Сколько версий ос windows 7 выпустила компания microsoft

Windows 7

Version of the Windows NT operating system
Screenshot of Windows 7 Ultimate, showing its Start Menu, desktop, taskbar, and the glass effect of Windows Aero
Developer	Microsoft
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Released to manufacturing	July 22, 2009; 13 years ago[1]
General availability	October 22, 2009; 13 years ago[2]
Final release	Service Pack 1 (6.1.7601.24499) / February 9, 2011; 11 years ago[3]
Update method	Windows Update
Platforms	IA-32 and x86-64
Kernel type	Hybrid
Userland	Windows API, NTVDM, SUA
License	Proprietary commercial software
Preceded by	Windows Vista (2007)[4]
Succeeded by	Windows 8 (2012)
Official website	Windows 7 (archived at Wayback Machine)
Support status
Mainstream support ended on January 13, 2015.[5][6] Extended support ended on January 14, 2020.[5][6] Windows 7 was eligible for the Extended Security Updates (ESU) service. This service was available via specific volume licensing programs for Professional & Enterprise editions, and via OEMs for some embedded editions, in yearly installments. Security updates were available for the operating system until January 10, 2023, excluding some embedded editions.[7][8] Exceptions exist, see § Support lifecycle for details. Installing Service Pack 1 is required for users to receive updates and support after April 9, 2013.[5][6]

Windows 7 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009.^[9] It is the successor to Windows Vista, released nearly three years earlier. It remained an operating system for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs, and itself was replaced in November 2012 by Windows 8, the name spanning more than three years of the product.

Until April 9, 2013, Windows 7 original release included updates and technical support, after which installation of Service Pack 1 was required for users to receive support and updates. Windows 7’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time. Extended support ended on January 14, 2020, over ten years after the release of Windows 7, after which the operating system ceased receiving further updates. A paid support program was available for enterprises, providing security updates for Windows 7 for up to three years since the official end of life.^[10]

Windows 7 was intended to be an incremental upgrade to Microsoft Windows, addressing Windows Vista’s poor critical reception while maintaining hardware and software compatibility. Windows 7 continued improvements on the Windows Aero user interface with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows pinned applications, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the operating system, including libraries, the new file-sharing system HomeGroup, and support for multitouch input. A new «Action Center» was also added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information, and tweaks were made to the User Account Control system to make it less intrusive. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several stock applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player, and Windows Media Center.

Unlike Vista, Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics considering the operating system to be a major improvement over its predecessor because of its improved performance, its more intuitive interface, fewer User Account Control popups, and other improvements made across the platform. Windows 7 was a major success for Microsoft; even before its official release, pre-order sales for the operating system on the online retailer Amazon.com had surpassed previous records. In just six months, over 100 million copies had been sold worldwide, increasing to over 630 million licenses by July 2012. By January 2018, Windows 10 surpassed Windows 7 as the most popular version of Windows worldwide. As of September 2022, 11% of traditional PCs running Windows are running Windows 7.^[12] Windows 11 has recently taken second place from Windows 7 as the most popular Windows edition.^[13] It still remains popular in countries such as Syria, China, India, and Venezuela.^[14][15][16]

Windows 7 is the final version of Windows that supports processors without SSE2 or NX (although an update released in 2018 dropped support for non-SSE2 processors). Its successor, Windows 8, requires a processor with SSE2 and NX in any supported architecture.

Development history

Originally, a version of Windows codenamed «Blackcomb» was planned as the successor to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 in 2000. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed «Longhorn,» was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.^[17] By the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. After three major malware outbreaks—the Blaster, Nachi, and Sobig worms—exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time period in August 2003,^[18] Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn’s major development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.^[19] Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006,^[20] and was later canceled in 2007 due to the scope of the project.^[21]

When released, Windows Vista was criticized for its long development time, performance issues, spotty compatibility with existing hardware and software at launch, changes affecting the compatibility of certain PC games, and unclear assurances by Microsoft that certain computers shipping with XP before launch would be «Vista Capable» (which led to a class-action lawsuit), among other critiques. As such, the adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low.^[22][23][24] In July 2007, six months following the public release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7, with plans for a final release within three years.^[25][26] Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more «user-centric».^[27] Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements.^[28] Steven Sinofsky later expanded on this point, explaining in the Engineering Windows 7 blog that the company was using a variety of new tracing tools to measure the performance of many areas of the operating system on an ongoing basis, to help locate inefficient code paths and to help prevent performance regressions.^[29] Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP.^[30] An estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into «core operating system» and «Windows client experience», in turn organized into 25 teams of around 40 developers on average.^[31]

In October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system.^[32][33] There has been some confusion over naming the product Windows 7,^[34] while versioning it as 6.1 to indicate its similar build to Vista and increase compatibility with applications that only check major version numbers, similar to Windows 2000 and Windows XP both having 5.x version numbers.^[35] The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, build 6519.^[36] Speaking about Windows 7 on October 16, 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer confirmed compatibility between Windows Vista and Windows 7, indicating that Windows 7 would be a refined version of Windows Vista.^[37]

At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar.^[38] On December 27, 2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.^[39] According to a performance test by ZDNet,^[40] Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents. Other areas did not beat XP, including PC Pro benchmarks for typical office activities and video editing, which remain identical to Vista and slower than XP.^[41] On January 7, 2009, the x64 version of the Windows 7 Beta (build 7000) was leaked onto the web, with some torrents being infected with a trojan.^[42][43] At CES 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the Windows 7 Beta, build 7000, had been made available for download to MSDN and TechNet subscribers in the format of an ISO image.^[44] The stock wallpaper of the beta version contained a digital image of the Betta fish.^[45]

The release candidate, build 7100, became available for MSDN and TechNet subscribers, and Connect Program participants on April 30, 2009. On May 5, 2009, it became available to the general public, although it had also been leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.^[46] The release candidate was available in five languages and expired on June 1, 2010, with shutdowns every two hours starting March 1, 2010.^[47] Microsoft stated that Windows 7 would be released to the general public on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the launch of its predecessor. Microsoft released Windows 7 to MSDN and Technet subscribers on August 6, 2009.^[48] Microsoft announced that Windows 7, along with Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing in the United States and Canada on July 22, 2009. Windows 7 RTM is build 7600.16385.090713-1255, which was compiled on July 13, 2009, and was declared the final RTM build after passing all Microsoft’s tests internally.^[49]

Features

New and changed

Among Windows 7’s new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,^[50] support for virtual hard disks,^[51] improved performance on multi-core processors,^{[52][53][54][55]} improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),^[56] a new version of Windows Media Center,^[57] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack^[58] and Windows PowerShell^[59] being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.^[60] Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner^[61] Display Color Calibration Wizard,^[62] Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.^[63] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.^[64] Windows 7 also has a native TFTP client with the ability to transfer files to or from a TFTP server.^[65]

The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to the taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks, and files frequently used with specific applications.^[66] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.^[67] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.^[68] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.

Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Aero Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top, left, or right of the screen.^[69] Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts. Aero Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window’s title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly.

Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.^[70] Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.^[71] A new version of Microsoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.^[72] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.^[73] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.^[74] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.^[75] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.^[76] All editions include some new and improved features, such as Windows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7, that originated within Vista. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic «previous version» snapshot of user files that have changed.^[77] Backup and restore have also been improved,^[78][79] and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.^[80]

A new system known as «Libraries» was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a «Library.» By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created, consisting of the user’s personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.^[81][82]

Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API^[83] to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft also implemented better support for solid-state drives,^[84] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included because of delays in the finalization of the standard.^[85] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.^[86][87]

For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),^[88] new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.^[89] Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.^[90]

Removed

Certain capabilities and programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have been changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionalities; these include the classic Start Menu user interface, some taskbar features, Windows Explorer features, Windows Media Player features, Windows Ultimate Extras, Search button, and InkBall. Four applications bundled with Windows Vista—Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, Windows Calendar and Windows Mail—are not included with Windows 7 and were replaced by Windows Live-branded versions as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.^[91][92]

