Основные программные составляющие ос windows кратко

Работа по теме: Otvety_k_ekzamenu_informatika. Глава: 25. Основные программные составляющие ос Windows.. ВУЗ: КубГУ.

Операционная
система является базовой и необходимой
составляющей программного обеспечения
компьютера (software). Операционная система
обеспечивает управление всеми аппаратными
компонентами компьютера (hardware). Другими
словами, операционная
система
обеспечивает функционирование и
взаимосвязь всех компонентов компьютера,
а также предоставляет пользователю
доступ к его аппаратным возможностям.

В
структуру операционной системы входят
следующие модули:

•
базовый модуль,
управляющий файловой системой;

•
командный процессор,
расшифровывающий и выполняющий команды;

•
драйверы периферийных
устройств;

•
модули, обеспечивающие
графический интерфейс.

После
включения компьютера производится
загрузка операционной системы в
оперативную память, т. е. выполняется
программа загрузки.

В
системном блоке компьютера находится
ПЗУ (BIOS), в котором содержатся программы
тестирования компьютера и первого этапа
загрузки операционной системы. После
включения компьютера эти программы
начинают выполняться.

26.
Что такое файловая система? Папки и
файлы. Основные операции с файлами в
операционной системе. Файловые системы
NTFS и
FAT – отличия в обеспечении надежности
работы системы и безопасного хранения
информации.

Все
программы и данные хранятся в долговременной
(внешней) памяти компьютера в виде
файлов. Файл
— это определенное количество информации
(программа или данные), имеющее имя и
хранящееся в долговременной (внешней)
памяти.

Файловая
система.Файловая система — это
система хранения файлов и организации
каталогов. На каждом носителе информации
(гибком, жестком или лазерном диске)
может храниться большое количество
файлов. Порядок хранения файлов на диске
определяется установленной файловой
системой.Для дисков с небольшим
количеством файлов (до нескольких
десятков) удобно применять одноуровневую
файловую систему, когда каталог
(оглавление диска) представляет собой
линейную последовательность имен
файлов.

Если
на диске хранятся сотни и тысячи файлов,
то для удобства поиска файлы организуются
в многоуровневую иерархическую файловую
систему, которая имеет «древовидную»
структуру.

Операции
над файлами. В процессе работы на
компьютере над файлами чаще всего
производятся следующие операции:
копирование (копия файла помещается в
другой каталог); перемещение (сам файл
перемещается в другой каталог); удаление
(запись о файле удаляется из каталога);
переименование (изменяется имя файла).

Файловая
система FAT
появилась на заре развития персональных
компьютеров и первоначально предназначалась
для хранения файлов на дискетах.
Информация хранится на дисках и дискетах
порциями, в секторах размером 512 байт.
Все пространство дискеты разделялось
на области фиксированной длины, называемые
кластерами. Кластер может содержать
один или больше секторов.

FAT
— плюсы:

  • Для
    эффективной работы требуется немного
    оперативной памяти.

  • Быстрая
    работа с малыми и средними каталогами.

  • Диск
    совершает в среднем меньшее количество
    движений головок (в сравнении с NTFS).

  • Эффективная
    работа на медленных дисках.

FAT
— минусы:

  • Катастрофическая
    потеря быстродействия с увеличением
    фрагментации, особенно для больших
    дисков (только FAT32).

  • Сложности
    с произвольным доступом к большим
    (скажем, 10% и более от размера диска)
    файлам.

  • Очень
    медленная работа с каталогами, содержащими
    большое количество файлов.

Файловая
система NTFS

Современная
файловая система NTFS, разработанная
компанией Microsoft для своей операционной
системы MicrosoftWindows NT, лишена ограничений
и недостатков FAT. В файловой системе
NTFS все атрибуты файлов (имя, размер,
расположение экстентов файла на диске
и т.д.) хранятся в скрытом системном
файле $MFT. На хранение информации о каждом
файле (и каталоге) в $MFT отводится от
одного до нескольких Кбайт. Файлы
небольшого размера (порядка сотен байт)
хранятся непосредственно в $MFT, что
существенно ускоряет доступ к ним.

NTFS
— плюсы:

  • Фрагментация
    файлов не имеет практически никаких
    последствий для самой файловой системы
    — работа фрагментированной системы
    ухудшается только с точки зрения доступа
    к самим данным файлов.

  • Сложность
    структуры каталогов и число файлов в
    одном каталоге также не чинит особых
    препятствий быстродействию.

  • Быстрый
    доступ к произвольному фрагменту файла
    (например, редактирование больших .wav
    файлов).

  • Очень
    быстрый доступ к маленьким файлам
    (несколько сотен байт) — весь файл
    находится в том же месте, где и системные
    данные (запись MFT).

NTFS
— минусы:

  • Медленные
    диски и контроллеры

  • Существенные
    требования к памяти системы (64 Мбайт —
    абсолютный минимум, лучше — больше).

  • Работа
    с каталогами средних размеров затруднена
    тем, что они почти всегда фрагментированы.

  • сильно
    снижают быстродействие NTFS.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

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Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Windows Time)

The following is a list of Microsoft Windows components.

Configuration and maintenance[edit]

Component Description Introduced
Settings Allows users to change system settings, similar to the Control Panel, but has less options[1] Windows 8
Control Panel
Control Panel Allows users to view and change basic system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, and changing accessibility options Windows 1.0
Device Manager Allows the user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer, and control what device drivers are used Windows 95
Windows Mobility Center Centralizes the most relevant information related to mobile computing Windows Vista
Security and Maintenance Centralizes and reports on the status of anti-virus, Automatic Updates, Windows Firewall, and other security-related components of the operating system Windows XP SP2
Administrative Tools
Microsoft Management Console Provides system administrators and advanced users with a flexible interface through which they may configure and monitor the system Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack
Windows System Assessment Tool Built-in benchmarking tool that analyzes the different subsystems (graphics, memory, etc.), and uses the results to allow for comparison to other Windows Vista systems, and for software optimizations. It rates the computer’s performance using the Windows Experience Index. Windows Vista
System Restore Allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed apps, etc., to a previous state in the event of a system failure Windows Me
Windows Recovery Environment Helps diagnose and recover from serious errors which may prevent Windows from booting successfully, or restore the computer to a previous state using System Restore or a backup image Windows Vista
Microsoft Drive Optimizer Rearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations in order to optimize computer performance Windows 95, Windows 2000
Event Viewer Lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine Windows NT 3.1
Resource Monitor
(previously Reliability and Performance Monitor) 		Lets administrators view current system reliability and performance trends over time Windows Vista
Logical Disk Manager Logical volume manager developed by Microsoft in conjunction with Veritas Software Windows NT 4.0 (Separate Tool), Windows 2000
Registry Editor Allows users to browse and edit the Windows registry Windows 3.1
Task Scheduler Allows users to script tasks for running during scheduled intervals Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
Software installation and deployment
Windows Update An online service providing updates such as service packs, critical updates and device drivers. A variation called Microsoft Update also provides software updates for other Microsoft products. Windows 98
Windows Installer An engine for the management of software installation. Includes a GUI framework, automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence and deployment capabilities for corporate networks. Windows 2000
ClickOnce Technology for deploying .NET Framework-based software via web pages, with automatic update capabilities. Intended for per-user only applications. .NET Framework 2.0

User interface[edit]

Component Description Introduced
Action Center View notifications sent from apps and change common settings Windows 10 Version 1507
Command Prompt Text-based shell (command line interpreter) that provides a command line interface to the operating system Windows NT 3.1
Windows PowerShell Command-line shell and scripting framework. Windows XP
Windows Shell The most visible and recognizable aspect of Microsoft Windows. The shell provides the container inside of which the entire graphical user interface is presented, including the taskbar, the desktop, Windows Explorer, as well as many of the dialog boxes and interface controls. In Windows Vista, a new compositing glass-like user interface called Windows Aero has been shown. Windows 95
File Explorer
(previously Windows Explorer) 		Provides an interface for accessing the file systems, launching applications, and performing common tasks such as viewing and printing pictures Windows 95
Windows Search Starting with Windows Vista, search is a tightly shell-integrated component of Windows. A downloadable Windows Desktop Search software is available for Windows XP and older versions. Windows Vista, downloadable for older versions
Search Folders Virtual folders that retrieve items based on queries rather than hierarchical folder trees on disk. Windows Vista
Special Folders Folders which are presented to the user through an interface as an abstract concept, instead of an absolute path. This makes it possible for an application to locate where certain kinds of files can be found, regardless of what version or language of operating system is being used. See also Windows Shell namespace. Windows 95
Start menu Serves as the central launching point for applications. It provides a customizable, nested list of apps for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and access to the system settings. By default, the Start Button is visible at all times in the lower left-hand corner of the screen. Windows 95
Taskbar The application desktop bar which is used to launch and monitor applications Windows 95
Task View Displays all open windows and activities (via timeline) at a glance and switch between virtual desktops, starting in version 2004, users can now rename desktops

 Windows 10 Version 1507
File associations Used to open a file with the appropriate app. Users can assign file associations uniquely to specific actions, known as verbs. Windows 1.0

Applications and utilities[edit]

