинга и анализа её работоспособности. Linux, в отличие от Windows, менее уязвим к различным кибератакам и проникновению на сервер вредоносных программ. В ядре Linux практически невозможно создать какой-либо бэкдор, в то время как система Windows очень чувствительна к такому сценарию развития событий.

Таблица

Давайте кратко рассмотрим в следующей таблице, чем Windows и Linux отличаются друг от друга:

Выводы

Linux предлагает большую скорость и безопасность, с другой стороны, Windows предлагает большую простоту использования, так что даже далекие от компьютеров люди могут легко работать с данной ОС.

Linux используется многими корпоративными организациями в качестве серверной ОС, обеспечивая безопасность для всей IT-инфраструктуры, в то время как Windows в основном используется обычными пользователями и геймерами.

На мой взгляд, нет одного лидера. Обе ОС являются уникальными и наилучшим образом соответствуют конкретным требованиям пользователей и потребностям рынка.

Поделиться в социальных сетях:

Сравнение Linux и Unix

Комментариев: 13

По большому счёту, всё сравнение (на уровне GUE) можно вместить в такой себе «полумем»:
Решение некоторой проблемы на:

P.S. Это немного (действительно немного — бывало потрачено гораздо больше времени непонятно на что) утрированная картина того, что ОБЫЧНО происходит в Ubuntu 20.04 со всеми обновлениями на начало июля 2022 года. Стоит отметить, что, как бы это ни звучало, но Linux — настолько капризная система, что гугление почти любой ошибки из комстроки не занимает больше минуты. Это и достоинство и недостаток одновременно, и если суть достоинства ясна (лёгкий «ремонт» любой «ситуации»), то суть недостатка в том, что ИЗ ГОДА В ГОД сообщество разработчиков не пытается что-то изменить, автоматизировав, например, решение проблем, возникающих у 99% пользователей (что-то, вроде «команда не найдена. Возможно, следует установить пакет такой-то. Нажмите «Y», если хотите, чтобы система установила и настроила все недостающие компоненты автоматически.»). Если бы система не только давала рекомендации (кстати, происходит это ДАЛЕКО не всегда), но и предлагала их исполнять — цены бы ей не было, а если бы всё это можно было бы делать БЕЗ терминала вообще — ОС Богов.

P.P.S. Ну а пока доля Linux на рынке неплохо демонстрирует его GUI и GUE. Удивительно, что сообщество называет НЕбетой забагованную Ubuntu версии 20.04, в которой не работает магазин и которая максимально склонна к каким-то нелепым ошибкам (например — вводишь пароль на экране блокировки, после чего всё зависает на часочек, а отвиснув ОС начинает раскидываться ошибками после любого действия (открыл папку — ошибка; вызвал терминал — ошибка и он закрывается, и т.д.); опять же, очень грустно от некоторой несовместимости версий — средства для работы с ИИ хорошо работают на 18.04, но вообще никак не работают на 20.04 при тех же условиях. Что происходит — неясно.

P.P.P.S. Ох, чуть не забыл — в Ubuntu есть ДВЕ панели задач (буду говорить на сленге Windows) — по умолчанию меню «пуск» (с иконками сложенных окон и ярлыками быстрого доступа) располагается вдоль левой границы интерфейса, и её можно крепить к любой из четырёх границ, а также делать скрывающейся (уползающей, если не используется); но также имеет место вторая панелька, которая хорошо характеризуется цитатой из пародии на «свою игру»: «Победителю достаётся приз от нашего спонсора, компании Пэрих Штраузэ — набор одноразовых стаканчиков для кулера; каждый стаканчик покрыт инкрустацией и имеет палладиевое донышко ручной работы; Пэрих Штраузэ — вещи, которые неизвестно зачем» — ведь действительно неизвестно, зачем эта панель нужна. Панелька эта ЗАКРЕПЛЕНА на верхней границе интерфейса, занимает она столько же места, сколько занимает маленькая «панель задач и меню Пуск» (есть обычная и уменьшенная), то есть, немало, а весь её «функционал» у Windows, каким-то чудом, видимо, уместился на 10% панели задач и меню Пуск; а именно там: часы, язык, звук, сетевые подключения. Всё бы ничего, если бы её можно было перемещать или убирать насовсем, но нет же — сообщество, почему-то, решило, что будет невероятно здорово лишить пользователя жеста «махну мышкой вверх и вправо до упора, да нажму ЛКМ для закрытия окна», ведь теперь так сделать НЕЛЬЗЯ, и я постоянно открываю какой-то инструментарий из этой панельки, и мне приходится его закрывать, после чего целиться в «крестик».