Editions

Windows 7 is available in six different editions, of which the Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate were available at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on most new computers. Home Premium and Professional were aimed at home users and small businesses respectively, while Ultimate was aimed at enthusiasts. Each edition of Windows 7 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and adds additional features oriented towards their market segments; for example, Professional adds additional networking and security features such as Encrypting File System and the ability to join a domain. Ultimate contained a superset of the features from Home Premium and Professional, along with other advanced features oriented towards power users, such as BitLocker drive encryption; unlike Windows Vista, there were no «Ultimate Extras» add-ons created for Windows 7 Ultimate.^[93][94][95] Retail copies were available in «upgrade» and higher-cost «full» version licenses; «upgrade» licenses require an existing version of Windows to install, while «full» licenses can be installed on computers with no existing operating system.^[96]

The remaining three editions were not available at retail, of which two were available exclusively through OEM channels as pre-loaded software. The Starter edition is a stripped-down version of Windows 7 meant for low-cost devices such as netbooks. In comparison to Home Premium, Starter has reduced multimedia functionality, does not allow users to change their desktop wallpaper or theme, disables the «Aero Glass» theme, does not have support for multiple monitors, and can only address 2GB of RAM.^[95][97] Home Basic was sold only in emerging markets, and was positioned in between Home Premium and Starter.^[93][94] The highest edition, Enterprise, is functionally similar to Ultimate, but is only sold through volume licensing via Microsoft’s Software Assurance program.^{[98][99][100]}

All editions aside from Starter support both IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, Starter only supports 32-bit systems.^[95] Retail copies of Windows 7 are distributed on two DVDs: one for the IA-32 version and the other for x86-64. OEM copies include one DVD, depending on the processor architecture licensed. The installation media for consumer versions of Windows 7 are identical, the product key and corresponding license determines the edition that is installed. The Windows Anytime Upgrade service can be used to purchase an upgrade that unlocks the functionality of a higher edition, such as going from Starter to Home Premium, and Home Premium to Ultimate.^[93] Most copies of Windows 7 only contained one license; in certain markets, a «Family Pack» version of Windows 7 Home Premium was also released for a limited time, which allowed upgrades on up to three computers.^[101] In certain regions, copies of Windows 7 were only sold in, and could only be activated in a designated region.^[102]

Support lifecycle

Support status summary

Expiration date
Mainstream support	January 13, 2015[5][6]
Extended support	January 14, 2020[5][6]
Applicable Windows 7 editions:
Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate,[5][6] as well as Professional for Embedded Systems and Ultimate for Embedded Systems[103]
Exceptions
Professional and Enterprise volume licensed editions, as well as Professional for Embedded Systems	Extended Security Updates (ESU) support ended on January 10, 2023[8]
Windows Thin PC	Mainstream support ended on October 11, 2016[104] Extended support ended on October 12, 2021[104]
Windows Embedded Standard 7	Mainstream support ended on October 13, 2015[103] Extended support ended on October 15, 2020[103] Extended Security Updates (ESU) support until October 10, 2023[8]
Windows Embedded POSReady 7	Mainstream support ended on October 11, 2016[103] Extended support ended on October 12, 2021[103] Extended Security Updates (ESU) support until October 14, 2024[8]

Support for Windows 7 without Service Pack 1 ended on April 9, 2013, requiring users to update in order to continue receiving updates and support after 3 years, 8 months, and 18 days.^[105] Microsoft ended the sale of new retail copies of Windows 7 in October 2014, and the sale of new OEM licenses for Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, and Ultimate ended on October 31, 2014. OEM sales of PCs with Windows 7 Professional pre-installed ended on October 31, 2016.^[106] The sale of non-Professional OEM licenses was stopped on October 31, 2014.^[107]

Mainstream support for Windows 7 ended on January 13, 2015. Extended support for Windows 7 ended on January 14, 2020.^[108][109] In August 2019, Microsoft announced it will be offering a ‘free’ extended security updates to some business users.^[110][111]

On September 7, 2018, Microsoft announced a paid «Extended Security Updates» service that will offer additional updates for Windows 7 Professional and Enterprise for up to three years after the end of extended support.^[112]

Variants of Windows 7 for embedded systems and thin clients have different support policies: Windows Embedded Standard 7 support ended in October 2020. Windows Thin PC and Windows Embedded POSReady 7 had support until October 2021. Windows Embedded Standard 7 and Windows Embedded POSReady 7 also get Extended Security Updates for up to three years after their end of extended support date.^[8] The Extended Security Updates program on Windows Embedded POSReady 7 will expire on October 14, 2024. This will mark the final end of the Windows NT 6.1 product line after 15 years, 2 months, and 17 days.^[8]

In March 2019, Microsoft announced that it would display notifications to users informing users of the upcoming end of support, and direct users to a website urging them to purchase a Windows 10 upgrade or a new computer.^[113]

In August 2019, researchers reported that «all modern versions of Microsoft Windows» may be at risk for «critical» system compromise because of design flaws of hardware device drivers from multiple providers.^[114] In the same month, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Microsoft Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.^[115] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from the older Windows XP version to the most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.^[116]

In September 2019, Microsoft announced that it would provide free security updates for Windows 7 on federally-certified voting machines through the 2020 United States elections.^[117]

System requirements

Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7^[118]

Component	Operating system architecture
32-bit	64-bit
Processor	1 GHz IA-32 processor Support for SSE2 required after May 2018 cumulative update[119]	1 GHz x86-64 processor
Memory (RAM)	1 GB	2 GB
Graphics card	DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM driver model 1.0
Storage space	16 GB	20 GB
Installation media	DVD drive or USB drive

Additional requirements to use certain features:^[118]

• Windows XP Mode (Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise): Requires an additional 1 GB of RAM and additional 15 GB of available hard disk space. The requirement for a processor capable of hardware virtualization has been lifted.^[120]
• Windows Media Center (included in Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise), requires a TV tuner to receive and record TV.

Extent of hardware support

Physical memory

The maximum amount of RAM that Windows 7 supports varies depending on the product edition and on the processor architecture, as shown in the following table.^[121]

Physical memory limits of Windows 7

Edition	Processor architecture
IA-32 (32-bit)	x64 (64-bit)
Ultimate	4 GB	192 GB
Enterprise
Professional
Home Premium	16 GB
Home Basic	8 GB
Starter	2 GB	—

Processor limits

Windows 7 Professional and up support up to 2 physical processors (CPU sockets),^[122]
whereas Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium editions support only 1.^[123] Physical processors with either multiple cores, or hyper-threading, or both, implement more than one logical processor per physical processor. The x86 editions of Windows 7 support up to 32 logical processors; x64 editions support up to 256 (4 x 64).^[124]

In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would no longer support Windows platforms older than Windows 10 on any future Intel-compatible processor lines, citing difficulties in reliably allowing the operating system to operate on newer hardware. Microsoft stated that effective July 17, 2017, devices with Intel Skylake CPUs were only to receive the «most critical» updates for Windows 7 and 8.1, and only if they have been judged not to affect the reliability of Windows 7 on older hardware.^[108][125] For enterprise customers, Microsoft issued a list of Skylake-based devices «certified» for Windows 7 and 8.1 in addition to Windows 10, to assist them in migrating to newer hardware that can eventually be upgraded to 10 once they are ready to transition. Microsoft and their hardware partners provide special testing and support for these devices on 7 and 8.1 until the July 2017 date.^[126]

On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism from enterprise customers, Microsoft delayed the end of support and non-critical updates for Skylake systems to July 17, 2018, but stated that they would also continue to receive security updates through the end of extended support.^[127][128] In August 2016, citing a «strong partnership with our OEM partners and Intel», Microsoft retracted the decision and stated that it would continue to support Windows 7 and 8.1 on Skylake hardware through the end of their extended support lifecycle. However, the restrictions on newer CPU microarchitectures remain in force.^[129][130]

In March 2017, a Microsoft knowledge base article announced which implies that devices using Intel Kaby Lake, AMD Bristol Ridge, or AMD Ryzen, would be blocked from using Windows Update entirely.^[131][132] In addition, official Windows 7 device drivers are not available for the Kaby Lake and Ryzen platforms.^[133][134]

Security updates released since March 2018 contain bugs which affect processors that do not support SSE2 extensions, including all Pentium III processors. Microsoft initially stated that it would attempt to resolve the issue, and prevented installation of the affected patches on these systems. However, on June 15, 2018, Microsoft retroactively modified its support documents to remove the promise that this bug would be resolved, replacing it with a statement suggesting that users obtain a newer processor. This effectively ends future patch support for Windows 7 on these systems.^[135][136]