Component Description Introduced
Easy Transfer Used to transfer many files at once from one computer to another Windows Vista
Contacts Keeps a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple apps Windows Vista
Camera Allows the user to take pictures or record video[2] Windows 8
Calculator Calculation application Windows 1.0
Calendar Calendaring application Windows Vista
Character Map Utility to view and search characters in a font, copy them to the clipboard and view their Windows Alt keycodes and Unicode names Windows 3.1
Cortana Digital personal assistant Windows 10 Version 1507
Edge Web browser Windows 10 Version 1507
Feedback Hub Platform for exchanging communication with Windows Insiders and developers Windows 10 Version 1607
Groove Music
(previously Xbox Music) 		Digital media player and media library application that is used for playing audio. In addition to being a media player, Groove includes the ability to copy music to compact discs, synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile devices, and let users purchase or rent music from the Windows Store. Windows 8
Movies & TV
(previously Xbox Video) 		Digital media player and media library application that is used for playing video. In addition to being a media player, Movies & TV lets users purchase or rent movies and TV episodes from the Windows Store. Windows 8
OneDrive
(previously SkyDrive) 		Freemium cloud storage folder and sync service Windows 8
OneNote Integrated note-taking app, based on the Microsoft Office product of the same name Windows 8
On-Screen Keyboard (osk.exe) Virtual keyboard
Paint 3D Simple graphics painting app Windows 10 Version 1703
Photos Simple image viewer Windows 8
Steps Recorder
(called Problem Steps Recorder in Windows 7) 		Utility that allows the user to capture steps they took to reproduce a problem Windows 7
Windows To Go Utility to create bootable versions of Windows 8 and above Windows 8
Notepad Simple text editor Windows 1.0
Narrator Screen reader utility that reads dialog boxes and window controls in a number of the more basic applications for Windows Windows 2000
Sound Recorder Simple audio recording app that can record from a microphone or headset, and save the results in WAVE format and Windows Media Audio format in some Windows versions Windows 3.0 Multimedia Extensions
Skype Messaging and calling service Windows 8.1, downloadable for previous versions
Sticky Notes Tool for jotting notes on the desktop Windows XP Tablet PC Edition
WordPad Simple word processor that is more advanced than Notepad. It has facilities to format and print text, but lacks intermediate features such as a spell checker and thesaurus. Windows 95
Private Character Editor Utility to create private use characters as defined under Unicode and various East Asian encoding schemes Windows 3.1 East Asian editions
Remote Desktop Connection Client implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol; allows a user to securely connect to a computer running Terminal Services (Remote Desktop on Windows XP and Server 2003) and interact with a full desktop environment on that machine, including support for remoting of printers, audio, and drives. Windows XP, downloadable for previous Windows versions
Remote Assistance Allows a user to temporarily take over a remote computer over a network or the internet to offer help with and resolve issues Windows XP
Mobility Center Allows a user to adjust settings related to mobile computing Windows Vista
Speech Recognition Allows a user to input voice commands Windows Vista
IExpress Allows users to create self-extracting, self-installing INF installation-based packages Internet Explorer 6
Xbox Console Companion
(previously Xbox and Xbox Games) 		Account manager for Xbox Live user accounts and a screen recording tool Windows 8
Xbox Game Bar Provides a overlay for compatible games allowing for screen capture, chatting over the Xbox network, showing the frame rate of games, and playing music via Spotify[3][4] Windows 10 May 2019 Update (Version 1903)[5]
Magnifier Screen enlargement app Windows 98
Fax and Scan Integrated faxing and image scanning application Windows Vista, older faxing and scanning applications were present in previous Windows versions
Photo Viewer Simple image viewer that can play a simple slideshow Windows 7
Mail Email aggregator Windows 8
Maps Map viewer that allows users to look for locations, plan routes, and store offline maps Windows 8
Media Center Designed to serve as a home-entertainment hub, to be viewed from a distance up to 3 meters (~10 feet) and controlled by specially designed remote controls. Lets users browse and view pictures, videos, and music from local hard drives, optical drives, and network locations, along with viewing, recording and deferred-playing live TV. Features an interactive TV guide with scheduled recording capabilities. Can also be used for visualization of other information (like sports scores) within the interface. Windows XP Media Center Edition
Task Manager Provides information about computer performance and displays details about running applications, processes, network activity, logged-in users, and system services Windows 3.0
Disk Cleanup Utility for compacting rarely used files and removing files that are no longer required Windows 98
Snipping Tool Screen-capture tool that allows for taking screenshots (called snips) Experience Pack for Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005
Microsoft Store
(previously Windows Store) 		Initially known as Windows Store, it started as an app store for Windows 8. In Windows 10, it expanded into a broad digital distribution platform for apps, games, music, digital video and e-books. In 2017, it was renamed Microsoft Store and started offering hardware in United States, Canada and United Kingdom. Windows 8
MSN apps Provide information from MSN web services Windows 8
Alarms & Clock(pre Alarms) App that allows Windows users to set alarms, stopwatches, timers, and view a world clock Windows 8
Windows Security
(previously Windows Defender Security Center) 		Antivirus Windows 10 Version 1703
Solitaire Collection Set of solitaire card games Windows 10 Version 1507, downloadable for Windows 8.x

Windows Server components[edit]

Component Description Supported by
Active Directory A set of technologies introduced with Windows 2000 that allows administrators to assign enterprise-wide policies, deploy apps to many computers, and apply critical updates to an entire organization. Active Directory stores information and settings relating to an organization in a central, organized, accessible database. Networks can vary from a small installation with a few objects, to global-scale directories with millions of objects.
   Related topics: Domain controller, Flexible single master operation 		Windows 2000 and later server versions
Group Policy Provides centralized management of user and computer settings in an Active Directory environment. Group policy can control a target object’s registry, NTFS security, audit and security policy, software installation, logon/logoff scripts, folder redirection, and Internet Explorer settings. Policy settings are stored in Group Policy Objects (GPOs), and may be linked to one or more sites, domains or organizational units.
   Related topics: Administrative Templates 		Windows 2000 and later
Internet Information Services Web server Windows NT family

File systems[edit]

Component Description Supported by
FAT12, FAT16 The original file systems used with MS-DOS. The standard file systems used with Windows 1.0 through Windows 95. All versions
FAT32 Extensions to FAT supporting larger disk sizes. The standard file system for Windows 98 and Me. Windows 95 OSR2 and later versions
NTFS Standard file system of Windows NT; supports security via access control lists, as well as file system journaling and file-system metadata. Windows 2000 added support for reparse points (making NTFS junction points and Single instance storage possible), Hard links, file compression, and Sparse files. Encryption of data is provided by Encrypting File System. Symbolic links and transactioning of file operations via Transactional NTFS are features new to Windows Vista.

Although Windows 9x operating systems cannot read or write NTFS formatted disks, they can access the data over a network if it is shared by a computer running Windows NT.

Windows NT (all versions)
ISO 9660 (CDFS) The predominant file system for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM media. Windows includes support for Joliet extensions and the ISO 9660:1999 standard. ISO 9660:1999 is supported since Windows XP. MS-DOS and Windows 9x via extensions, such as MSCDEX.EXE (Microsoft CDROM Extension), natively in Windows NT
Universal Disk Format (UDF) A file system for storing files on optical media. It is an implementation of the ISO/IEC 13346 standard (also known as ECMA-167). It is considered to be a replacement of ISO 9660. Successive versions of Windows have supported newer versions of UDF. Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista
HPFS High-Performance File system, used on OS/2 computers. Read and write capability in Windows 95 (where it also listed network computer NTFS-formatted drives as «HPFS», even though it had no direct NTFS capabilities). HPFS write support was dropped in Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 98, and dropped altogether shortly before the release of Windows 2000. Windows 95 (Read/write), Windows 98, Windows NT (read), 3.1/3.51 (read/write/boot)
ReFS A newer file system, based on NTFS. This system adds built-in integrity checking and removes the need for chkdsk, among other features. The maximum partition size is 1 YB. Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1

Core components[edit]

Component Acronym Description
Windows kernel (Windows NT)

Main article: Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line
Ntoskrnl.exe The Windows kernel image. Provides the kernel and executive layers of the kernel architecture, and is responsible for services such as hardware virtualization, process and memory management, etc.
hal.dll HAL Provides and handles the interaction between software and hardware via the Hardware Abstraction Layer.
kernel32.dll This application provides kernel operations to apps in the Win32 mode, like memory management, I/Os, process creation, etc.
Core processes (Windows NT)
System idle process SIP A counter which measures how much idle capacity the CPU has at any given time. The process runs in the background and monitors processing bandwidth, occupied memory and the Windows virtual paging file.
Session Manager Subsystem SMSS Performs several critical boot-time operations, such as the creation of environment variables, starting CSRSS, and performing file-copy operations that were queued up from before the system was booted (pending file rename operations). During system operation, it handles Windows File Protection and the creation of logon sessions via Winlogon.
Client/Server Runtime Subsystem CSRSS User-mode side of the Win32 subsystem. Provides the capability for applications to use the Windows API.
Local Security Authority Subsystem Service LSASS Responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. Verifies users logging on to the computer and creates security tokens.
Winlogon Responsible for handling the secure attention key, loading the user profile on logon, and optionally locking the computer when a screensaver is running. On Windows NT systems prior to Windows Vista, Winlogon is also responsible for loading GINA libraries which are responsible collecting logon credentials from the user.
Svchost.exe A generic host process name for services that run from dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). Several Svchost processes are typically present on a Windows machine, each running in a different security context, depending on what privileges the contained services require.
Windows on Windows and WOW64 WoW An abstraction layer that allows legacy code to operate on more modern versions of Windows; typically this means running 16-bit Windows applications on 32-bit Windows, and 32-bit applications on 64-bit Windows.
Virtual DOS machine NTVDM Allows MS-DOS apps to run on Intel 80386 or higher computers when there is already another operating system running and controlling the hardware. Introduced in Windows 2.1; not available in any 64-bit edition of Windows.
System startup (Windows NT)

Main articles: Windows NT Startup Process and Windows Vista Startup Process
NTLDR, IA64ldr, Winload The boot loader; performs basic system initialization options such as loading the hardware abstraction layer and boot-time device drivers, prior to passing control to the Windows kernel. In versions prior to Vista, NTLDR and IA64ldr also display menus to the user if multiple operating systems are defined in boot.ini, or if F8 is pressed.
Recovery Console Provides the means for administrators to perform a limited range of tasks using a command line interface, primarily to aid in recovering from situations where Windows does not boot successfully.
ntdetect.com Used during the boot process to detect basic hardware components that may be required during the boot process
Windows Boot Manager In Windows Vista and later operating systems, displays boot menus to the user if multiple operating systems are configured in the system’s Boot Configuration Data.
Graphical subsystem
Desktop Window Manager DWM The compositing manager introduced in Windows Vista that handles compositing and manages special effects on screen objects in a graphical user interface
Graphics Device Interface GDI/GDI+ The kernel graphics component for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices such as monitors and printers
Windows USER The Windows USER component provides core user interface, messaging and visual elements

Services[edit]

This list is not all-inclusive.

Display name Service key name Description Introduced
Active Directory Service NTDS Network Authentication Management Windows 2000 Server
Alerter service Alerter Sends administrative alerts over the network to client computers, administrators and users Windows NT
Application Layer
Gateway service 		ALG Provides support for plugins that allow network protocols to pass through Windows Firewall and work behind Internet Connection Sharing Windows 2000
Application Experience service Processes application compatibility cache requests for applications as they launch[6]
Application Management AppMgmt Processes requests to enumerate, install, and remove applications that are installed on the computer or deployed through an organization’s network Windows 2000
Background Intelligent
Transfer Service 		BITS Transfers files between machines using idle network bandwidth. Used by Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, and Systems Management Server to deliver software updates to clients, as well as by Windows Messenger. Windows XP
Computer Browser Browser Crawls neighboring computers on the network and locates shared resources. One of the computers acts as the Master Browser and supplies this information to other computers designated as browsers.[7] Windows for Workgroups
Delivery Optimization DoSvc A peer-to-peer distribution service that downloads Windows updates and Microsoft Store apps from the local network or Internet peers, and redistributes them to others. Can be configured using either the Settings app or Group Policy. The Settings app can turn it on or off, and specify whether the service operates on the local network only, downloads from and uploads to the Internet peers as well. Group Policy allows finer control.[8][9] Delivery Optimization relies on a centralized web service that does not index contents under 10 MB. Computers without Internet access cannot use Delivery Optimization.[10] Windows 10 Anniversary Update[8]
Distributed Link Tracking TrkWks, TrkSrv Used to track links to files on NTFS volumes. Windows uses these services to find linked files if they are renamed or moved (locally or to another machine).[11] Windows 2000
Distributed Transaction
Coordinator 		MSDTC Allows transactional components to be configured through COM+ by coordinating transactions that are distributed across multiple computers and/or resource managers, such as databases, message queues, file systems, and other transaction–based resource managers.[12] Windows 2000 and later NT-based
DNS Client DNSCache Resolves and caches domain names (e.g. “en.wikipedia.org”) to IP addresses Windows 2000
Event Log EventLog Stores and retrieves events that can be viewed in the event viewer. Part of services.exe.[13] Windows NT
Extensible Authentication Protocol EAPHost Provides EAP authentication to connecting clients Windows 2000
Indexing Service CISVC Indexes contents and properties of files on local and remote computers; provides rapid access to files through flexible querying language.[14] Windows 2000 and later NT-based
Interactive Services Detection UI0Detect For compatibility; when a service-displayed user interface is detected, it gives the user an option to switch to Session0 to see it Windows Vista
Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) SharedAccess When enabled, it allows other computers on the local network to access an internet connection that is available to the host computer Windows 2000;[15] Windows Vista onward[16]
Network Location Awareness NLA Manages network configurations and information, and notifies applications of changes Windows XP
Network Store Interface Service NSIS Collects routing information of active network interfaces, shares this with other services and notifies applications of changes Windows XP
NTLM Security Support Provider NTLMSSP Uses the NTLM MS-CHAP protocol to encapsulate and negotiate options in order to provide signed and sealed communication. Deprecated now in favor of Kerberos authentication. Windows NT
Peer Name Resolution Protocol PNRPSvc Resolves domain names using Peer Name Resolution Protocol Windows XP
Plug and Play PlugPlay Enables autodetection and configuration of hardware Windows 2000
Windows Print spooler [fr] Spooler Manages printer devices and moves files into memory for printing Windows 95, Windows NT
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) RpcSs Provides Remote Procedure Call features via remotely accessible Named Pipes Windows NT family
Routing and Remote Access Service RRAS API and server software that enables applications to administer the routing and remote-access service capabilities of the operating system, to function as a network router. Windows 2000
Secondary Logon SecLogon Allows users to run apps with a different account than the one they logged in with. Allows non-administrative accounts to perform administrative tasks.[17]
Security Accounts Manager SamSs Manages user account security information Windows NT family
System Event Notification Service SENS Monitors system events, such as network, power, logon, logoff, terminal services session connection and disconnection, and delivers these to applications and other system components.[18] Windows 2000
Superfetch SysMain Monitors file usage patterns and boosts system speed by caching frequently accessed files to RAM[19] Windows Vista
Task Scheduler Schedule Lets users setup and schedule automated tasks Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper LmHosts Enables support for NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) service and NetBIOS name resolution Windows NT family
Volume Shadow Copy VSS Creates multiple versions of files that change. The ability to store persistent snapshots was added in Windows Server 2003.[20] Windows XP
Windows Audio AudioSrv Manages audio devices for Windows-based apps. Controls all audio functions. Windows XP
Windows Error Reporting WERSvc Generates error logs and reports errors. On Windows Vista and later, it notifies of solutions. Windows XP
Windows Firewall MpsSvc Blocks unauthorized network connections to and from the computer Windows Vista
Windows Firewall(née Internet Connection Sharing) SharedAccess Provides a simple firewall feature which was introduced in Windows XP. It also shares the internet on the local network, if the internet connection sharing feature is turned on.[21] Windows XP only[22][23]
Windows Image Acquisition (WIA) STISvc Handles scanner and camera inputs Windows Me
Windows Time W32Time Synchronizes the system time with external time servers. From Windows Server 2003 forward, full and compliant NTP support is provided.[24] Windows 2000
Windows Update WUAUServ Provides updates for the operating system and its installed components Windows XP
Wireless Zero Configuration WZCSvc (XP), WLANSvc Configures and manages 802.11 wireless adapters Windows XP, Server 2003 only
Windows Messenger service Messenger Allows users to send pop-up messages to other computers over the network Windows NT family
WebClient[25] Enables Windows-based apps to create and interact with Internet-based files Windows XP