Простите мне столь негодующий комментарий, но я действительно был в шоке, когда узнал, что эту штуку вообще никак нельзя оттуда убрать в «самом дружелюбном» варинате ОС Linux; оно не только низачем пожирает свободное место, что вызывает у меня дичайший дискомфорт (я хочу видеть на экране только то, что Я туда вывел или то, что действительно должно там находиться, поскольку мне нужен максимум рабочего пространства), но и мешает работать, пусть незначительно с точки зрения механики процесса, но значительно с точки зрения нервотрёпки; опять же, я привык видет часы, статус сети и язык внизу, а не вверху, и я хочу, чтобы всё это было там, а не где разработчику захотелось расположить эту информацию.

P.P.P.P.S. Такое ощущение, что противостояние «Windows VS Linux» добралось до умов сообщества Linux, поскольку вот это «терминал вместо GUI и GUE, другая файловая система, несовместимая с точки зрения Windows, две панели задач вместо одной, зеркально отражённая статусная панель, отсутствие кнопки пуск и диспетчера задач как таковых» больше напоминает не реализацию чётко взвешенных решений, а решения императора Павла I, который придя к власти стал принимать решения прямо противоположные решениям Екатерины II (то есть, истерику).

Единственная реализация Linux, которую хочется хвалить — macOS. Очевидно, что рельсы проприетарности идут исключительно на пользу ОС с точки зрения обычных пользователей (и не только обычных), ведь прося деньги за «контент» разработчик накладывает на себя некие обязательства по работе с сообществом пользователей, что приводит к перманентному улучшению продукта в целом; в «вольных» же дистрибутивах Linux, как показывает практика, нас ждёт изменение внешнего вида (16.04, 18.04, 20.04) и баста (а, ну и создание проблем там, где их не было, конечно же). На самом деле, действительно интересно, почему же сообщество разработчиков настолько.. настолько.. негибкое, что ли — за 5 лет не появилось множество очевидных вещей, которые должны были там быть… да десять лет назад — будем честны. Что помешало банально дать возможность перемещать эту статусную линейку — загадка века; неужели неясно, что это неудобная и бесполезная вещь? Неужели не очевидно, что решение слить две панели в одну — гениальное решение? Я правда не понимаю.

Ещё раз извиняюсь за «длиннопост» 🙂

В линуксе «панелей задач» будет столько, сколько нужно пользователю. Если не удобно — можно поменять окружение рабочего стола.

Источник

Student’s digital skills

University of Helsinki – orientation (2 sp)

Operating system and user interface

As already mentioned, in addition to the hardware, a computer also needs a set of programs—an operating system—to control the devices. This page will discuss the following:

• There are different kinds of operating systems : such as Windows, Linux and Mac OS
• There are also different versions of these operating systems, e.g. Windows 7, 8 and 10
• Operating systems can be used with different user interfaces (UI) : text user interfaces (TUI) and graphical user interfaces (GUI) as examples
• Graphical user interfaces have many similarities in different operating systems : such as the start menu, desktop etc.

When you can recognize the typical parts of each operating system’s user interface, you will mostly be able to use both Windows and Linux as well as e.g. Mac OS.

The role of operating system in the computer

An operating system (OS) is a set of programs which ensures the interoperability of the hardware and software in your computer. The operating system enables, among other things,

• the identification and activation of devices connected to the computer,
• the installation and use of programs, and
• the handling of files.

What happens when you turn on your computer or smartphone?
– The computer checks the functionality of its components and any devices connected to it, and starts to look for the OS on a hard drive or other memory media.
– If the OS is found, the computer starts to load it into the RAM (Random Access Memory).
– When the OS has loaded, the computer waits for commands from you.