Updates

Service Pack 1

Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) was announced on March 18, 2010. A beta was released on July 12, 2010.^{[137][138][139]} The final version was released to the public on February 22, 2011.^[140] At the time of release, it was not made mandatory. It was available via Windows Update, direct download, or by ordering the Windows 7 SP1 DVD.^[141] The service pack is on a much smaller scale than those released for previous versions of Windows, particularly Windows Vista.^[142]

Windows 7 Service Pack 1 adds support for Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX), a 256-bit instruction set extension for processors, and improves IKEv2 by adding additional identification fields such as E-mail ID to it. In addition, it adds support for Advanced Format 512e as well as additional Identity Federation Services.^[143][144] Windows 7 Service Pack 1 also resolves a bug related to HDMI audio and another related to printing XPS documents.^[143]

In Europe, the automatic nature of the BrowserChoice.eu feature was dropped in Windows 7 Service Pack 1 in February 2011 and remained absent for 14 months despite Microsoft reporting that it was still present, subsequently described by Microsoft as a «technical error.» As a result, in March 2013, the European Commission fined Microsoft €561 million to deter companies from reneging on settlement promises.^[145]

Platform Update

The Platform Update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 was released on February 26, 2013^[146] after a pre-release version had been released on November 5, 2012.^[147] It is also included with Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7.^[148]

It includes enhancements to Direct2D, DirectWrite, Direct3D, Windows Imaging Component (WIC), Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform (WARP), Windows Animation Manager (WAM), XPS Document API, H.264 Video Decoder and JPEG XR decoder.^[146] However support for Direct3D 11.1 is limited as the update does not include DXGI/WDDM 1.2 from Windows 8, making unavailable many related APIs and significant features such as stereoscopic frame buffer, feature level 11_1 and optional features for levels 10_0, 10_1 and 11_0.^[149]

Disk Cleanup update

In October 2013, a Disk Cleanup Wizard addon was released that lets users delete outdated Windows updates on Windows 7 SP1, thus reducing the size of the WinSxS directory. This update backports some features found in Windows 8.^[150]

Windows Management Framework 5.0

Windows Management Framework 5.0 includes updates to Windows PowerShell 5.0, Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC), Windows Remote Management (WinRM), Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI). It was released on February 24, 2016^[151] and was eventually superseded by Windows Management Framework 5.1.^[152]

Convenience rollup

In May 2016, Microsoft released a «Convenience rollup update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1,» which contains all patches released between the release of SP1 and April 2016. The rollup is not available via Windows Update, and must be downloaded manually. This package can also be integrated into a Windows 7 installation image.^[153]

Since October 2016, all security and reliability updates are cumulative. Downloading and installing updates that address individual problems is no longer possible, but the number of updates that must be downloaded to fully update the OS is significantly reduced.^[154]

Monthly update rollups (July 2016-January 2020)

In June 2018, Microsoft announced that they’ll be moving Windows 7 to a monthly update model beginning with updates released in September 2018^[155] — two years after Microsoft switched the rest of their supported operating systems to that model.^[156]

With the new update model, instead of updates being released as they became available, only two update packages were released on the second Tuesday of every month until Windows 7 reached its end of life — one package containing security and quality updates, and a smaller package that contained only the security updates. Users could choose which package they wanted to install each month. Later in the month, another package would be released which was a preview of the next month’s security and quality update rollup.

Installing the preview rollup package released for Windows 7 on March 19, 2019, or any later released rollup package, that makes Windows more reliable. This change was made so Microsoft could continue to service the operating system while avoiding “version-related issues”.^[157]

Microsoft announced in July 2019 that the Microsoft Internet Games services on Windows XP and Windows Me would end on July 31, 2019 (and for Windows 7 on January 22, 2020).^[158]

The last non-extended security update rollup packages were released on January 14, 2020, the last day that Windows 7 had extended support.^[159]

End of support (after January 14, 2020)

On January 14, 2020, Windows 7 support ended with Microsoft no longer providing security updates or fixes after that date,^[160] except for subscribers of the Windows 7 Extended Security Updates (ESU), who were able to receive Windows 7 security updates through January 10, 2023.^[161] However, there have been two updates that have been issued to non-ESU subscribers:

• In February 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to fix a black wallpaper issue caused by the January 2020 update for Windows 7.^[162][163]
• In June 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to roll out the new Chromium-based Microsoft Edge to Windows 7 and 8.1 machines that are not connected to Active Directory.^[164][165] Users, e.g. those on Active Directory, can download Edge from Microsoft’s website.

In a support document, Microsoft has stated that a full-screen upgrade warning notification would be displayed on Windows 7 PCs on all editions except the Enterprise edition after January 15, 2020. The notification does not appear on machines connected to Active Directory, machines in kiosk mode, or machines subscribed for Extended Security Updates.^[166]

Reception

Critical reception

Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics noting the increased usability and functionality when compared with its predecessor, Windows Vista. CNET gave Windows 7 Home Premium a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars,^[167] stating that it «is more than what Vista should have been, [and] it’s where Microsoft needed to go». PC Magazine rated it a 4 out of 5 saying that Windows 7 is a «big improvement» over Windows Vista, with fewer compatibility problems, a retooled taskbar, simpler home networking and faster start-up.^[168] Maximum PC gave Windows 7 a rating of 9 out of 10 and called Windows 7 a «massive leap forward» in usability and security, and praised the new Taskbar as «worth the price of admission alone.»^[169] PC World called Windows 7 a «worthy successor» to Windows XP and said that speed benchmarks showed Windows 7 to be slightly faster than Windows Vista.^[170] PC World also named Windows 7 one of the best products of the year.^[171]
In its review of Windows 7, Engadget said that Microsoft had taken a «strong step forward» with Windows 7 and reported that speed is one of Windows 7’s major selling points—particularly for the netbook sets.^[172] Laptop Magazine gave Windows 7 a rating of 4 out of 5 stars and said that Windows 7 makes computing more intuitive, offered better overall performance including a «modest to dramatic» increase in battery life on laptop computers.^[173] TechRadar gave Windows 7 a rating of 5 out of 5 stars, concluding that «it combines the security and architectural improvements of Windows Vista with better performance than XP can deliver on today’s hardware. No version of Windows is ever perfect, but Windows 7 really is the best release of Windows yet.»^[174] USA Today^[175] and The Telegraph^[176] also gave Windows 7 favorable reviews.

Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote, «Visually arresting,» and «A pleasure.»^[177][178] Mary Branscombe of Financial Times wrote, «A clear leap forward.»^[179] of Gizmodo wrote, «Windows 7 Kills Snow Leopard.»^[180] Don Reisinger of CNET wrote, «Delightful.»^[181] David Pogue of The New York Times wrote, «Faster.»^[182][183] J. Peter Bruzzese and Richi Jennings of Computerworld wrote, «Ready.»^[184][185]

Some Windows Vista Ultimate users have expressed concerns over Windows 7 pricing and upgrade options.^[186][187] Windows Vista Ultimate users wanting to upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7 had to either pay $219.99^[188] to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate or perform a clean install, which requires them to reinstall all of their programs.^[189]

The changes to User Account Control on Windows 7 were criticized for being potentially insecure, as an exploit was discovered allowing untrusted software to be launched with elevated privileges by exploiting a trusted component. Peter Bright of Ars Technica argued that «the way that the Windows 7 UAC ‘improvements’ have been made completely exempts Microsoft’s developers from having to do that work themselves. With Windows 7, it’s one rule for Redmond, another one for everyone else.»^[190] Microsoft’s Windows kernel engineer Mark Russinovich acknowledged the problem, but noted that malware can also compromise a system when users agree to a prompt.^[90][191]

Sales

In July 2009, in only eight hours, pre-orders of Windows 7 at amazon.co.uk surpassed the demand which Windows Vista had in its first 17 weeks.^[192] It became the highest-grossing pre-order in Amazon’s history, surpassing sales of the previous record holder, the seventh Harry Potter book.^[193] After 36 hours, 64-bit versions of Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate editions sold out in Japan.^[194] Two weeks after its release its market share had surpassed that of Snow Leopard, released two months previously as the most recent update to Apple’s Mac OS X operating system.^[195][196] According to Net Applications, Windows 7 reached a 4% market share in less than three weeks; in comparison, it took Windows Vista seven months to reach the same mark.^[197][198] As of February 2014, Windows 7 had a market share of 47.49% according to Net Applications; in comparison, Windows XP had a market share of 29.23%.^[199]