DirectX[edit]

  • Direct3D
  • DirectDraw
  • DirectInput
  • DirectMusic
  • DirectPlay
  • DirectShow
  • DirectSound
  • DirectX Media Objects
  • DirectX plugin
  • DirectX Video Acceleration

Networking[edit]

  • Administrative share
  • Distributed File System
  • My Network Places (formerly Network Neighborhood)
  • Network Access Protection
  • Remote Installation Services
  • Server Message Block
  • Windows Rights Management Services

Scripting and command-line[edit]

  • Batch file
  • CHKDSK
  • Cmd.exe
  • ComSpec
  • Ipconfig
  • Net / Net Send
  • Netdom.exe: Windows Domain Manager
  • Netsh
  • Netstat
  • QBasic
  • Regsvr32
  • Robocopy
  • Win32 console
  • Windows Script Host
  • Windows PowerShell
  • XCOPY

Kernel[edit]

  • Commit charge
  • Kernel Transaction Manager
  • Win32 Thread Information Block

.NET Framework[edit]

  • Assembly
  • CLI Languages
  • Metadata
  • .NET Remoting
  • ADO.NET
  • ASP.NET
  • Base Class Library
  • Common Intermediate Language
  • Common Language Infrastructure
  • Common Language Runtime
  • Common Type System
  • Virtual Execution System
  • Windows CardSpace
  • Windows Communication Foundation
  • Windows Forms
  • Windows Presentation Foundation
  • Windows Workflow Foundation

Security[edit]

Component Description Introduced
AppLocker Policy-based component that enables or disables execution of software based on rules such as location, properties and digital signature Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise and Ultimate editions
Windows Server 2008 R2
BitLocker Drive Encryption Disk encryption software, designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes Windows Vista Enterprise and Ultimate editions,
Windows Server 2008
Credential Guard Virtualization-based isolation of stored credentials to prevent theft and pass-the-hash attacks. Windows 10 Enterprise, Education, IoT Enterprise, or ,
Windows Server 2016
Data Execution Prevention Security feature that is intended to prevent an application or service from executing code from a non-executable memory region Windows XP Service Pack 2
Encrypting File System File system driver that provides file system-level encryption Windows 2000
Security Account Manager Database stored as a registry file Windows NT 3.1
SYSKEY Utility that encrypts the hashed password information in a SAM database using a 128-bit encryption key Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 3
User Account Control Technology and security infrastructure utility that aims to improve the security of Microsoft Windows by limiting application software to standard user privileges until an administrator authorizes an increase Windows Vista,
Windows Server 2008
Windows Firewall Utility designed to block unauthorized access while permitting authorized communications. An earlier edition known as Internet Connection Firewall that was disabled by default was included with the original Windows XP release. Windows XP Service Pack 2
Windows Defender Security utility to prevent, remove and quarantine malware (viruses, Trojan horses, etc.) Downloadable for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
Windows Resource Protection Protects Registry keys and folders in addition to critical system files Windows Vista

Deprecated components and apps[edit]

Component Description Category Introduced Last OS included Superseded by
3D Pinball Pinball game Game Plus! 95 for Windows 95 Windows XP —
ActiveMovie Streaming media technology API Windows 95 Windows Me DirectShow
Cardfile Personal information manager Personal organizer Windows 1.0 Windows Me Outlook Express, Windows Mail, or Windows Live Mail
Chess Titans Chess game Game Windows Vista Windows 7 Microsoft Chess
DriveSpace Disk compression utility Data compression MS-DOS Windows Me —
Windows DVD Maker DVD authoring software Video Windows Vista Windows 7 —
File Manager File manager app File manager Windows 3.0 Windows Me Windows Explorer
FreeCell FreeCell game Game Win32s Windows 7 Microsoft Solitaire Collection
Hearts Version of the Hearts game using Black Lady scoring Game Windows for Workgroups 3.11 Windows 7 Microsoft Hearts
Insider Hub Windows 10 Version 1507 Windows 10 Version 1511 Feedback Hub
Windows Help and Support Online and offline reference manual for troubleshooting. Utility Windows Me Windows 8.1 Microsoft Tips or Get Started
HyperTerminal Communication utility based on a low end version of HyperACCESS Communication Windows 95 Windows XP —
Hold ‘Em Version of the Texas hold ’em game Game Windows Vista Windows Vista —
Hover! Video game in a combination of bumper cars and capture the flag Game Windows 95 Windows 95 —
InkBall Game where the user tries to get colored balls into the correct holes Game Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Windows Vista —
Internet Explorer Web browser Web browser and FTP client. See also: Internet Explorer versions, Features, History, Removal, Browser Helper Objects Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 Windows 10 Microsoft Edge
Mahjong Titans Version of the Mahjong solitaire game Game Windows Vista Windows 7 Microsoft Mahjong
Windows Mail E-mail client E-mail Windows Vista Windows Vista Mail (Windows)
Internet Mail and News E-mail and news client E-mail Windows 95 Windows 95 Outlook Express, Windows Mail, or Windows Live Mail
Minesweeper Version of the minesweeper game Game Microsoft Entertainment Pack, Windows 3.1 Windows 7 Microsoft Minesweeper
Media Control Interface An app that can play media files and record sound by passing commands as strings. API Windows 3.0 Windows Me —
Windows Media Player Digital media player app Media player Windows 3.0 Multimedia Extensions Windows 10 Windows Media Player, Movies & TV, or Groove Music
Microsoft Calendar Calendaring app Personal organizer Windows 1.0 Windows 3.1 Windows Calendar, Windows Live Mail, or the Calendar app for Windows
Microsoft Diagnostics Tool that provides detailed technical information about user’s software and hardware Diagnostics MS-DOS Plus! 95 for Windows 95 Microsoft System Information
Microsoft Fax Faxing app Fax Windows 95 Windows XP Windows Fax and Scan
Microsoft Private Folder Tool to protect private data Personal organizer Windows XP Windows XP
Windows Help Documentation browser that used a proprietary format Online help Windows 3.0 Windows XP Microsoft Help
Windows Feedback Windows 10 Version 1507 Windows 10 Version 1511 Feedback Hub
NTBackup Built-in backup app Backup Downloadable for Windows NT 4.0 Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 Backup and Restore, Windows Server Backup
Outlook Express E-mail client E-mail Internet Explorer 4 Windows XP Windows Mail or Windows Live Mail
Paint Simple graphics painting app Application Windows 1.0 — —
Program Manager Shell composed of a task-oriented graphical user interface, consisting of icons (shortcuts for apps) arranged into app groups. GUI Windows 3.0 Windows XP Windows Explorer
Purble Place Educational game for children, teaching pattern recognition, shapes, and colors Game Windows Vista Windows 7 —
Reader e-book reader e-book reader Windows 8 Windows 10 Creators Update Microsoft Edge (PDF), XPS Viewer (XPS), Photos (TIFF)[26]
Reversi Version of Reversi. Game Windows 1.0 Windows 3.0 Internet Reversi only on Windows Me and Windows XP
Solitaire Klondike Solitaire game Game Windows 3.0 Windows 7 Microsoft Solitaire Collection
Spider Solitaire Spider Solitaire game Game Microsoft Plus! 98 Windows 7 Microsoft Solitaire Collection
System File Checker Utility that allows users to scan for and restore corruptions in Windows system files Security Windows 98 Windows Server 2003 Windows Resource Protection
Tinker Puzzle game in which the player controls a robot through various mazes and obstacle courses Game Windows Vista Windows Vista —
Video for Windows Multimedia framework API Windows 3.1 Windows 95 DirectShow
Windows Address Book List of contacts that can be shared by multiple apps Contact manager Internet Explorer 3 Windows XP Windows Contacts, People, or Windows Live Mail
Windows Desktop Gadgets Widget engine for Microsoft Gadgets User interface Windows Vista Windows 7 Live tiles
Windows File Protection Sub-system in the operating system, aims to prevent apps from replacing critical Windows system files. Security Windows Me as System File Protection Windows XP Windows Resource Protection
Windows Journal Notetaking application that allows for the creation of handwritten notes Accessories Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Windows 10 Threshold 2 General improvements in Ink API
Windows Messaging E-mail client E-mail Windows 95 Windows 95 Internet Mail and News, Windows Mail, or Windows Live Mail
Windows Messenger Instant messaging client Internet messaging Windows XP Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 Windows Live Messenger or Skype
Windows Movie Maker Non-linear video editing software Video Windows Me Windows Vista Windows Live Movie Maker or Microsoft Photos
Windows NetMeeting Video conferencing client Web conference Windows 95 OSR2 Windows XP Windows Meeting Space
Windows Photo Gallery Image organizer Photo Windows Vista Windows Vista Windows Live Photo Gallery or Microsoft Photos
Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Image viewer Photo Windows XP Windows XP Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Fax and Scan, Windows Live Photo Gallery, Windows Photo Viewer, or Microsoft Photos
Windows Write Simple word processor Word processor Windows 1.0 Windows NT 3.51 WordPad

APIs[edit]

  • ClearType
  • Media Foundation
  • Windows Driver Foundation
  • Windows Imaging Component
  • Windows Management Instrumentation