Different operating systems

Over the years, several different operating systems have been developed for different purposes. The most typical operating systems in ordinary computers are Windows, Linux and Mac OS.

Windows

The name of the Windows OS comes from the fact that programs are run in “windows”: each program has its own window, and you can have several programs open at the same time. Windows is the most popular OS for home computers, and there are several versions of it. The newest version is Windows 10.

Linux and Unix

Linux is an open-source OS, which means that its program code is freely available to software developers. This is why thousands of programmers around the world have developed Linux, and it is considered the most tested OS in the world. Linux has been very much influenced by the commercial Unix OS.

In addition to servers, Linux is widely used in home computers, since there are a great number of free programs for it (for text and image processing, spreadsheets, publishing, etc.). Over the years, many different versions of Linux have become available for distribution, most of which are free for the user (such as Ubuntu, Fedora and Mint, to name a few). See the additional reading material for more information on Linux.

Mac OS X

Apple’s Mac computers have their own operating system, OS X. Most of the programs that are available for PCs are also available for Macs running under OS X, but these two types of computers cannot use the exact same programs: for example, you cannot install the Mac version of the Microsoft Office suite on a Windows computer. You can install other operating systems on Mac computers, but the OS X is only available for computers made by Apple. Apple’s lighter portable devices (iPads, iPhones) use a light version of the same operating system, called iOS.

Mac computers are popular because OS X is considered fast, easy to learn and very stable and Apple’s devices are considered well-designed—though rather expensive. See the additional reading material for more information on OS X.

Android

Android is an operating system designed for phones and other mobile devices. Android is not available for desktop computers, but in mobile devices it is extremely popular: more than a half of all mobile devices in the world run on Android.

User interfaces

A user interface (UI) refers to the part of an operating system, program, or device that allows a user to enter and receive information. A text-based user interface (see the image to the left) displays text, and its commands are usually typed on a command line using a keyboard. With a graphical user interface (see the right-hand image), the functions are carried out by clicking or moving buttons, icons and menus by means of a pointing device.

Larger image: text UI | graphical UI

The images contain the same information: a directory listing of a computer. You can often carry out the same tasks regardless of which kind of UI you are using.

Text user interface (TUI)

Modern graphical user interfaces have evolved from text-based UIs. Some operating systems can still be used with a text-based user interface. In this case, the commands are entered as text (e.g., “cat story.txt”).

To display the text-based Command Prompt in Windows, open the Start menu and type cmd. Press Enter on the keyboard to launch the command prompt in a separate window. With the command prompt, you can type your commands from the keyboard instead of using the mouse.

Graphical user interface

In most operating systems, the primary user interface is graphical, i.e. instead of typing the commands you manipulate various graphical objects (such as icons) with a pointing device. The underlying principle of different graphical user interfaces (GUIs) is largely the same, so by knowing how to use a Windows UI, you will most likely know how to use Linux or some other GUI.

Most GUIs have the following basic components:

• a start menu with program groups
• a taskbar showing running programs
• a desktop
• various icons and shortcuts.

Os battles windows linux unix are different computer

1. UNIX :
UNIX is a powerful, multi-user and multitasking operating system originally developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories. This operating system is very popular among the scientific, engineering and academic due to its most appreciating features like flexibility, portability, network capabilities etc.

2. Windows :
Microsoft window is a most demanding Graphical user Interface (GUI) based operating system that replaces all the command line based functions to the user friendly screens. Microsoft introduced a series of versions with the latest functions.

Difference between UNIX and Windows Operating System :

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Unix vs. Windows

Which operating system is better?

An operating system is a sophisticated computer program that makes it possible for you to interact with the software and hardware on a computer. If you’re like millions of people who bought a PC, you use the Windows operating system that came installed on the machine. But did you know that you can use other operating systems, such as Unix, instead? We reviewed both Windows and Unix to help you determine which operating system better meets your computing needs.

The information in this article applies to Windows 10 and UNIX V7, which is aligned with the Single UNIX Specification Version 4, 2018 Edition. (Unix refers to a family of operating systems, while UNIX is the trademarked name of the technology owned by The Open Group.)

Overall Findings

Created in 1969, now owned by The Open Group.