On March 4, 2010, Microsoft announced that it had sold more than 90 million licenses.^[200]
By April 23, 2010, more than 100 million copies were sold in six months, which made it Microsoft’s fastest-selling operating system.^[201][202] As of June 23, 2010, Windows 7 has sold 150 million copies which made it the fastest selling operating system in history with seven copies sold every second.^[202][203] Based on worldwide data taken during June 2010 from Windows Update 46% of Windows 7 PCs run the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.^[204] According to Stephen Baker of the NPD Group during April 2010 in the United States 77% of PCs sold at retail were pre-installed with the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.^[204][205] As of July 22, 2010, Windows 7 had sold 175 million copies.^[206] On October 21, 2010, Microsoft announced that more than 240 million copies of Windows 7 had been sold.^[207] Three months later, on January 27, 2011, Microsoft announced total sales of 300 million copies of Windows 7.^[208] On July 12, 2011, the sales figure was refined to over 400 million end-user licenses and business installations.^[209] As of July 9, 2012, over 630 million licenses have been sold; this number includes licenses sold to OEMs for new PCs.^[210]

Antitrust concerns

As with other Microsoft operating systems, Windows 7 was studied by United States federal regulators who oversee the company’s operations following the 2001 United States v. Microsoft Corp. settlement. According to status reports filed, the three-member panel began assessing prototypes of the new operating system in February 2008. Michael Gartenberg, an analyst at Jupiter Research, said, «[Microsoft’s] challenge for Windows 7 will be how can they continue to add features that consumers will want that also don’t run afoul of regulators.»^[211]

In order to comply with European antitrust regulations, Microsoft proposed the use of a «ballot» screen containing download links to competing web browsers, thus removing the need for a version of Windows completely without Internet Explorer, as previously planned.^[212] Microsoft announced that it would discard the separate version for Europe and ship the standard upgrade and full packages worldwide, in response to criticism involving Windows 7 E and concerns from manufacturers about possible consumer confusion if a version of Windows 7 with Internet Explorer were shipped later, after one without Internet Explorer.^[213]

As with the previous version of Windows, an N version, which does not come with Windows Media Player, has been released in Europe, but only for sale directly from Microsoft sales websites and selected others.^[214]

See also

• BlueKeep, a security vulnerability discovered in May 2019 that affected most Windows NT-based computers up to Windows 7

References

Further reading

• Bott, Ed; Siechert, Carl; Stinson, Craig (2010). Windows 7 Inside Out. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2665-2.

External links

• Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1)
• Windows 7 SP1 update history

Windows 7

Version of the Windows NT operating system
Screenshot of Windows 7 Ultimate, showing its Start Menu, desktop, taskbar, and the glass effect of Windows Aero
Developer	Microsoft
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Released to manufacturing	July 22, 2009; 13 years ago[1]
General availability	October 22, 2009; 13 years ago[2]
Final release	Service Pack 1 (6.1.7601.24499) / February 9, 2011; 11 years ago[3]
Update method	Windows Update
Platforms	IA-32 and x86-64
Kernel type	Hybrid
Userland	Windows API, NTVDM, SUA
License	Proprietary commercial software
Preceded by	Windows Vista (2007)[4]
Succeeded by	Windows 8 (2012)
Official website	Windows 7 (archived at Wayback Machine)
Support status
Mainstream support ended on January 13, 2015.[5][6] Extended support ended on January 14, 2020.[5][6] Windows 7 was eligible for the Extended Security Updates (ESU) service. This service was available via specific volume licensing programs for Professional & Enterprise editions, and via OEMs for some embedded editions, in yearly installments. Security updates were available for the operating system until January 10, 2023, excluding some embedded editions.[7][8] Exceptions exist, see § Support lifecycle for details. Installing Service Pack 1 is required for users to receive updates and support after April 9, 2013.[5][6]

Windows 7 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009.^[9] It is the successor to Windows Vista, released nearly three years earlier. It remained an operating system for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs, and itself was replaced in November 2012 by Windows 8, the name spanning more than three years of the product.

Until April 9, 2013, Windows 7 original release included updates and technical support, after which installation of Service Pack 1 was required for users to receive support and updates. Windows 7’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time. Extended support ended on January 14, 2020, over ten years after the release of Windows 7, after which the operating system ceased receiving further updates. A paid support program was available for enterprises, providing security updates for Windows 7 for up to three years since the official end of life.^[10]

Windows 7 was intended to be an incremental upgrade to Microsoft Windows, addressing Windows Vista’s poor critical reception while maintaining hardware and software compatibility. Windows 7 continued improvements on the Windows Aero user interface with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows pinned applications, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the operating system, including libraries, the new file-sharing system HomeGroup, and support for multitouch input. A new «Action Center» was also added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information, and tweaks were made to the User Account Control system to make it less intrusive. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several stock applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player, and Windows Media Center.

Unlike Vista, Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics considering the operating system to be a major improvement over its predecessor because of its improved performance, its more intuitive interface, fewer User Account Control popups, and other improvements made across the platform. Windows 7 was a major success for Microsoft; even before its official release, pre-order sales for the operating system on the online retailer Amazon.com had surpassed previous records. In just six months, over 100 million copies had been sold worldwide, increasing to over 630 million licenses by July 2012. By January 2018, Windows 10 surpassed Windows 7 as the most popular version of Windows worldwide. As of September 2022, 11% of traditional PCs running Windows are running Windows 7.^[12] Windows 11 has recently taken second place from Windows 7 as the most popular Windows edition.^[13] It still remains popular in countries such as Syria, China, India, and Venezuela.^[14][15][16]

Windows 7 is the final version of Windows that supports processors without SSE2 or NX (although an update released in 2018 dropped support for non-SSE2 processors). Its successor, Windows 8, requires a processor with SSE2 and NX in any supported architecture.

Development history

Originally, a version of Windows codenamed «Blackcomb» was planned as the successor to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 in 2000. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed «Longhorn,» was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.^[17] By the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. After three major malware outbreaks—the Blaster, Nachi, and Sobig worms—exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time period in August 2003,^[18] Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn’s major development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.^[19] Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006,^[20] and was later canceled in 2007 due to the scope of the project.^[21]

When released, Windows Vista was criticized for its long development time, performance issues, spotty compatibility with existing hardware and software at launch, changes affecting the compatibility of certain PC games, and unclear assurances by Microsoft that certain computers shipping with XP before launch would be «Vista Capable» (which led to a class-action lawsuit), among other critiques. As such, the adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low.^[22][23][24] In July 2007, six months following the public release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7, with plans for a final release within three years.^[25][26] Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more «user-centric».^[27] Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements.^[28] Steven Sinofsky later expanded on this point, explaining in the Engineering Windows 7 blog that the company was using a variety of new tracing tools to measure the performance of many areas of the operating system on an ongoing basis, to help locate inefficient code paths and to help prevent performance regressions.^[29] Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP.^[30] An estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into «core operating system» and «Windows client experience», in turn organized into 25 teams of around 40 developers on average.^[31]

In October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system.^[32][33] There has been some confusion over naming the product Windows 7,^[34] while versioning it as 6.1 to indicate its similar build to Vista and increase compatibility with applications that only check major version numbers, similar to Windows 2000 and Windows XP both having 5.x version numbers.^[35] The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, build 6519.^[36] Speaking about Windows 7 on October 16, 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer confirmed compatibility between Windows Vista and Windows 7, indicating that Windows 7 would be a refined version of Windows Vista.^[37]

At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar.^[38] On December 27, 2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.^[39] According to a performance test by ZDNet,^[40] Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents. Other areas did not beat XP, including PC Pro benchmarks for typical office activities and video editing, which remain identical to Vista and slower than XP.^[41] On January 7, 2009, the x64 version of the Windows 7 Beta (build 7000) was leaked onto the web, with some torrents being infected with a trojan.^[42][43] At CES 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the Windows 7 Beta, build 7000, had been made available for download to MSDN and TechNet subscribers in the format of an ISO image.^[44] The stock wallpaper of the beta version contained a digital image of the Betta fish.^[45]

The release candidate, build 7100, became available for MSDN and TechNet subscribers, and Connect Program participants on April 30, 2009. On May 5, 2009, it became available to the general public, although it had also been leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.^[46] The release candidate was available in five languages and expired on June 1, 2010, with shutdowns every two hours starting March 1, 2010.^[47] Microsoft stated that Windows 7 would be released to the general public on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the launch of its predecessor. Microsoft released Windows 7 to MSDN and Technet subscribers on August 6, 2009.^[48] Microsoft announced that Windows 7, along with Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing in the United States and Canada on July 22, 2009. Windows 7 RTM is build 7600.16385.090713-1255, which was compiled on July 13, 2009, and was declared the final RTM build after passing all Microsoft’s tests internally.^[49]

Features

New and changed

Among Windows 7’s new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,^[50] support for virtual hard disks,^[51] improved performance on multi-core processors,^{[52][53][54][55]} improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),^[56] a new version of Windows Media Center,^[57] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack^[58] and Windows PowerShell^[59] being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.^[60] Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner^[61] Display Color Calibration Wizard,^[62] Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.^[63] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.^[64] Windows 7 also has a native TFTP client with the ability to transfer files to or from a TFTP server.^[65]

The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to the taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks, and files frequently used with specific applications.^[66] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.^[67] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.^[68] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.

Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Aero Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top, left, or right of the screen.^[69] Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts. Aero Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window’s title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly.

Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.^[70] Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.^[71] A new version of Microsoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.^[72] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.^[73] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.^[74] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.^[75] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.^[76] All editions include some new and improved features, such as Windows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7, that originated within Vista. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic «previous version» snapshot of user files that have changed.^[77] Backup and restore have also been improved,^[78][79] and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.^[80]

A new system known as «Libraries» was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a «Library.» By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created, consisting of the user’s personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.^[81][82]

Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API^[83] to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft also implemented better support for solid-state drives,^[84] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included because of delays in the finalization of the standard.^[85] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.^[86][87]

For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),^[88] new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.^[89] Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.^[90]

Removed

Certain capabilities and programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have been changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionalities; these include the classic Start Menu user interface, some taskbar features, Windows Explorer features, Windows Media Player features, Windows Ultimate Extras, Search button, and InkBall. Four applications bundled with Windows Vista—Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, Windows Calendar and Windows Mail—are not included with Windows 7 and were replaced by Windows Live-branded versions as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.^[91][92]

Editions

Windows 7 is available in six different editions, of which the Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate were available at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on most new computers. Home Premium and Professional were aimed at home users and small businesses respectively, while Ultimate was aimed at enthusiasts. Each edition of Windows 7 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and adds additional features oriented towards their market segments; for example, Professional adds additional networking and security features such as Encrypting File System and the ability to join a domain. Ultimate contained a superset of the features from Home Premium and Professional, along with other advanced features oriented towards power users, such as BitLocker drive encryption; unlike Windows Vista, there were no «Ultimate Extras» add-ons created for Windows 7 Ultimate.^[93][94][95] Retail copies were available in «upgrade» and higher-cost «full» version licenses; «upgrade» licenses require an existing version of Windows to install, while «full» licenses can be installed on computers with no existing operating system.^[96]

The remaining three editions were not available at retail, of which two were available exclusively through OEM channels as pre-loaded software. The Starter edition is a stripped-down version of Windows 7 meant for low-cost devices such as netbooks. In comparison to Home Premium, Starter has reduced multimedia functionality, does not allow users to change their desktop wallpaper or theme, disables the «Aero Glass» theme, does not have support for multiple monitors, and can only address 2GB of RAM.^[95][97] Home Basic was sold only in emerging markets, and was positioned in between Home Premium and Starter.^[93][94] The highest edition, Enterprise, is functionally similar to Ultimate, but is only sold through volume licensing via Microsoft’s Software Assurance program.^{[98][99][100]}

All editions aside from Starter support both IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, Starter only supports 32-bit systems.^[95] Retail copies of Windows 7 are distributed on two DVDs: one for the IA-32 version and the other for x86-64. OEM copies include one DVD, depending on the processor architecture licensed. The installation media for consumer versions of Windows 7 are identical, the product key and corresponding license determines the edition that is installed. The Windows Anytime Upgrade service can be used to purchase an upgrade that unlocks the functionality of a higher edition, such as going from Starter to Home Premium, and Home Premium to Ultimate.^[93] Most copies of Windows 7 only contained one license; in certain markets, a «Family Pack» version of Windows 7 Home Premium was also released for a limited time, which allowed upgrades on up to three computers.^[101] In certain regions, copies of Windows 7 were only sold in, and could only be activated in a designated region.^[102]

Support lifecycle

Support status summary

Expiration date
Mainstream support	January 13, 2015[5][6]
Extended support	January 14, 2020[5][6]
Applicable Windows 7 editions:
Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate,[5][6] as well as Professional for Embedded Systems and Ultimate for Embedded Systems[103]
Exceptions
Professional and Enterprise volume licensed editions, as well as Professional for Embedded Systems	Extended Security Updates (ESU) support ended on January 10, 2023[8]
Windows Thin PC	Mainstream support ended on October 11, 2016[104] Extended support ended on October 12, 2021[104]
Windows Embedded Standard 7	Mainstream support ended on October 13, 2015[103] Extended support ended on October 15, 2020[103] Extended Security Updates (ESU) support until October 10, 2023[8]
Windows Embedded POSReady 7	Mainstream support ended on October 11, 2016[103] Extended support ended on October 12, 2021[103] Extended Security Updates (ESU) support until October 14, 2024[8]

Support for Windows 7 without Service Pack 1 ended on April 9, 2013, requiring users to update in order to continue receiving updates and support after 3 years, 8 months, and 18 days.^[105] Microsoft ended the sale of new retail copies of Windows 7 in October 2014, and the sale of new OEM licenses for Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, and Ultimate ended on October 31, 2014. OEM sales of PCs with Windows 7 Professional pre-installed ended on October 31, 2016.^[106] The sale of non-Professional OEM licenses was stopped on October 31, 2014.^[107]

Mainstream support for Windows 7 ended on January 13, 2015. Extended support for Windows 7 ended on January 14, 2020.^[108][109] In August 2019, Microsoft announced it will be offering a ‘free’ extended security updates to some business users.^[110][111]

On September 7, 2018, Microsoft announced a paid «Extended Security Updates» service that will offer additional updates for Windows 7 Professional and Enterprise for up to three years after the end of extended support.^[112]

Variants of Windows 7 for embedded systems and thin clients have different support policies: Windows Embedded Standard 7 support ended in October 2020. Windows Thin PC and Windows Embedded POSReady 7 had support until October 2021. Windows Embedded Standard 7 and Windows Embedded POSReady 7 also get Extended Security Updates for up to three years after their end of extended support date.^[8] The Extended Security Updates program on Windows Embedded POSReady 7 will expire on October 14, 2024. This will mark the final end of the Windows NT 6.1 product line after 15 years, 2 months, and 17 days.^[8]

In March 2019, Microsoft announced that it would display notifications to users informing users of the upcoming end of support, and direct users to a website urging them to purchase a Windows 10 upgrade or a new computer.^[113]

In August 2019, researchers reported that «all modern versions of Microsoft Windows» may be at risk for «critical» system compromise because of design flaws of hardware device drivers from multiple providers.^[114] In the same month, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Microsoft Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.^[115] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from the older Windows XP version to the most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.^[116]

In September 2019, Microsoft announced that it would provide free security updates for Windows 7 on federally-certified voting machines through the 2020 United States elections.^[117]

System requirements

Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7^[118]

Component	Operating system architecture
32-bit	64-bit
Processor	1 GHz IA-32 processor Support for SSE2 required after May 2018 cumulative update[119]	1 GHz x86-64 processor
Memory (RAM)	1 GB	2 GB
Graphics card	DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM driver model 1.0
Storage space	16 GB	20 GB
Installation media	DVD drive or USB drive

Additional requirements to use certain features:^[118]

• Windows XP Mode (Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise): Requires an additional 1 GB of RAM and additional 15 GB of available hard disk space. The requirement for a processor capable of hardware virtualization has been lifted.^[120]
• Windows Media Center (included in Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise), requires a TV tuner to receive and record TV.