Miscellaneous (to be categorized)[edit]

  • ActiveSync
  • Compatibility Appraiser collects telemetry information.[27]
  • DMRC (Device Metadata Retrieval Client) interfaces to metadata about devices from Windows 7 onwards.[28]
  • I/O technologies
  • Macro Recorder
  • Microsoft Agent
  • Prefetcher
  • ReadyBoost
  • Sync Center
  • Text Services Framework
  • Universal Audio Architecture
  • Windows Color System
  • Windows Diagnostic Infrastructure (WDI)[29]
  • Windows Mobile Device Center
  • Windows Rally
  • Windows Registry
  • Windows Speech Recognition
  • XML Paper Specification

See also[edit]

  • Outline of Microsoft
  • List of Unix daemons
  • List of games included with Windows

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shultz, Greg (February 28, 2015). «Control Panel and Settings: Why are both still UI options in Windows 10?». TechRepublic. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  2. ^ «Get $Windows Camera from the Microsoft Store». apps.microsoft.com. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  3. ^ «Xbox Support». support.xbox.com. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  4. ^ Hoffman, Chris. «How to See FPS in Any Windows 10 Game (Without Extra Software)». How-To Geek. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  5. ^ The Xbox Game Bar Team (May 22, 2019). «Introducing the New Xbox Game Bar». Xbox Wire. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  6. ^ «System Services». technet.microsoft.com. Microsoft. 2014. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2014. The Application Experience service (AELookupSvc) is a part of the Application Compatibility Administrator. It processes application compatibility lookup requests for applications as they are started, provides support for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista–based computers running apps in compatibility mode, reports on compatibility issues, and automatically applies software updates to apps.
  7. ^ «Description of the Microsoft Computer Browser Service». Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Mackie, Kurt (August 16, 2016). «Microsoft Clarifies Windows 10 ‘Delivery Optimization’«. Redmond Magazine. 1105 Enterprise Computing Group. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  9. ^ Hachman, Mark (March 29, 2017). «How Delivery Optimization in Windows 10 Creators Update helps avoid data overage fees». PCWorld. IDG. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  10. ^ Halfin, Dani; Poggemeyer, Liza; Lich, Brian; Kieselbach, Oliver; Childs, Andrew (April 30, 2018). «Configure Delivery Optimization for Windows 10 updates». docs.microsoft.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  11. ^ «Distributed Link Tracking on Windows-based domain controllers». Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  12. ^ «Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MSDTC)». Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  13. ^ «Event Log». Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  14. ^ «What is Indexing Service?». Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  15. ^ «Windows 2000 Professional and Server Service Pack 4 Services Configuration by Black Viper» Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, notice that the service is listed on this page. Retrieved April 2013
  16. ^ «Windows Firewall» Archived February 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 2013
  17. ^ «Secondary Logon (Run As): Starting Programs and Tools in Local Administrative Context». Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  18. ^ «System Event Notification Service». The Elder Geek. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  19. ^ «Myth Busted: Why Disabling SuperFetch on Vista and Windows 7 Is a Bad Idea», retrieved April 2013
  20. ^ «What Is Volume Shadow Copy Service?: Data Recovery». Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  21. ^ «Windows Firewall/Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)» Archived September 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved April 2013
  22. ^ «Windows 2000 Professional and Server Service Pack 4 Services Configuration by Black Viper» Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Notice the absence of the service on this page. Retrieved April 2013
  23. ^ «Windows Firewall/Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)» Archived February 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Notice that XP is the operating system listed. Retrieved April 2013
  24. ^ «How Windows Time Service Works: Windows Time Service». Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  25. ^ Minasi, Mark; Layfield, Rhonda; Justice, Lisa (2006). Mastering Windows Server 2003: upgrade edition for SP1 and R2 (12 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-470-05645-5. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2010. There is also a client piece for WebDAV built into XP, 2003, R2, and Vista, called the WebClient Service.
  26. ^ «Microsoft replaces standalone PDF reader app with Edge». MSPoweruser. November 26, 2017. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  27. ^ Leonhard, Woody (April 20, 2015). «KB 2952664 triggers daily telemetry run in Windows 7 — and may be snooping on users: Microsoft bills the ‘compatibility update’ as way to ease the upgrade process to Windows 10 — but it’s collecting data daily». Operating Systems. InfoWorld. InfoWorld, Inc. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2016. The Microsoft Compatibility Appraiser task runs %windir%system32rundll32.exe appraiser.dll,DoScheduledTelemetryRun with the description ‘Collects program telemetry information if opted-in to the Microsoft Customer Experience Improvement Program.’
  28. ^ Compare: Tulloch, Mitch; Northrup, Tony; Honeycutt, Jerry; Wilson, Ed (2010). Windows 7 Resource Kit. Windows 7 Resource Kit, Microsoft Corporation. Vol. 1. Microsoft Press. p. 708. ISBN 9780735627000. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2016. The DMRC [(Device Metadata Retrieval Client)] checks the computer’s local metadata cache and metadata store for metadata that applies to the device.
  29. ^ Solomon, David A.; Russinovich, Mark E.; Ionescu, Alex (June 17, 2009). Windows Internals. Developer Reference (5 ed.). Microsoft Press (published 2009). ISBN 9780735637962. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2016. The Windows Diagnostic Infrastructure (WDI) helps to detect, diagnose, and resolve common problem scenarios with minimal user intervention.
Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Windows Time)

The following is a list of Microsoft Windows components.

Configuration and maintenance[edit]

Component Description Introduced
Settings Allows users to change system settings, similar to the Control Panel, but has less options[1] Windows 8
Control Panel
Control Panel Allows users to view and change basic system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, and changing accessibility options Windows 1.0
Device Manager Allows the user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer, and control what device drivers are used Windows 95
Windows Mobility Center Centralizes the most relevant information related to mobile computing Windows Vista
Security and Maintenance Centralizes and reports on the status of anti-virus, Automatic Updates, Windows Firewall, and other security-related components of the operating system Windows XP SP2
Administrative Tools
Microsoft Management Console Provides system administrators and advanced users with a flexible interface through which they may configure and monitor the system Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack
Windows System Assessment Tool Built-in benchmarking tool that analyzes the different subsystems (graphics, memory, etc.), and uses the results to allow for comparison to other Windows Vista systems, and for software optimizations. It rates the computer’s performance using the Windows Experience Index. Windows Vista
System Restore Allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed apps, etc., to a previous state in the event of a system failure Windows Me
Windows Recovery Environment Helps diagnose and recover from serious errors which may prevent Windows from booting successfully, or restore the computer to a previous state using System Restore or a backup image Windows Vista
Microsoft Drive Optimizer Rearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations in order to optimize computer performance Windows 95, Windows 2000
Event Viewer Lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine Windows NT 3.1
Resource Monitor
(previously Reliability and Performance Monitor) 		Lets administrators view current system reliability and performance trends over time Windows Vista
Logical Disk Manager Logical volume manager developed by Microsoft in conjunction with Veritas Software Windows NT 4.0 (Separate Tool), Windows 2000
Registry Editor Allows users to browse and edit the Windows registry Windows 3.1
Task Scheduler Allows users to script tasks for running during scheduled intervals Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
Software installation and deployment
Windows Update An online service providing updates such as service packs, critical updates and device drivers. A variation called Microsoft Update also provides software updates for other Microsoft products. Windows 98
Windows Installer An engine for the management of software installation. Includes a GUI framework, automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence and deployment capabilities for corporate networks. Windows 2000
ClickOnce Technology for deploying .NET Framework-based software via web pages, with automatic update capabilities. Intended for per-user only applications. .NET Framework 2.0

User interface[edit]

Component Description Introduced
Action Center View notifications sent from apps and change common settings Windows 10 Version 1507
Command Prompt Text-based shell (command line interpreter) that provides a command line interface to the operating system Windows NT 3.1
Windows PowerShell Command-line shell and scripting framework. Windows XP
Windows Shell The most visible and recognizable aspect of Microsoft Windows. The shell provides the container inside of which the entire graphical user interface is presented, including the taskbar, the desktop, Windows Explorer, as well as many of the dialog boxes and interface controls. In Windows Vista, a new compositing glass-like user interface called Windows Aero has been shown. Windows 95
File Explorer
(previously Windows Explorer) 		Provides an interface for accessing the file systems, launching applications, and performing common tasks such as viewing and printing pictures Windows 95
Windows Search Starting with Windows Vista, search is a tightly shell-integrated component of Windows. A downloadable Windows Desktop Search software is available for Windows XP and older versions. Windows Vista, downloadable for older versions
Search Folders Virtual folders that retrieve items based on queries rather than hierarchical folder trees on disk. Windows Vista
Special Folders Folders which are presented to the user through an interface as an abstract concept, instead of an absolute path. This makes it possible for an application to locate where certain kinds of files can be found, regardless of what version or language of operating system is being used. See also Windows Shell namespace. Windows 95
Start menu Serves as the central launching point for applications. It provides a customizable, nested list of apps for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and access to the system settings. By default, the Start Button is visible at all times in the lower left-hand corner of the screen. Windows 95
Taskbar The application desktop bar which is used to launch and monitor applications Windows 95
Task View Displays all open windows and activities (via timeline) at a glance and switch between virtual desktops, starting in version 2004, users can now rename desktops

 Windows 10 Version 1507
File associations Used to open a file with the appropriate app. Users can assign file associations uniquely to specific actions, known as verbs. Windows 1.0

Applications and utilities[edit]