Command-line interface (CLI) operating system.

Built-in security, but updates must be installed manually.

Built on an open standard, but the Single UNIX Specification provides a standard and ensures continuity across different distributions of Unix.

Has a steep learning curve.

Originally released in 1985.

Compatible with thousands of applications and utilities.

Updates and fixes can be downloaded and installed automatically.

Huge support community.

The code is proprietary, owned by Microsoft.

Unix arose from a failed attempt by several employees of AT&T Bell Labs in the early 1960s to develop a reliable time-sharing operating system. Despite the failed attempt, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs didn’t give up. They created an integrated development environment described as being «of unusual simplicity, power, and elegance.» The operating system took off, and today it runs many of the world’s web sites and cloud computing platforms.

In the 1980s, an up-and-coming competitor to Unix called Windows began gaining popularity, in part because of the increasing power of microcomputers with Intel processors. At the time, Windows was the only major operating system designed for this type of processor, and Unix was used manly on servers. Today, there are distributions of Unix and Unix-like operating systems such as Linux that run on a PC.

Interacting With the Operating System: Windows Is Easier to Use

Must run commands from the terminal to interact with the operating system.

Can install a desktop or windows manager to run on Unix, but need to know basic Unix commands.

Unix offers fine control and flexibility.

Designed for use with a mouse, trackpad, or touch screen.

Windows offers a Command Prompt window for fine control and flexibility.

There are two types of operating systems:

• CLI-based operating system: You type a text command in a terminal, and the computer carries out that command. The computer’s response is in plain-text format.
• GUI-based operating system: You interact with the computer by selecting objects such as buttons, icons, and menus on the desktop or in applications using a mouse, keyboard, or touch screen.

Windows is designed for use with a GUI. It has a Command Prompt window, but only those with more advanced Windows knowledge should use it. Unix natively runs from a CLI, but you can install a desktop or windows manager such as GNOME to make it more user-friendly.

Ease of Use: Unix Has a High Learning Curve

Portable and consistent.

String utilities and commands together.

Significant learning curve.

Unix is flexible, and you can install it on all types of computers, including mainframes, supercomputers, and microcomputers. Unix also inspires novel approaches to software design, such as solving problems by interconnecting simpler tools instead of creating large, monolithic applications.

The Windows operating system is more limited than Unix in terms of what it can do, but it’s relatively easy for anyone to use.

Software: Extensive Support With Windows

Built-in security and stability.

Updates don’t require software purchases.

Must install operating system updates manually.

Troubleshooting problems can be tricky.

Extensive support from Microsoft, plus a large user community.

Compatible with thousands of applications, tools, and utilities.

Unix is more stable and doesn’t crash as often as Windows, so it requires less administration and maintenance. Unix has greater security and permissions features than Windows out of the box and is more efficient than Windows. Unix also has a massive online community that you can draw on for troubleshooting or learning new command-line skills. Operating system upgrades from Microsoft often require you to purchase new hardware; this isn’t the case with Unix.

Microsoft maintains a massive knowledge base for its operating system. That knowledge base, coupled with a vibrant user community, can help resolve technical issues relatively easily. Windows supports a large library of software, utilities, and games, as well as extensive plug-and-play support. You can configure Windows to install updates automatically to improve security, as well as add or improve features. With Unix, you must install such updates manually.

Final Verdict: It Depends on What You Want Your Operating System For

If you want to surf the web and play video games, do homework, or work from home, Windows is a great choice. It’s more widely used on home computers than Unix, but it’s also expensive to purchase and to maintain. Unix is a potentially less expensive (depending on the distribution you choose), more flexible option. If you recently started with Unix and don’t want to invest in a formal Unix operating system such as IBM AIX or Sun Solaris, free versions are available, including FreeBSD and various Linux distributions (Linux is a Unix-like operating system).

If you’re an aspiring or experienced computer user, however, and like to tinker and customize the operating system, these mostly free or inexpensive open-source operating systems are attractive because of the flexibility and control these systems offer. To make Unix and Unix-like operating systems even more appealing, many programmers are developing state-of-the-art software free of charge for the fast-growing open-source movement.

In this article, we will be looking into the major difference between UNIX and Windows Operating System.