Extent of hardware support

Physical memory

The maximum amount of RAM that Windows 7 supports varies depending on the product edition and on the processor architecture, as shown in the following table.^[121]

Physical memory limits of Windows 7

Edition	Processor architecture
IA-32 (32-bit)	x64 (64-bit)
Ultimate	4 GB	192 GB
Enterprise
Professional
Home Premium	16 GB
Home Basic	8 GB
Starter	2 GB	—

Processor limits

Windows 7 Professional and up support up to 2 physical processors (CPU sockets),^[122]
whereas Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium editions support only 1.^[123] Physical processors with either multiple cores, or hyper-threading, or both, implement more than one logical processor per physical processor. The x86 editions of Windows 7 support up to 32 logical processors; x64 editions support up to 256 (4 x 64).^[124]

In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would no longer support Windows platforms older than Windows 10 on any future Intel-compatible processor lines, citing difficulties in reliably allowing the operating system to operate on newer hardware. Microsoft stated that effective July 17, 2017, devices with Intel Skylake CPUs were only to receive the «most critical» updates for Windows 7 and 8.1, and only if they have been judged not to affect the reliability of Windows 7 on older hardware.^[108][125] For enterprise customers, Microsoft issued a list of Skylake-based devices «certified» for Windows 7 and 8.1 in addition to Windows 10, to assist them in migrating to newer hardware that can eventually be upgraded to 10 once they are ready to transition. Microsoft and their hardware partners provide special testing and support for these devices on 7 and 8.1 until the July 2017 date.^[126]

On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism from enterprise customers, Microsoft delayed the end of support and non-critical updates for Skylake systems to July 17, 2018, but stated that they would also continue to receive security updates through the end of extended support.^[127][128] In August 2016, citing a «strong partnership with our OEM partners and Intel», Microsoft retracted the decision and stated that it would continue to support Windows 7 and 8.1 on Skylake hardware through the end of their extended support lifecycle. However, the restrictions on newer CPU microarchitectures remain in force.^[129][130]

In March 2017, a Microsoft knowledge base article announced which implies that devices using Intel Kaby Lake, AMD Bristol Ridge, or AMD Ryzen, would be blocked from using Windows Update entirely.^[131][132] In addition, official Windows 7 device drivers are not available for the Kaby Lake and Ryzen platforms.^[133][134]

Security updates released since March 2018 contain bugs which affect processors that do not support SSE2 extensions, including all Pentium III processors. Microsoft initially stated that it would attempt to resolve the issue, and prevented installation of the affected patches on these systems. However, on June 15, 2018, Microsoft retroactively modified its support documents to remove the promise that this bug would be resolved, replacing it with a statement suggesting that users obtain a newer processor. This effectively ends future patch support for Windows 7 on these systems.^[135][136]

Updates

Service Pack 1

Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) was announced on March 18, 2010. A beta was released on July 12, 2010.^{[137][138][139]} The final version was released to the public on February 22, 2011.^[140] At the time of release, it was not made mandatory. It was available via Windows Update, direct download, or by ordering the Windows 7 SP1 DVD.^[141] The service pack is on a much smaller scale than those released for previous versions of Windows, particularly Windows Vista.^[142]

Windows 7 Service Pack 1 adds support for Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX), a 256-bit instruction set extension for processors, and improves IKEv2 by adding additional identification fields such as E-mail ID to it. In addition, it adds support for Advanced Format 512e as well as additional Identity Federation Services.^[143][144] Windows 7 Service Pack 1 also resolves a bug related to HDMI audio and another related to printing XPS documents.^[143]

In Europe, the automatic nature of the BrowserChoice.eu feature was dropped in Windows 7 Service Pack 1 in February 2011 and remained absent for 14 months despite Microsoft reporting that it was still present, subsequently described by Microsoft as a «technical error.» As a result, in March 2013, the European Commission fined Microsoft €561 million to deter companies from reneging on settlement promises.^[145]

Platform Update

The Platform Update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 was released on February 26, 2013^[146] after a pre-release version had been released on November 5, 2012.^[147] It is also included with Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7.^[148]

It includes enhancements to Direct2D, DirectWrite, Direct3D, Windows Imaging Component (WIC), Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform (WARP), Windows Animation Manager (WAM), XPS Document API, H.264 Video Decoder and JPEG XR decoder.^[146] However support for Direct3D 11.1 is limited as the update does not include DXGI/WDDM 1.2 from Windows 8, making unavailable many related APIs and significant features such as stereoscopic frame buffer, feature level 11_1 and optional features for levels 10_0, 10_1 and 11_0.^[149]

Disk Cleanup update

In October 2013, a Disk Cleanup Wizard addon was released that lets users delete outdated Windows updates on Windows 7 SP1, thus reducing the size of the WinSxS directory. This update backports some features found in Windows 8.^[150]

Windows Management Framework 5.0

Windows Management Framework 5.0 includes updates to Windows PowerShell 5.0, Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC), Windows Remote Management (WinRM), Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI). It was released on February 24, 2016^[151] and was eventually superseded by Windows Management Framework 5.1.^[152]

Convenience rollup

In May 2016, Microsoft released a «Convenience rollup update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1,» which contains all patches released between the release of SP1 and April 2016. The rollup is not available via Windows Update, and must be downloaded manually. This package can also be integrated into a Windows 7 installation image.^[153]

Since October 2016, all security and reliability updates are cumulative. Downloading and installing updates that address individual problems is no longer possible, but the number of updates that must be downloaded to fully update the OS is significantly reduced.^[154]

Monthly update rollups (July 2016-January 2020)

In June 2018, Microsoft announced that they’ll be moving Windows 7 to a monthly update model beginning with updates released in September 2018^[155] — two years after Microsoft switched the rest of their supported operating systems to that model.^[156]

With the new update model, instead of updates being released as they became available, only two update packages were released on the second Tuesday of every month until Windows 7 reached its end of life — one package containing security and quality updates, and a smaller package that contained only the security updates. Users could choose which package they wanted to install each month. Later in the month, another package would be released which was a preview of the next month’s security and quality update rollup.

Installing the preview rollup package released for Windows 7 on March 19, 2019, or any later released rollup package, that makes Windows more reliable. This change was made so Microsoft could continue to service the operating system while avoiding “version-related issues”.^[157]

Microsoft announced in July 2019 that the Microsoft Internet Games services on Windows XP and Windows Me would end on July 31, 2019 (and for Windows 7 on January 22, 2020).^[158]

The last non-extended security update rollup packages were released on January 14, 2020, the last day that Windows 7 had extended support.^[159]

End of support (after January 14, 2020)

On January 14, 2020, Windows 7 support ended with Microsoft no longer providing security updates or fixes after that date,^[160] except for subscribers of the Windows 7 Extended Security Updates (ESU), who were able to receive Windows 7 security updates through January 10, 2023.^[161] However, there have been two updates that have been issued to non-ESU subscribers:

• In February 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to fix a black wallpaper issue caused by the January 2020 update for Windows 7.^[162][163]
• In June 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to roll out the new Chromium-based Microsoft Edge to Windows 7 and 8.1 machines that are not connected to Active Directory.^[164][165] Users, e.g. those on Active Directory, can download Edge from Microsoft’s website.

In a support document, Microsoft has stated that a full-screen upgrade warning notification would be displayed on Windows 7 PCs on all editions except the Enterprise edition after January 15, 2020. The notification does not appear on machines connected to Active Directory, machines in kiosk mode, or machines subscribed for Extended Security Updates.^[166]

Reception

Critical reception

Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics noting the increased usability and functionality when compared with its predecessor, Windows Vista. CNET gave Windows 7 Home Premium a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars,^[167] stating that it «is more than what Vista should have been, [and] it’s where Microsoft needed to go». PC Magazine rated it a 4 out of 5 saying that Windows 7 is a «big improvement» over Windows Vista, with fewer compatibility problems, a retooled taskbar, simpler home networking and faster start-up.^[168] Maximum PC gave Windows 7 a rating of 9 out of 10 and called Windows 7 a «massive leap forward» in usability and security, and praised the new Taskbar as «worth the price of admission alone.»^[169] PC World called Windows 7 a «worthy successor» to Windows XP and said that speed benchmarks showed Windows 7 to be slightly faster than Windows Vista.^[170] PC World also named Windows 7 one of the best products of the year.^[171]
In its review of Windows 7, Engadget said that Microsoft had taken a «strong step forward» with Windows 7 and reported that speed is one of Windows 7’s major selling points—particularly for the netbook sets.^[172] Laptop Magazine gave Windows 7 a rating of 4 out of 5 stars and said that Windows 7 makes computing more intuitive, offered better overall performance including a «modest to dramatic» increase in battery life on laptop computers.^[173] TechRadar gave Windows 7 a rating of 5 out of 5 stars, concluding that «it combines the security and architectural improvements of Windows Vista with better performance than XP can deliver on today’s hardware. No version of Windows is ever perfect, but Windows 7 really is the best release of Windows yet.»^[174] USA Today^[175] and The Telegraph^[176] also gave Windows 7 favorable reviews.

Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote, «Visually arresting,» and «A pleasure.»^[177][178] Mary Branscombe of Financial Times wrote, «A clear leap forward.»^[179] of Gizmodo wrote, «Windows 7 Kills Snow Leopard.»^[180] Don Reisinger of CNET wrote, «Delightful.»^[181] David Pogue of The New York Times wrote, «Faster.»^[182][183] J. Peter Bruzzese and Richi Jennings of Computerworld wrote, «Ready.»^[184][185]

Some Windows Vista Ultimate users have expressed concerns over Windows 7 pricing and upgrade options.^[186][187] Windows Vista Ultimate users wanting to upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7 had to either pay $219.99^[188] to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate or perform a clean install, which requires them to reinstall all of their programs.^[189]

The changes to User Account Control on Windows 7 were criticized for being potentially insecure, as an exploit was discovered allowing untrusted software to be launched with elevated privileges by exploiting a trusted component. Peter Bright of Ars Technica argued that «the way that the Windows 7 UAC ‘improvements’ have been made completely exempts Microsoft’s developers from having to do that work themselves. With Windows 7, it’s one rule for Redmond, another one for everyone else.»^[190] Microsoft’s Windows kernel engineer Mark Russinovich acknowledged the problem, but noted that malware can also compromise a system when users agree to a prompt.^[90][191]

Sales

In July 2009, in only eight hours, pre-orders of Windows 7 at amazon.co.uk surpassed the demand which Windows Vista had in its first 17 weeks.^[192] It became the highest-grossing pre-order in Amazon’s history, surpassing sales of the previous record holder, the seventh Harry Potter book.^[193] After 36 hours, 64-bit versions of Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate editions sold out in Japan.^[194] Two weeks after its release its market share had surpassed that of Snow Leopard, released two months previously as the most recent update to Apple’s Mac OS X operating system.^[195][196] According to Net Applications, Windows 7 reached a 4% market share in less than three weeks; in comparison, it took Windows Vista seven months to reach the same mark.^[197][198] As of February 2014, Windows 7 had a market share of 47.49% according to Net Applications; in comparison, Windows XP had a market share of 29.23%.^[199]

On March 4, 2010, Microsoft announced that it had sold more than 90 million licenses.^[200]
By April 23, 2010, more than 100 million copies were sold in six months, which made it Microsoft’s fastest-selling operating system.^[201][202] As of June 23, 2010, Windows 7 has sold 150 million copies which made it the fastest selling operating system in history with seven copies sold every second.^[202][203] Based on worldwide data taken during June 2010 from Windows Update 46% of Windows 7 PCs run the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.^[204] According to Stephen Baker of the NPD Group during April 2010 in the United States 77% of PCs sold at retail were pre-installed with the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.^[204][205] As of July 22, 2010, Windows 7 had sold 175 million copies.^[206] On October 21, 2010, Microsoft announced that more than 240 million copies of Windows 7 had been sold.^[207] Three months later, on January 27, 2011, Microsoft announced total sales of 300 million copies of Windows 7.^[208] On July 12, 2011, the sales figure was refined to over 400 million end-user licenses and business installations.^[209] As of July 9, 2012, over 630 million licenses have been sold; this number includes licenses sold to OEMs for new PCs.^[210]

Antitrust concerns

As with other Microsoft operating systems, Windows 7 was studied by United States federal regulators who oversee the company’s operations following the 2001 United States v. Microsoft Corp. settlement. According to status reports filed, the three-member panel began assessing prototypes of the new operating system in February 2008. Michael Gartenberg, an analyst at Jupiter Research, said, «[Microsoft’s] challenge for Windows 7 will be how can they continue to add features that consumers will want that also don’t run afoul of regulators.»^[211]

In order to comply with European antitrust regulations, Microsoft proposed the use of a «ballot» screen containing download links to competing web browsers, thus removing the need for a version of Windows completely without Internet Explorer, as previously planned.^[212] Microsoft announced that it would discard the separate version for Europe and ship the standard upgrade and full packages worldwide, in response to criticism involving Windows 7 E and concerns from manufacturers about possible consumer confusion if a version of Windows 7 with Internet Explorer were shipped later, after one without Internet Explorer.^[213]

As with the previous version of Windows, an N version, which does not come with Windows Media Player, has been released in Europe, but only for sale directly from Microsoft sales websites and selected others.^[214]

See also

• BlueKeep, a security vulnerability discovered in May 2019 that affected most Windows NT-based computers up to Windows 7

References

Further reading

• Bott, Ed; Siechert, Carl; Stinson, Craig (2010). Windows 7 Inside Out. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2665-2.

External links

• Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1)
• Windows 7 SP1 update history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microsoft Windows is a computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It was first launched in 1985 as a graphical operating system built on MS-DOS. The initial version was followed by several subsequent releases, and by the early 1990s, the Windows line had split into two separate lines of releases: Windows 9x for consumers and Windows NT for businesses and enterprises. In the following years, several further variants of Windows would be released: Windows CE in 1996 for embedded systems; Pocket PC in 2000 (renamed to Windows Mobile in 2003 and Windows Phone in 2010) for personal digital assistants and, later, smartphones; Windows Holographic in 2016 for AR/VR headsets; and several other editions.

Personal computer versions[edit]

A «personal computer» version of Windows is considered to be a version that end-users or OEMs can install on personal computers, including desktop computers, laptops, and workstations.

The first five versions of Windows–Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 2.1, Windows 3.0, and Windows 3.1–were all based on MS-DOS, and were aimed at both consumers and businesses. However, Windows 3.1 had two separate successors, splitting the Windows line in two: the consumer-focused «Windows 9x» line, consisting of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me; and the professional Windows NT line, comprising Windows NT 3.1, Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows 2000. These two lines were reunited into a single line with the NT-based Windows XP; this Windows release succeeded both Windows Me and Windows 2000 and had separate editions for consumer and professional use. Since Windows XP, multiple further versions of Windows have been released, the most recent of which is Windows 11.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows 1.01	Interface Manager	1985-11-20	1.01	—	—	x86-16	2001-12-31
Windows 1.02	—	1986-05-14	1.02	—	—
Windows 1.03	—	1986-08-21	1.03	—	—
Windows 1.04	—	1987-04-10	1.04	—	—
Windows 2.01	—	1987-12-09	2.01	—	—	x86-16, IA-32
Windows 2.03	—	1987-12-09	2.03	—	—
Windows 2.1	—	1988-05-27	2.10	—	—
Windows 2.11	—	1989-03-13	2.11	—	—
Windows 3.0	—	1990-05-22	3.00	Windows 3.00a Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions	—
Windows 3.1	—	1992-04-06	3.10	Windows 3.1	103
Sparta[a]	1992-10	Windows for Workgroups 3.1	102	IA-32
Windows NT 3.1	Razzle[1]	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows 3.11	—	1993-11-08	3.11	Windows 3.11	?	x86-16, IA-32	2001-12-31
Snowball	Windows for Workgroups 3.11	300	IA-32
Windows 3.2	—	1993-11-22	3.2	Windows 3.2	153	x86-16, IA-32
Windows NT 3.5	Daytona	1994-09-21	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Workstation	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-30	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Workstation	1057
Windows 95	Chicago	1995-08-24	4.00	Windows 95	950	IA-32
Windows NT 4.0	Shell Update Release	1996-08-24	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation	1381	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2004-06-30
Windows 98	Memphis[b]	1998-06-25	4.10	Windows 98	1998	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows 98 Second Edition	—	1999-05-05	Windows 98 Second Edition	2222A
Windows 2000	Windows NT 5.0	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Professional	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Me	Millennium	2000-09-14	4.90	Windows Me	3000	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows XP	Whistler	2001-10-25	NT 5.1	Windows XP Starter Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional	2600	IA-32	2014-04-08
Windows XP 64-bit Edition	Itanium
Freestyle	2002-10-29	Windows XP Media Center Edition	IA-32
Harmony	2003-09-30	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
Symphony	2004-10-12	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005	2700
Emerald	2005-10-14	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 Update Rollup 2	2710
Anvil	2005-04-25	NT 5.2	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	3790	x86-64
Windows Vista	Longhorn[3]	2007-01-30	NT 6.0	Windows Vista Starter Windows Vista Home Basic Windows Vista Home Premium Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Ultimate	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64	2017-04-11
Windows 7	Windows 7[4]	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Professional Windows 7 Enterprise Windows 7 Ultimate	7601[d]	IA-32, x86-64	2020-01-14
Windows 8	Windows 8	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	Windows 8 Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise	9200	IA-32, x86-64	2016-01-12	2023-07-11 (Embedded)
Windows 8.1	Blue	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Enterprise	9600	IA-32, x86-64	2023-01-10	2023-07-11 (Embedded)
2014-05-23[e]	Windows 8.1 with Bing
Windows 10 version 1507	Threshold[5][f]	2015-07-29	NT 10.0[g][h]	Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Pro for Workstations[i] Windows 10 Pro Education[j] Windows 10 S[k] Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC[l]	10240	IA-32, x86-64	2025-10-14[7][m]
Windows 10 version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-10	1511	10586
Windows 10 version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-02	1607	14393
Windows 10 version 1703	Redstone 2[8]	2017-04-05	1703	15063
Windows 10 version 1709	Redstone 3[9]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	IA-32, x86-64, ARM64
Windows 10 version 1803	Redstone 4	2018-04-30	1803	17134
Windows 10 version 1809	Redstone 5[10]	2018-11-13	1809	17763
Windows 10 version 1903	19H1[11]	2019-05-21	1903	18362
Windows 10 version 1909	Vanadium[n][13]	2019-11-12	1909	18363
Windows 10 version 2004	Vibranium[13][14][o]	2020-05-27	2004	19041
Windows 10 version 20H2	2020-10-20	20H2	19042
Windows 10 version 21H1	2021-05-18	21H1	19043
Windows 10 version 21H2	2021-11-16	21H2	19044
Windows 10 version 22H2	2022-10-18	22H2	19045
Windows 11 version 21H2	Sun Valley[p]	2021-10-05	21H2	Windows 11 Home Windows 11 Pro Windows 11 Pro for Workstations Windows 11 Pro Education Windows 11 Education Windows 11 Enterprise Windows 11 SE	22000	x86-64, ARM64	2023-10-10[q]
Windows 11 version 22H2	Sun Valley 2	2022-09-20	22H2	22621	2024-10-14[q]