Component Description Introduced
Easy Transfer Used to transfer many files at once from one computer to another Windows Vista
Contacts Keeps a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple apps Windows Vista
Camera Allows the user to take pictures or record video[2] Windows 8
Calculator Calculation application Windows 1.0
Calendar Calendaring application Windows Vista
Character Map Utility to view and search characters in a font, copy them to the clipboard and view their Windows Alt keycodes and Unicode names Windows 3.1
Cortana Digital personal assistant Windows 10 Version 1507
Edge Web browser Windows 10 Version 1507
Feedback Hub Platform for exchanging communication with Windows Insiders and developers Windows 10 Version 1607
Groove Music
(previously Xbox Music) 		Digital media player and media library application that is used for playing audio. In addition to being a media player, Groove includes the ability to copy music to compact discs, synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile devices, and let users purchase or rent music from the Windows Store. Windows 8
Movies & TV
(previously Xbox Video) 		Digital media player and media library application that is used for playing video. In addition to being a media player, Movies & TV lets users purchase or rent movies and TV episodes from the Windows Store. Windows 8
OneDrive
(previously SkyDrive) 		Freemium cloud storage folder and sync service Windows 8
OneNote Integrated note-taking app, based on the Microsoft Office product of the same name Windows 8
On-Screen Keyboard (osk.exe) Virtual keyboard
Paint 3D Simple graphics painting app Windows 10 Version 1703
Photos Simple image viewer Windows 8
Steps Recorder
(called Problem Steps Recorder in Windows 7) 		Utility that allows the user to capture steps they took to reproduce a problem Windows 7
Windows To Go Utility to create bootable versions of Windows 8 and above Windows 8
Notepad Simple text editor Windows 1.0
Narrator Screen reader utility that reads dialog boxes and window controls in a number of the more basic applications for Windows Windows 2000
Sound Recorder Simple audio recording app that can record from a microphone or headset, and save the results in WAVE format and Windows Media Audio format in some Windows versions Windows 3.0 Multimedia Extensions
Skype Messaging and calling service Windows 8.1, downloadable for previous versions
Sticky Notes Tool for jotting notes on the desktop Windows XP Tablet PC Edition
WordPad Simple word processor that is more advanced than Notepad. It has facilities to format and print text, but lacks intermediate features such as a spell checker and thesaurus. Windows 95
Private Character Editor Utility to create private use characters as defined under Unicode and various East Asian encoding schemes Windows 3.1 East Asian editions
Remote Desktop Connection Client implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol; allows a user to securely connect to a computer running Terminal Services (Remote Desktop on Windows XP and Server 2003) and interact with a full desktop environment on that machine, including support for remoting of printers, audio, and drives. Windows XP, downloadable for previous Windows versions
Remote Assistance Allows a user to temporarily take over a remote computer over a network or the internet to offer help with and resolve issues Windows XP
Mobility Center Allows a user to adjust settings related to mobile computing Windows Vista
Speech Recognition Allows a user to input voice commands Windows Vista
IExpress Allows users to create self-extracting, self-installing INF installation-based packages Internet Explorer 6
Xbox Console Companion
(previously Xbox and Xbox Games) 		Account manager for Xbox Live user accounts and a screen recording tool Windows 8
Xbox Game Bar Provides a overlay for compatible games allowing for screen capture, chatting over the Xbox network, showing the frame rate of games, and playing music via Spotify[3][4] Windows 10 May 2019 Update (Version 1903)[5]
Magnifier Screen enlargement app Windows 98
Fax and Scan Integrated faxing and image scanning application Windows Vista, older faxing and scanning applications were present in previous Windows versions
Photo Viewer Simple image viewer that can play a simple slideshow Windows 7
Mail Email aggregator Windows 8
Maps Map viewer that allows users to look for locations, plan routes, and store offline maps Windows 8
Media Center Designed to serve as a home-entertainment hub, to be viewed from a distance up to 3 meters (~10 feet) and controlled by specially designed remote controls. Lets users browse and view pictures, videos, and music from local hard drives, optical drives, and network locations, along with viewing, recording and deferred-playing live TV. Features an interactive TV guide with scheduled recording capabilities. Can also be used for visualization of other information (like sports scores) within the interface. Windows XP Media Center Edition
Task Manager Provides information about computer performance and displays details about running applications, processes, network activity, logged-in users, and system services Windows 3.0
Disk Cleanup Utility for compacting rarely used files and removing files that are no longer required Windows 98
Snipping Tool Screen-capture tool that allows for taking screenshots (called snips) Experience Pack for Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005
Microsoft Store
(previously Windows Store) 		Initially known as Windows Store, it started as an app store for Windows 8. In Windows 10, it expanded into a broad digital distribution platform for apps, games, music, digital video and e-books. In 2017, it was renamed Microsoft Store and started offering hardware in United States, Canada and United Kingdom. Windows 8
MSN apps Provide information from MSN web services Windows 8
Alarms & Clock(pre Alarms) App that allows Windows users to set alarms, stopwatches, timers, and view a world clock Windows 8
Windows Security
(previously Windows Defender Security Center) 		Antivirus Windows 10 Version 1703
Solitaire Collection Set of solitaire card games Windows 10 Version 1507, downloadable for Windows 8.x

Windows Server components[edit]

Component Description Supported by
Active Directory A set of technologies introduced with Windows 2000 that allows administrators to assign enterprise-wide policies, deploy apps to many computers, and apply critical updates to an entire organization. Active Directory stores information and settings relating to an organization in a central, organized, accessible database. Networks can vary from a small installation with a few objects, to global-scale directories with millions of objects.
   Related topics: Domain controller, Flexible single master operation 		Windows 2000 and later server versions
Group Policy Provides centralized management of user and computer settings in an Active Directory environment. Group policy can control a target object’s registry, NTFS security, audit and security policy, software installation, logon/logoff scripts, folder redirection, and Internet Explorer settings. Policy settings are stored in Group Policy Objects (GPOs), and may be linked to one or more sites, domains or organizational units.
   Related topics: Administrative Templates 		Windows 2000 and later
Internet Information Services Web server Windows NT family

File systems[edit]

Component Description Supported by
FAT12, FAT16 The original file systems used with MS-DOS. The standard file systems used with Windows 1.0 through Windows 95. All versions
FAT32 Extensions to FAT supporting larger disk sizes. The standard file system for Windows 98 and Me. Windows 95 OSR2 and later versions
NTFS Standard file system of Windows NT; supports security via access control lists, as well as file system journaling and file-system metadata. Windows 2000 added support for reparse points (making NTFS junction points and Single instance storage possible), Hard links, file compression, and Sparse files. Encryption of data is provided by Encrypting File System. Symbolic links and transactioning of file operations via Transactional NTFS are features new to Windows Vista.

Although Windows 9x operating systems cannot read or write NTFS formatted disks, they can access the data over a network if it is shared by a computer running Windows NT.

Windows NT (all versions)
ISO 9660 (CDFS) The predominant file system for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM media. Windows includes support for Joliet extensions and the ISO 9660:1999 standard. ISO 9660:1999 is supported since Windows XP. MS-DOS and Windows 9x via extensions, such as MSCDEX.EXE (Microsoft CDROM Extension), natively in Windows NT
Universal Disk Format (UDF) A file system for storing files on optical media. It is an implementation of the ISO/IEC 13346 standard (also known as ECMA-167). It is considered to be a replacement of ISO 9660. Successive versions of Windows have supported newer versions of UDF. Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista
HPFS High-Performance File system, used on OS/2 computers. Read and write capability in Windows 95 (where it also listed network computer NTFS-formatted drives as «HPFS», even though it had no direct NTFS capabilities). HPFS write support was dropped in Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 98, and dropped altogether shortly before the release of Windows 2000. Windows 95 (Read/write), Windows 98, Windows NT (read), 3.1/3.51 (read/write/boot)
ReFS A newer file system, based on NTFS. This system adds built-in integrity checking and removes the need for chkdsk, among other features. The maximum partition size is 1 YB. Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1

Core components[edit]

Component Acronym Description
Windows kernel (Windows NT)

Main article: Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line
Ntoskrnl.exe The Windows kernel image. Provides the kernel and executive layers of the kernel architecture, and is responsible for services such as hardware virtualization, process and memory management, etc.
hal.dll HAL Provides and handles the interaction between software and hardware via the Hardware Abstraction Layer.
kernel32.dll This application provides kernel operations to apps in the Win32 mode, like memory management, I/Os, process creation, etc.
Core processes (Windows NT)
System idle process SIP A counter which measures how much idle capacity the CPU has at any given time. The process runs in the background and monitors processing bandwidth, occupied memory and the Windows virtual paging file.
Session Manager Subsystem SMSS Performs several critical boot-time operations, such as the creation of environment variables, starting CSRSS, and performing file-copy operations that were queued up from before the system was booted (pending file rename operations). During system operation, it handles Windows File Protection and the creation of logon sessions via Winlogon.
Client/Server Runtime Subsystem CSRSS User-mode side of the Win32 subsystem. Provides the capability for applications to use the Windows API.
Local Security Authority Subsystem Service LSASS Responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. Verifies users logging on to the computer and creates security tokens.
Winlogon Responsible for handling the secure attention key, loading the user profile on logon, and optionally locking the computer when a screensaver is running. On Windows NT systems prior to Windows Vista, Winlogon is also responsible for loading GINA libraries which are responsible collecting logon credentials from the user.
Svchost.exe A generic host process name for services that run from dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). Several Svchost processes are typically present on a Windows machine, each running in a different security context, depending on what privileges the contained services require.
Windows on Windows and WOW64 WoW An abstraction layer that allows legacy code to operate on more modern versions of Windows; typically this means running 16-bit Windows applications on 32-bit Windows, and 32-bit applications on 64-bit Windows.
Virtual DOS machine NTVDM Allows MS-DOS apps to run on Intel 80386 or higher computers when there is already another operating system running and controlling the hardware. Introduced in Windows 2.1; not available in any 64-bit edition of Windows.
System startup (Windows NT)

Main articles: Windows NT Startup Process and Windows Vista Startup Process
NTLDR, IA64ldr, Winload The boot loader; performs basic system initialization options such as loading the hardware abstraction layer and boot-time device drivers, prior to passing control to the Windows kernel. In versions prior to Vista, NTLDR and IA64ldr also display menus to the user if multiple operating systems are defined in boot.ini, or if F8 is pressed.
Recovery Console Provides the means for administrators to perform a limited range of tasks using a command line interface, primarily to aid in recovering from situations where Windows does not boot successfully.
ntdetect.com Used during the boot process to detect basic hardware components that may be required during the boot process
Windows Boot Manager In Windows Vista and later operating systems, displays boot menus to the user if multiple operating systems are configured in the system’s Boot Configuration Data.
Graphical subsystem
Desktop Window Manager DWM The compositing manager introduced in Windows Vista that handles compositing and manages special effects on screen objects in a graphical user interface
Graphics Device Interface GDI/GDI+ The kernel graphics component for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices such as monitors and printers
Windows USER The Windows USER component provides core user interface, messaging and visual elements

Services[edit]

This list is not all-inclusive.