 UNIX : 

UNIX is a powerful, multi-user, and multitasking operating system originally developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories. This operating system is very popular among the scientific, engineering, and academic due to its most appreciated features like flexibility, portability, network capabilities, etc. 

 Windows :

Microsoft window is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) based operating system that provides graphical user-friendly alternatives for most of the command-line based functions. Microsoft introduced a series of versions with the latest functions. 

Difference between UNIX and Windows Operating System : 

Here we will discuss the various differences between UNIX and Windows operating systems, based on various parameters.

1. Licensing:

UNIX was developed as an open-source OS using C and Assembly languages. Since being open source UNIX, and its various Linux distributions account for the most used OS in the world.  Unix and all its Linux distributions are available under the General Public License.

Windows Operating System is proprietary software owned by Microsoft, meaning its source code is not available to the public.

2. User Interface:

Unix operating systems are relatively harder to grasp and produce significant barriers for newcomers. However, some Linux distributions like Ubuntu are changing such perceptions by bringing in more GUI-based applications.

Windows Operating System on the other hand is designed with the outset of keeping the UI as simple and user-friendly as possible, so that non-IT people can easily use computers for their work.

3. Processing:

UNIX operating system supports Multiprocessing, meaning many processes are executed simultaneously. In Multiprocessing, every process has a separate address space and CPUs can be added for increasing computing power.

Windows Support Multithreading, meaning many threads are created from a single process for increasing computing power. In multithreading, many threads of a process are executed simultaneously where common address space is shared by all the threads.

4. File System:

UNIX operating system uses STD.ERR and STD.IO file systems or the UFS (Unix File System) and treats all physical drives as one logical drive. It has a robust and efficient file system. File system is represented as a hierarchical tree under the same root.

Windows on the other hand, uses File Allocation Table (FAT32) and New Technology File System(NTFS) systems for managing files and requires the owner of the executables before executing, files store in folders on different data drive like, C,D,E.

5. Users Accounts:

In the Linux system, there are three types of user accounts:

• Regular: These accounts have the moderate privilege to intended for routine works, it can perform only the task for access only those files and services for which it is authorized.
• Root: This account is the main user account of a Linux system, it has the highest privilege to work administrative level work to manage all the services. This is also known as superusers.
• Service: This account is generally used by services to run the process.

In Windows, there are three types of user accounts:

• Administrator: This account controls all the services and allows user to make changes and check the activities of other users
• Child: This account comes with Family Safety settings which is assigned by the admin.
• Guest: This account has no standard accounts with no privacy, it allows to other people use your computer without being able to change PC settings and install applications.

6. File Name Convention:

In Linux, we can save two files with the same name.

But in windows, we can not save with the same name. It generates errors:

7. Security:

UNIX is more secure by design. The primary protection on a Unix system is that executing a “.exe” file is much more difficult. Here executables cannot be processed without explicit permission as all processes in Unix are treated equally. But these are slowly changing as Unix distributions are moving more towards GUI and now relying on the application security itself. 

Another advantage of Unix systems is that getting rid of viruses is easier, as viruses can only infect user accounts and the root remains intact and pure.

Windows is less secure in the sense that it is simple to execute files with minimal permission. These can further lead to the installation of Malwares unknowingly on the system.

8. Data Backup & Recovery:

In the earlier version of UNIX, salvaging data from a system when the device housing the said data is inaccessible, was not possible. But in some distributions of Linux like Ubuntu, a new feature is introduced called Live distribution can be used to recover data from an inaccessible device.

Recovery and Backup of data in the Windows system are much simpler and can be done using its inbuilt GUI for the same. It has an integration with OneDrive for data backup and recovery too.

9. Case Sensitivity:

Unix is completely case-sensitive, meaning the files with names “GFG.txt” and “gfg.txt” can be considered two different files. Windows, on the other hand, have optional case sensitivity.

10. Hardware:

Hardware support is limited in UNIX systems. Some hardware might not have drivers built for them. Windows has almost all the drivers for all the available hardware.

11. Reliability:

Unix is known for being very stable to run. Although the stability of Windows has significantly improved in recent years, most Unix systems are still far superior in this respect.