Display name Service key name Description Introduced
Active Directory Service NTDS Network Authentication Management Windows 2000 Server
Alerter service Alerter Sends administrative alerts over the network to client computers, administrators and users Windows NT
Application Layer
Gateway service 		ALG Provides support for plugins that allow network protocols to pass through Windows Firewall and work behind Internet Connection Sharing Windows 2000
Application Experience service Processes application compatibility cache requests for applications as they launch[6]
Application Management AppMgmt Processes requests to enumerate, install, and remove applications that are installed on the computer or deployed through an organization’s network Windows 2000
Background Intelligent
Transfer Service 		BITS Transfers files between machines using idle network bandwidth. Used by Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, and Systems Management Server to deliver software updates to clients, as well as by Windows Messenger. Windows XP
Computer Browser Browser Crawls neighboring computers on the network and locates shared resources. One of the computers acts as the Master Browser and supplies this information to other computers designated as browsers.[7] Windows for Workgroups
Delivery Optimization DoSvc A peer-to-peer distribution service that downloads Windows updates and Microsoft Store apps from the local network or Internet peers, and redistributes them to others. Can be configured using either the Settings app or Group Policy. The Settings app can turn it on or off, and specify whether the service operates on the local network only, downloads from and uploads to the Internet peers as well. Group Policy allows finer control.[8][9] Delivery Optimization relies on a centralized web service that does not index contents under 10 MB. Computers without Internet access cannot use Delivery Optimization.[10] Windows 10 Anniversary Update[8]
Distributed Link Tracking TrkWks, TrkSrv Used to track links to files on NTFS volumes. Windows uses these services to find linked files if they are renamed or moved (locally or to another machine).[11] Windows 2000
Distributed Transaction
Coordinator 		MSDTC Allows transactional components to be configured through COM+ by coordinating transactions that are distributed across multiple computers and/or resource managers, such as databases, message queues, file systems, and other transaction–based resource managers.[12] Windows 2000 and later NT-based
DNS Client DNSCache Resolves and caches domain names (e.g. “en.wikipedia.org”) to IP addresses Windows 2000
Event Log EventLog Stores and retrieves events that can be viewed in the event viewer. Part of services.exe.[13] Windows NT
Extensible Authentication Protocol EAPHost Provides EAP authentication to connecting clients Windows 2000
Indexing Service CISVC Indexes contents and properties of files on local and remote computers; provides rapid access to files through flexible querying language.[14] Windows 2000 and later NT-based
Interactive Services Detection UI0Detect For compatibility; when a service-displayed user interface is detected, it gives the user an option to switch to Session0 to see it Windows Vista
Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) SharedAccess When enabled, it allows other computers on the local network to access an internet connection that is available to the host computer Windows 2000;[15] Windows Vista onward[16]
Network Location Awareness NLA Manages network configurations and information, and notifies applications of changes Windows XP
Network Store Interface Service NSIS Collects routing information of active network interfaces, shares this with other services and notifies applications of changes Windows XP
NTLM Security Support Provider NTLMSSP Uses the NTLM MS-CHAP protocol to encapsulate and negotiate options in order to provide signed and sealed communication. Deprecated now in favor of Kerberos authentication. Windows NT
Peer Name Resolution Protocol PNRPSvc Resolves domain names using Peer Name Resolution Protocol Windows XP
Plug and Play PlugPlay Enables autodetection and configuration of hardware Windows 2000
Windows Print spooler [fr] Spooler Manages printer devices and moves files into memory for printing Windows 95, Windows NT
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) RpcSs Provides Remote Procedure Call features via remotely accessible Named Pipes Windows NT family
Routing and Remote Access Service RRAS API and server software that enables applications to administer the routing and remote-access service capabilities of the operating system, to function as a network router. Windows 2000
Secondary Logon SecLogon Allows users to run apps with a different account than the one they logged in with. Allows non-administrative accounts to perform administrative tasks.[17]
Security Accounts Manager SamSs Manages user account security information Windows NT family
System Event Notification Service SENS Monitors system events, such as network, power, logon, logoff, terminal services session connection and disconnection, and delivers these to applications and other system components.[18] Windows 2000
Superfetch SysMain Monitors file usage patterns and boosts system speed by caching frequently accessed files to RAM[19] Windows Vista
Task Scheduler Schedule Lets users setup and schedule automated tasks Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper LmHosts Enables support for NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) service and NetBIOS name resolution Windows NT family
Volume Shadow Copy VSS Creates multiple versions of files that change. The ability to store persistent snapshots was added in Windows Server 2003.[20] Windows XP
Windows Audio AudioSrv Manages audio devices for Windows-based apps. Controls all audio functions. Windows XP
Windows Error Reporting WERSvc Generates error logs and reports errors. On Windows Vista and later, it notifies of solutions. Windows XP
Windows Firewall MpsSvc Blocks unauthorized network connections to and from the computer Windows Vista
Windows Firewall(née Internet Connection Sharing) SharedAccess Provides a simple firewall feature which was introduced in Windows XP. It also shares the internet on the local network, if the internet connection sharing feature is turned on.[21] Windows XP only[22][23]
Windows Image Acquisition (WIA) STISvc Handles scanner and camera inputs Windows Me
Windows Time W32Time Synchronizes the system time with external time servers. From Windows Server 2003 forward, full and compliant NTP support is provided.[24] Windows 2000
Windows Update WUAUServ Provides updates for the operating system and its installed components Windows XP
Wireless Zero Configuration WZCSvc (XP), WLANSvc Configures and manages 802.11 wireless adapters Windows XP, Server 2003 only
Windows Messenger service Messenger Allows users to send pop-up messages to other computers over the network Windows NT family
WebClient[25] Enables Windows-based apps to create and interact with Internet-based files Windows XP

DirectX[edit]

  • Direct3D
  • DirectDraw
  • DirectInput
  • DirectMusic
  • DirectPlay
  • DirectShow
  • DirectSound
  • DirectX Media Objects
  • DirectX plugin
  • DirectX Video Acceleration

Networking[edit]

  • Administrative share
  • Distributed File System
  • My Network Places (formerly Network Neighborhood)
  • Network Access Protection
  • Remote Installation Services
  • Server Message Block
  • Windows Rights Management Services

Scripting and command-line[edit]

  • Batch file
  • CHKDSK
  • Cmd.exe
  • ComSpec
  • Ipconfig
  • Net / Net Send
  • Netdom.exe: Windows Domain Manager
  • Netsh
  • Netstat
  • QBasic
  • Regsvr32
  • Robocopy
  • Win32 console
  • Windows Script Host
  • Windows PowerShell
  • XCOPY

Kernel[edit]

  • Commit charge
  • Kernel Transaction Manager
  • Win32 Thread Information Block

.NET Framework[edit]

  • Assembly
  • CLI Languages
  • Metadata
  • .NET Remoting
  • ADO.NET
  • ASP.NET
  • Base Class Library
  • Common Intermediate Language
  • Common Language Infrastructure
  • Common Language Runtime
  • Common Type System
  • Virtual Execution System
  • Windows CardSpace
  • Windows Communication Foundation
  • Windows Forms
  • Windows Presentation Foundation
  • Windows Workflow Foundation

Security[edit]

Component Description Introduced
AppLocker Policy-based component that enables or disables execution of software based on rules such as location, properties and digital signature Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise and Ultimate editions
Windows Server 2008 R2
BitLocker Drive Encryption Disk encryption software, designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes Windows Vista Enterprise and Ultimate editions,
Windows Server 2008
Credential Guard Virtualization-based isolation of stored credentials to prevent theft and pass-the-hash attacks. Windows 10 Enterprise, Education, IoT Enterprise, or ,
Windows Server 2016
Data Execution Prevention Security feature that is intended to prevent an application or service from executing code from a non-executable memory region Windows XP Service Pack 2
Encrypting File System File system driver that provides file system-level encryption Windows 2000
Security Account Manager Database stored as a registry file Windows NT 3.1
SYSKEY Utility that encrypts the hashed password information in a SAM database using a 128-bit encryption key Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 3
User Account Control Technology and security infrastructure utility that aims to improve the security of Microsoft Windows by limiting application software to standard user privileges until an administrator authorizes an increase Windows Vista,
Windows Server 2008
Windows Firewall Utility designed to block unauthorized access while permitting authorized communications. An earlier edition known as Internet Connection Firewall that was disabled by default was included with the original Windows XP release. Windows XP Service Pack 2
Windows Defender Security utility to prevent, remove and quarantine malware (viruses, Trojan horses, etc.) Downloadable for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
Windows Resource Protection Protects Registry keys and folders in addition to critical system files Windows Vista

Deprecated components and apps[edit]

Component Description Category Introduced Last OS included Superseded by
3D Pinball Pinball game Game Plus! 95 for Windows 95 Windows XP —
ActiveMovie Streaming media technology API Windows 95 Windows Me DirectShow
Cardfile Personal information manager Personal organizer Windows 1.0 Windows Me Outlook Express, Windows Mail, or Windows Live Mail
Chess Titans Chess game Game Windows Vista Windows 7 Microsoft Chess
DriveSpace Disk compression utility Data compression MS-DOS Windows Me —
Windows DVD Maker DVD authoring software Video Windows Vista Windows 7 —
File Manager File manager app File manager Windows 3.0 Windows Me Windows Explorer
FreeCell FreeCell game Game Win32s Windows 7 Microsoft Solitaire Collection
Hearts Version of the Hearts game using Black Lady scoring Game Windows for Workgroups 3.11 Windows 7 Microsoft Hearts
Insider Hub Windows 10 Version 1507 Windows 10 Version 1511 Feedback Hub
Windows Help and Support Online and offline reference manual for troubleshooting. Utility Windows Me Windows 8.1 Microsoft Tips or Get Started
HyperTerminal Communication utility based on a low end version of HyperACCESS Communication Windows 95 Windows XP —
Hold ‘Em Version of the Texas hold ’em game Game Windows Vista Windows Vista —
Hover! Video game in a combination of bumper cars and capture the flag Game Windows 95 Windows 95 —
InkBall Game where the user tries to get colored balls into the correct holes Game Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Windows Vista —
Internet Explorer Web browser Web browser and FTP client. See also: Internet Explorer versions, Features, History, Removal, Browser Helper Objects Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 Windows 10 Microsoft Edge
Mahjong Titans Version of the Mahjong solitaire game Game Windows Vista Windows 7 Microsoft Mahjong
Windows Mail E-mail client E-mail Windows Vista Windows Vista Mail (Windows)
Internet Mail and News E-mail and news client E-mail Windows 95 Windows 95 Outlook Express, Windows Mail, or Windows Live Mail
Minesweeper Version of the minesweeper game Game Microsoft Entertainment Pack, Windows 3.1 Windows 7 Microsoft Minesweeper
Media Control Interface An app that can play media files and record sound by passing commands as strings. API Windows 3.0 Windows Me —
Windows Media Player Digital media player app Media player Windows 3.0 Multimedia Extensions Windows 10 Windows Media Player, Movies & TV, or Groove Music
Microsoft Calendar Calendaring app Personal organizer Windows 1.0 Windows 3.1 Windows Calendar, Windows Live Mail, or the Calendar app for Windows
Microsoft Diagnostics Tool that provides detailed technical information about user’s software and hardware Diagnostics MS-DOS Plus! 95 for Windows 95 Microsoft System Information
Microsoft Fax Faxing app Fax Windows 95 Windows XP Windows Fax and Scan
Microsoft Private Folder Tool to protect private data Personal organizer Windows XP Windows XP
Windows Help Documentation browser that used a proprietary format Online help Windows 3.0 Windows XP Microsoft Help
Windows Feedback Windows 10 Version 1507 Windows 10 Version 1511 Feedback Hub
NTBackup Built-in backup app Backup Downloadable for Windows NT 4.0 Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 Backup and Restore, Windows Server Backup
Outlook Express E-mail client E-mail Internet Explorer 4 Windows XP Windows Mail or Windows Live Mail
Paint Simple graphics painting app Application Windows 1.0 — —
Program Manager Shell composed of a task-oriented graphical user interface, consisting of icons (shortcuts for apps) arranged into app groups. GUI Windows 3.0 Windows XP Windows Explorer
Purble Place Educational game for children, teaching pattern recognition, shapes, and colors Game Windows Vista Windows 7 —
Reader e-book reader e-book reader Windows 8 Windows 10 Creators Update Microsoft Edge (PDF), XPS Viewer (XPS), Photos (TIFF)[26]
Reversi Version of Reversi. Game Windows 1.0 Windows 3.0 Internet Reversi only on Windows Me and Windows XP
Solitaire Klondike Solitaire game Game Windows 3.0 Windows 7 Microsoft Solitaire Collection
Spider Solitaire Spider Solitaire game Game Microsoft Plus! 98 Windows 7 Microsoft Solitaire Collection
System File Checker Utility that allows users to scan for and restore corruptions in Windows system files Security Windows 98 Windows Server 2003 Windows Resource Protection
Tinker Puzzle game in which the player controls a robot through various mazes and obstacle courses Game Windows Vista Windows Vista —
Video for Windows Multimedia framework API Windows 3.1 Windows 95 DirectShow
Windows Address Book List of contacts that can be shared by multiple apps Contact manager Internet Explorer 3 Windows XP Windows Contacts, People, or Windows Live Mail
Windows Desktop Gadgets Widget engine for Microsoft Gadgets User interface Windows Vista Windows 7 Live tiles
Windows File Protection Sub-system in the operating system, aims to prevent apps from replacing critical Windows system files. Security Windows Me as System File Protection Windows XP Windows Resource Protection
Windows Journal Notetaking application that allows for the creation of handwritten notes Accessories Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Windows 10 Threshold 2 General improvements in Ink API
Windows Messaging E-mail client E-mail Windows 95 Windows 95 Internet Mail and News, Windows Mail, or Windows Live Mail
Windows Messenger Instant messaging client Internet messaging Windows XP Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 Windows Live Messenger or Skype
Windows Movie Maker Non-linear video editing software Video Windows Me Windows Vista Windows Live Movie Maker or Microsoft Photos
Windows NetMeeting Video conferencing client Web conference Windows 95 OSR2 Windows XP Windows Meeting Space
Windows Photo Gallery Image organizer Photo Windows Vista Windows Vista Windows Live Photo Gallery or Microsoft Photos
Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Image viewer Photo Windows XP Windows XP Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Fax and Scan, Windows Live Photo Gallery, Windows Photo Viewer, or Microsoft Photos
Windows Write Simple word processor Word processor Windows 1.0 Windows NT 3.51 WordPad

APIs[edit]

  • ClearType
  • Media Foundation
  • Windows Driver Foundation
  • Windows Imaging Component
  • Windows Management Instrumentation

Miscellaneous (to be categorized)[edit]

  • ActiveSync
  • Compatibility Appraiser collects telemetry information.[27]
  • DMRC (Device Metadata Retrieval Client) interfaces to metadata about devices from Windows 7 onwards.[28]
  • I/O technologies
  • Macro Recorder
  • Microsoft Agent
  • Prefetcher
  • ReadyBoost
  • Sync Center
  • Text Services Framework
  • Universal Audio Architecture
  • Windows Color System
  • Windows Diagnostic Infrastructure (WDI)[29]
  • Windows Mobile Device Center
  • Windows Rally
  • Windows Registry
  • Windows Speech Recognition
  • XML Paper Specification

See also[edit]

  • Outline of Microsoft
  • List of Unix daemons
  • List of games included with Windows

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shultz, Greg (February 28, 2015). «Control Panel and Settings: Why are both still UI options in Windows 10?». TechRepublic. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  2. ^ «Get $Windows Camera from the Microsoft Store». apps.microsoft.com. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  3. ^ «Xbox Support». support.xbox.com. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  4. ^ Hoffman, Chris. «How to See FPS in Any Windows 10 Game (Without Extra Software)». How-To Geek. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  5. ^ The Xbox Game Bar Team (May 22, 2019). «Introducing the New Xbox Game Bar». Xbox Wire. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  6. ^ «System Services». technet.microsoft.com. Microsoft. 2014. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2014. The Application Experience service (AELookupSvc) is a part of the Application Compatibility Administrator. It processes application compatibility lookup requests for applications as they are started, provides support for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista–based computers running apps in compatibility mode, reports on compatibility issues, and automatically applies software updates to apps.
  7. ^ «Description of the Microsoft Computer Browser Service». Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Mackie, Kurt (August 16, 2016). «Microsoft Clarifies Windows 10 ‘Delivery Optimization’«. Redmond Magazine. 1105 Enterprise Computing Group. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  9. ^ Hachman, Mark (March 29, 2017). «How Delivery Optimization in Windows 10 Creators Update helps avoid data overage fees». PCWorld. IDG. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  10. ^ Halfin, Dani; Poggemeyer, Liza; Lich, Brian; Kieselbach, Oliver; Childs, Andrew (April 30, 2018). «Configure Delivery Optimization for Windows 10 updates». docs.microsoft.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  11. ^ «Distributed Link Tracking on Windows-based domain controllers». Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  12. ^ «Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MSDTC)». Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  13. ^ «Event Log». Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  14. ^ «What is Indexing Service?». Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  15. ^ «Windows 2000 Professional and Server Service Pack 4 Services Configuration by Black Viper» Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, notice that the service is listed on this page. Retrieved April 2013
  16. ^ «Windows Firewall» Archived February 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 2013
  17. ^ «Secondary Logon (Run As): Starting Programs and Tools in Local Administrative Context». Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  18. ^ «System Event Notification Service». The Elder Geek. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  19. ^ «Myth Busted: Why Disabling SuperFetch on Vista and Windows 7 Is a Bad Idea», retrieved April 2013
  20. ^ «What Is Volume Shadow Copy Service?: Data Recovery». Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  21. ^ «Windows Firewall/Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)» Archived September 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved April 2013
  22. ^ «Windows 2000 Professional and Server Service Pack 4 Services Configuration by Black Viper» Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Notice the absence of the service on this page. Retrieved April 2013
  23. ^ «Windows Firewall/Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)» Archived February 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Notice that XP is the operating system listed. Retrieved April 2013
  24. ^ «How Windows Time Service Works: Windows Time Service». Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  25. ^ Minasi, Mark; Layfield, Rhonda; Justice, Lisa (2006). Mastering Windows Server 2003: upgrade edition for SP1 and R2 (12 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-470-05645-5. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2010. There is also a client piece for WebDAV built into XP, 2003, R2, and Vista, called the WebClient Service.
  26. ^ «Microsoft replaces standalone PDF reader app with Edge». MSPoweruser. November 26, 2017. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  27. ^ Leonhard, Woody (April 20, 2015). «KB 2952664 triggers daily telemetry run in Windows 7 — and may be snooping on users: Microsoft bills the ‘compatibility update’ as way to ease the upgrade process to Windows 10 — but it’s collecting data daily». Operating Systems. InfoWorld. InfoWorld, Inc. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2016. The Microsoft Compatibility Appraiser task runs %windir%system32rundll32.exe appraiser.dll,DoScheduledTelemetryRun with the description ‘Collects program telemetry information if opted-in to the Microsoft Customer Experience Improvement Program.’
  28. ^ Compare: Tulloch, Mitch; Northrup, Tony; Honeycutt, Jerry; Wilson, Ed (2010). Windows 7 Resource Kit. Windows 7 Resource Kit, Microsoft Corporation. Vol. 1. Microsoft Press. p. 708. ISBN 9780735627000. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2016. The DMRC [(Device Metadata Retrieval Client)] checks the computer’s local metadata cache and metadata store for metadata that applies to the device.
  29. ^ Solomon, David A.; Russinovich, Mark E.; Ionescu, Alex (June 17, 2009). Windows Internals. Developer Reference (5 ed.). Microsoft Press (published 2009). ISBN 9780735637962. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2016. The Windows Diagnostic Infrastructure (WDI) helps to detect, diagnose, and resolve common problem scenarios with minimal user intervention.
Источник

Разновидности Windows Состав и структура Windows

Обзор операционных систем Windows

Microsoft Windows – операционные системы корпорации Microsoft, различные версии которых предназначены для широкого класса устройств – от суперкомпьютеров до встроенных систем. В настоящее время Microsoft Windows установлена на большинстве персональных компьютеров: по данным сайта анализа веб трафика StatCounter (http://gs.statcounter.com) операционные системыWindows (версий XP, Vista, 7) в августе 2012 года были установлены на 88% компьютеров в мире; в то же время по данным компании веб-аналитики Net Applications (http://marketshare.hitslink.com) Windows занимает 92% рынка настольных компьютеров и ноутбуков.

В настоящее время существует несколько семейств (family) операционных систем Windows, предназначенных для использования на разных типах компьютеров:

  • семейство клиентских операционных систем Windows NT (Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 и др.);
  • семейство серверных операционных систем Windows NT Server (Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 и др.);
  • семейство мобильных операционных систем Windows Mobile и Windows Phone (Windows Mobile 6, Windows Phone 7 и др.);
  • семейство встроенных операционных систем реального времени Windows CE (Windows CE 7.0 и др.).

Кроме того, в прошлом выпускались 16 разрядные операционные системы (Windows 1.0, Windows 2.х, Windows 3.х) и семейство операционных систем Windows 9x (Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me).

В данной лекции представлен краткий обзор семейств операционных систем Microsoft Windows (рис.2.1).

История развития семейств операционных систем Windows


увеличить изображение
Рис. 2.1. История развития семейств операционных систем Windows

16 разрядные Windows

Первой Windows была Windows 1.0, выпущенная в ноябре 1985 года. Это была не полноценная операционная система, а надстройка над операционной системой MS-DOS. Windows 1.0 предоставляла пользователю графический оконный интерфейс и возможность запускать несколько приложений одновременно (и то и другое отсутствовало в MS DOS). Сначала эту программу хотели назвать Interface Manager, но затем склонились к названию Windows («окна»), как более точно отражающему суть работы с новой программой [7]. Минимальные системные требования к памяти ограничивались 256 КБ.

В Windows 2.0 (декабрь 1987 года) были введены некоторые улучшения графического интерфейса (в частности поддержка перекрывающихся окон) и работы с памятью. Также для большего удобства стали использоваться комбинации клавиш. В мае 1988 года и в марте 1989 года появляются соответственно Windows 2.10 и Windows 2.11, поддерживающие новые на то время процессоры Intel 80286 и Intel 80386 [16].

В мае 1990 года выходит Windows 3.0 с улучшенной графикой и поддержкой виртуальной памяти. В 1992 1993 гг. появляются версии Windows for Workgroups 3.1 и 3.11, в которых имеется поддержка работы в одноранговых сетях и сетях под управлением сервера. Это были последние версии 16 разрядных Windows.

Windows 9x

В августе 1995 года выпускается Windows 95 – 32 разрядная клиентская операционная система, в которой была встроенная поддержка работы с Интернетом (браузер Internet Explorer) и модемными сетями, а также технология Plug-and-Play («подключи и работай»), позволяющая быстро подключать к компьютеру различные устройства. Впервые появилась кнопка Пуск (Start) и Панель задач (Taskbar). Windows 95 требовала минимум 4 МБ оперативной памяти [7].

На смену Windows 95 в июне 1998 года приходит Windows 98 с множеством программ для работы с Интернетом (Internet Explorer 4, Outlook Express и др.), поддержкой DVD и USB, первым появлением Панели быстрого запуска программ (Quick Launch bar). Windows 98 была последней операционной системой, основанной на MS DOS [7].

Последней версией в семействе 9x стала Windows Me (Millennium Edition, сентябрь 2000 года). Эта система была нацелена на домашних пользователей, и, следовательно, имела широкую поддержку работы с мультимедиа (Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker), Интернетом и домашними сетями.

Другим направлением развития операционных систем Windows в 90 е годы стало семейство NT.

Windows NT

В июле 1993 года была выпущена первая операционная система семейства NT – Windows NT 3.1. Есть разные варианты объяснения названия NT, самый распространенный вариант – это аббревиатура от New Technology («новая технология»).

Разработка системы, основанной на новом ядре (не MS DOS), началась в 1989 году. К новой операционной системе предъявлялись следующие основные требования [5]:

  • 32 разрядность;
  • поддержка многопроцессорных систем;
  • поддержка вытесняющей многозадачности и виртуальной памяти;
  • высокая производительность;
  • возможность работы в качестве сервера и клиента;
  • переносимость;
  • совместимость с другими версиями Windows и MS DOS, а также частичная совместимость с UNIX;
  • безопасность;
  • надежность;
  • поддержка Unicode.

Windows NT 3.1 соответствовала всем этим требованиям, а на ядре этой системы (конечно, с изменениями) основаны все современные версии Windows, включая Windows 8.

Windows NT 3.1 поддерживала процессоры Intel 80386, Intel 80486, MIPS R4000 и DEC Alpha [5]. Существовали клиентская и серверная версии системы – Windows NT и Windows NT Advanced Server. Windows NT, помимо других файловых систем, поддерживала специально разработанную в Microsoft файловую систему NTFS (New Technology File System).

В 1994 1996 годах последовательно выходят операционные системы Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 3.51 и Windows NT 4.0. Целями разработки Windows NT 3.5 были повышение производительности и надежности, а также уменьшение размера системы. В Windows NT 3.51 была включена поддержка процессора IBM PowerPC. Windows NT 4.0 обладала таким же графическим интерфейсом как и система Windows 95 [5].

Windows 2000, вышедшая в декабре 1999 года, разрабатывалась в качестве системы для профессиональных пользователей, объединяющей два направления – Windows 9x и Windows NT [7]. Система Windows 2000 включала Active Directory (служба и базу данных ресурсов для управления большими сетями) и поддержку значительного числа Plug-and Play устройств, в том числе беспроводных сетей, USB, IEEE 1394 и др. Существовало 4 версии Windows 2000 – одна клиентская (Professional) и три серверных (Server, Advanced Server и Datacenter Server). Windows 2000 была последней системой, для которой выпускались одновременно клиентские и серверные версии.

Следующим шагом стало объединение обоих направлений клиентских систем: и систем для профессиональных пользователей (Windows 2000 Professional), и систем для домашних пользователей (Windows Me). Результатом такого объединения стала операционная система Windows XP (август 2001 года). Благодаря своей стабильности, скорости и удобному интерфейсу, Windows XP стала (и до сих пор является) одной из самых распространенных операционных систем в мире. Важным шагом явилось появление 64 разрядных версий Windows XP (Windows XP 64-bit Edition). Количество строк кода в Windows XP – 45 миллионов [7].

В марте 2003 года выходит серверная операционная система Windows Server 2003, имеющая большую производительность и поддерживающая более мощное оборудование, чем Windows 2000. Система имеет 4 основные версии: Web, Standard, Enterprise и Datacenter. Например, версия Datacenter поддерживает 64 процессора и до 64 ГБ оперативной памяти (до 512 ГБ на 64 разрядных платформах).

Клиентская операционная система Windows Vista вышла в ноябре 2006 года. Акцент при разработке этой системы был сделан на безопасность – контроль учетных записей пользователей (User Account Control), шифрование дисков (BitLocker Drive Encryption), антишпионское программное обеспечение (Windows Defender) и др. В Windows Vista был также изменен пользовательский интерфейс, в частности поменяла вид кнопка Пуск (Start).

В феврале 2008 года появилась операционная система Windows Server 2008, основанная на коде Windows Vista – поэтому большая часть нововведений Windows Vista перешла и в Windows Server 2008.

В июле 2009 года выходит Windows 7, отличающаяся расширенной поддержкой ноутбуков и планшетов. Основные особенности Windows 7 – новые приемы работы с окнами, мгновенный поиск информации на компьютере, поддержка сенсорных экранов (Windows Touch), большие возможности по настройке оформления рабочей среды.

В 2012 году Microsoft выпускает новейшие версии операционных систем – клиентскую Windows 8 (октябрь 2012 года) и серверную Windows Server 2012 (сентябрь 2012 года). Windows 8 – операционная система, одинаково рассчитанная как на обычные настольные компьютеры и ноутбуки, так и на планшетные компьютеры, завоевавшие в последнее время существенную долю всего рынка персональных компьютеров (см. лекцию 3 «Windows 8»).

Windows CE

Windows CE – операционная система реального времени для встраиваемых систем. Символы «CE», по утверждению Microsoft, обозначают «Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, Efficient»1 . В настоящее время эта система имеет официальное название Windows Embedded Compact (http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded).

Windows CE поставляется разработчикам устройств в виде набора компонентов, из которых можно создать операционную систему для конкретного устройства. Например, операционные системы Windows Mobile построены на основе Windows CE.

Первая версия Windows CE 1.0 появилась в 1996 году и была разработана как урезанная версия Windows 95. В дальнейшем команда разработчиков Windows CE сотрудничала с командой Windows 2000, затем Windows CE развивалась как независимая система.

На сентябрь 2012 года последней версией является Windows CE 7.0.

Windows Mobile и Windows Phone

Windows Mobile – операционная система для смартфонов и карманных персональных компьютеров (КПК, Personal Digital Assistant – PDA), основанная на Windows CE.

Первые версии операционных систем этого семейства назывались Pocket PC (2000 год). С 2003 года утвердилось наименование Windows Mobile – были выпущены операционные системы Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 5, Windows Mobile 6. Последней версией с таким названием стала система Windows Mobile 6.5 (2009 год).

С октября 2010 года Microsoft выпустила новую операционную систему для мобильных устройств – Windows Phone 7, несовместимую с Windows Mobile, хотя и основанную также на Windows CE. В Windows Phone 7 появился новый пользовательский интерфейс, в настоящее время называемый Modern UI.

В октябре 2012 года ожидается выход Windows Phone 8, основанной на ядре Windows NT.

Архитектура Windows

Общая схема архитектуры

Windows представляет собой операционную систему с гибридным ядром (см. лекцию 1 «Введение в операционные системы»). В ней основные системные функции по управлению процессами, памятью, устройствами, файловой системой и безопасностью реализованы в компонентах, работающих в режиме ядра; но существует ряд важных системных компонентов пользовательского режима, например системные процессы входа в систему, локальной аутентификации, диспетчера сеансов, а также подсистемы окружения.

Архитектура Windows представлена на рис.4.1 [5; 2].

Архитектура Windows


Рис. 4.1. Архитектура Windows

Компоненты пользовательского режима

В пользовательском режиме работают следующие виды процессов:

  • системные процессы (system processes) – компоненты Windows, отвечающие за решение критически важных системных задач (т. е. аварийное завершение одного из этих процессов вызывает крах или нестабильную работу всей системы), но выполняемые в пользовательском режиме. Основные системные процессы:
  • Winlogon.exe – процесс входа в систему и выхода из неё;
  • Smss.exe (Session Manager – диспетчер сеансов) – процесс выполняет важные операции при инициализации системы (загрузка необходимых DLL, запуск процессов Winlogon и Csrss и др.), а затем контролирует работу Winlogon и Csrss;
  • Lsass.exe (Local Security Authentication Subsystem Server – сервер подсистемы локальной аутентификации) – процесс проверяет правильность введенных имени пользователя и пароля;
  • Wininit.exe – процесс инициализации системы (например, запускает процессы Lsass и Services);
  • Userinit.exe – процесс инициализации пользовательской среды (например, запускает системную оболочку – по умолчанию, Explorer.exe);
  • Services.exe (SCM, Service Control Manager – диспетчер управления службами) – процесс, отвечающий за выполнение служб – см. ниже;
  • службы (сервисы, services) – приложения, работающие в фоновом режиме и не требующие взаимодействия с пользователем. Службы могут быть как частью операционной системы (например, Windows Audio – служба для работы со звуком, или Print Spooler – диспетчер печати), так и частью пользовательского приложения (например, служба СУБД SQL Server). За службы отвечает системный процесс Services.exe;
  • пользовательские приложения (user applications) ¬– прикладные программы, запускаемые пользователем;
  • подсистемы окружения (environment subsystems) – компоненты, предоставляющие доступ приложениям к некоторому подмножеству системных функций. Windows поддерживает две подсистемы окружения:
  • собственно Windows – при помощи данной подсистемы выполняются 32 разрядные приложения Windows (Win32), а также 16 разрядные приложения Windows (Win16), приложения MS DOS и консольные приложения (Console). За подсистему Windows отвечает системный процесс Csrss.exe и драйвер режима ядра Win32k.sys;
  • POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX – переносимый интерфейс операционных систем UNIX) – подсистема для UNIX-приложений. Начиная с Windows Server 2003 R2 компонент, реализующий эту подсистему, называется SUA (Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications). Компонент не устанавливается в Windows по умолчанию.

Все перечисленные процессы пользовательского режима (кроме подсистемы POSIX1) для взаимодействия с модулями режима ядра используют библиотеки Windows DLL (Dynamic Link Library – динамически подключаемая библиотека). Каждая DLL экспортирует набор Windows API функций, которые может вызывать процесс.

Windows API (Windows Application Programming Interface, WinAPI) – это способ взаимодействия процессов пользовательского режима с модулями режима ядра. WinAPI включает тысячи функций и хорошо документирован [10].

Основные Windows DLL следующие:

  • Kernel32.dll – базовые функции, в том числе работа с процессами и потоками, управление памятью и вводом выводом;
  • Advapi32.dll – функции, в основном связанные с управлением безопасностью и доступом к реестру;
  • User32.dll – функции, отвечающие за управление окнами и их элементами в GUI приложениях (Graphical User Interface – графический интерфейс пользователя);
  • Gdi32.dll – функции графического пользовательского интерфейса (Graphics Device Interface, GDI), обеспечивающие рисование на дисплее и принтере графических примитивов и вывод текста.

Библиотека Ntdll.dll экспортирует в большинстве своем недокументированные системные функции, реализованные, в основном, в Ntoskrnl.exe. Набор таких функций называется Native API («родной» API).

Библиотеки Windows DLL преобразуют вызовы документированных WinAPI функций в вызовы функций Native API и переключаютпроцессор на режим ядра.

Компоненты режима ядра

Диспетчер системных сервисов (System Service Dispatcher) работает в режиме ядра, перехватывает вызовы функций от Ntdll.dll, проверяет их параметры и вызывает соответствующие функции из Ntoskrnl.exe.

Исполнительная система и ядро содержатся в Ntoskrnl.exe (NT Operating System Kernel – ядро операционной системы NT) (по поводу использования термина «ядро» в Windows см. лекцию 1 «Введение в операционные системы»).

Исполнительная система (Executive) представляет собой совокупность компонентов (называемых диспетчерами – manager), которые реализуют основные задачи операционной системы:

  • диспетчер процессов (process manager) – управление процессами и потоками (см. лекцию 6 «Процессы и потоки»);
  • диспетчер памяти (memory manager) – управление виртуальной памятью и отображение её на физическую (см. лекцию 8 «Управление памятью»);
  • монитор контроля безопасности (security reference monitor) – управление безопасностью (см. лекцию 9 «Безопасность»);
  • диспетчер ввода вывода (I/O manager), диспетчер кэша (cache Manager), диспетчер Plug and Play (PnP Manager) – управление внешними устройствами и файловыми системами (см. лекцию 10 «Управление устройствами» и лекцию 11 «Файловая система NTFS»);
  • диспетчер электропитания (power manager) – управление электропитанием и энергопотреблением;
  • диспетчер объектов (object manager), диспетчер конфигурации (configuration manager), механизм вызова локальных процедур (local procedure call) – управление служебными процедурами и структурами данных, которые необходимы остальным компонентам.

Ядро (Kernel) содержит функции, обеспечивающие поддержку компонентам исполнительной системы и осуществляющие планирование потоков (см. лекцию 7 «Планирование потоков»), механизмы синхронизации, обработку прерываний.

Компонент Windows USER и GDI отвечает за пользовательский графический интерфейс (окна, элементы управления в окнах – меню, кнопки и т. п., рисование), является частью подсистемы Windows и реализован в драйвере Win32k.sys.

Взаимодействие диспетчера ввода вывода с устройствами обеспечивают драйверы (drivers) – программные модули, работающие в режиме ядра, обладающие максимально полной информацией о конкретном устройстве (драйверы подробнее рассматриваются в лекции 10 «Управление устройствами»).

Однако, и драйверы, и ядро не взаимодействуют с физическими устройствами напрямую – посредником между программными компонентами режима ядра и аппаратурой является HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) – уровень абстрагирования от оборудования, реализованный в Hal.dll. HAL позволяет скрыть от всех программных компонентов особенности аппаратной платформы (например, различия между материнскими платами), на которой установлена операционная система.

Контрольные вопросы

  • Перечислите основные семейства операционных систем Windows и дайте их краткую характеристику.
  • Назовите основных представителей 16 разрядных Windows.
  • Перечислите основные отличия операционных систем Windows NT от Windows 9x.
  • Чем отличаются клиентские и серверные версии Windows NT?
  • Охарактеризуйте операционные системы семейства Windows CE.
  • Охарактеризуйте операционные системы семейства Windows Mobile/Windows Phone.
  • К какому типу ядер в большей степени относится Windows NT, к монолитным или микроядрам? Ответ обоснуйте.
  • Перечислите основные компоненты пользовательского режима.
  • Перечислите основные компоненты режима ядра.
  • Что такое Windows API? Где можно найти информацию по этому вопросу?
  • Каковы основные функции исполнительной системы, входящей в состав Ntoskrnl.exe?
  • Каковы основные функции ядра, входящего в состав Ntoskrnl.exe?
  • Что такое HAL?
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