Mobile versions[edit]

Mobile versions refer to versions of Windows that can run on smartphones or personal digital assistants.

Name	Codename	Architecture	Release date	Version Number
Pocket PC 2000	Rapier	ARMv4, MIPS, SH-3	2000-04-19	CE 3.0
Pocket PC 2002	Merlin	ARMv4	2001-10-04
Windows Mobile 2003	Ozone	ARMv5	2003-06-23	CE 4.x
Windows Mobile 2003 SE	—	2004-03-24
Windows Mobile 5.0	Magneto	2005-05-09	CE 5.0
Windows Mobile 6.0	Crossbow	2007-02-12
Windows Mobile 6.1	—	2008-04-01	CE 5.2
Windows Mobile 6.1.4	6 on 6	2008-11-11[16]
Windows Mobile 6.5	Titanium	2009-05-11	CE 6.0
Windows Phone 7[r]	—	ARMv7	2010-10-29
Windows Phone 7.5	Mango	2011-09-27
Windows Phone 7.8	—	2013-02-01
Windows Phone 8	Apollo	2012-10-29	NT 6.2
Windows Phone 8.1	Blue	2014-04-14	NT 6.3
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-12	1511
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-16	1607
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1703	Redstone 2	2017-04-24	1703
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1709	feature2[17]	2017-10-24	1709

Server versions[edit]

Name	Release date	Version number	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows NT 3.1	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows NT 3.5	1994-09-20	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Server	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2001-12-31
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-29	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Server	1057	2001-12-31
Windows NT 4.0	1996-07-29	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Server Windows NT 4.0 Server Enterprise Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition	1381	2004-12-31
Windows 2000	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Server 2003	2003-04-24	NT 5.2	Windows Server Web Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Storage Server	3790	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2003 R2	2005-12-06	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2008	2008-02-27	NT 6.0	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Server for Itanium-based Systems Windows Storage Server Windows Web Server	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2008 R2	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	7601[d]	x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2012	2012-09-04	NT 6.2	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Essentials Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	9200	x86-64	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2012 R2	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	9600	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2016	2016-10-12	1607[18]	Windows Server Essentials[s] Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	14393	2027-01-12
Windows Server, version 1709[19]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	2019-04-09
Windows Server, version 1803[20]	2018-04-30	1803	17134	2019-11-12
Windows Server, version 1809	2018-11-13[21]	1809	17763	2020-11-10
Windows Server 2019[18]	2029-01-09[18]
Windows Server, version 1903[18]	2019-05-21	1903	18362	2020-12-08[18]
Windows Server, version 1909[18]	2019-11-12	1909	18363	2021-05-11[18]
Windows Server, version 2004[22]	2020-06-26	2004	19041	2021-12-14[18]
Windows Server, version 20H2[22]	2020-10-20	20H2	19042	2022-08-09[18]
Windows Server 2022	2021-08-18	21H2[23]	20348	2031-10-14[18]

High-performance computing (HPC) servers[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003	—	2006-06-09	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008	Socrates	2008-09-22	Windows Server 2008
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2	—	2010-09-20	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows Essential Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Windows Essential Business Server 2008	Centro	2008-09-15	2020-01-14	5700	Windows Server 2008

Windows Home Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Based on
Windows Home Server	Quattro	2007-11-04	2013-01-08	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows Home Server 2011	Vail	2011-04-06	2016-04-12	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows MultiPoint Server[edit]

Windows MultiPoint Server was an operating system based on Windows Server. It was succeeded by the MultiPoint Services role in Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server version 1709. It was no longer being developed in Windows Server version 1803 and later versions.

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows MultiPoint Server 2010	Solution Server	2010-02-24	2020-07-14	NT 6.1	537	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows MultiPoint Server 2011	WMS 2	2011-05-12	2021-07-13	1600	Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1
Windows MultiPoint Server 2012	WMS 3	2012-10-30	2023-10-10	NT 6.2	2506	Windows Server 2012

Windows Small Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Small Business Server 2000	—	2001-02-21	2010-07-13	1343	Windows 2000 Server
Windows Small Business Server 2003	Bobcat	2003-10-09	2015-07-14	2893	Windows Server 2003
Windows Small Business Server 2008	Cougar	2008-08-21	2020-01-14	5601	Windows Server 2008
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Standard	Windows Small Business Server 7	2010-12-13	2020-01-14	7900	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Essentials	Colorado	2011-06-28	2013-01-05	8800

Device versions[edit]

ARM-based tablets[edit]

In 2012 and 2013, Microsoft released versions of Windows specially designed to run on ARM-based tablets; these versions of Windows were based on Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, respectively, although the standard versions could run on x86-based tablets without modification. Upon the release of Windows 10 in 2015, the ARM-specific version for large tablets was discontinued; large tablets (such as the Surface Pro 4) were only released with x86 processors and could run the full version of Windows 10. Windows 10 Mobile had the ability to be installed on smaller tablets (up to nine inches);^[24] however, very few such tablets were released, and Windows 10 Mobile primarily ended up only running on smartphones until its discontinuation. In 2017, the full version of Windows 10 gained the ability to run on ARM, which rendered a specific version of Windows for ARM-based tablets unnecessary.

Name	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows RT	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	9200	Windows 8
Windows RT 8.1	2013-10-18	NT 6.3	9600	Windows 8.1

Mixed reality and virtual reality headsets[edit]

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1607[25]	14393
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1803[25]	17134
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1809[25]	17763
Windows Holographic, version 1903[26]	18362
Windows Holographic, version 2004[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 20H2[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 21H1[26]	20346
Windows Holographic, version 21H2[26]	20348
Windows Holographic, version 22H1[26]	20348

Surface Hub[edit]

Microsoft originally announced the Surface Hub, an interactive whiteboard, in January 2015. The Surface Hub family of devices runs a custom variant of Windows 10 known as Windows 10 Team.

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Team, version 1511[27]	10586
Windows 10 Team, version 1607[27]	14393
Windows 10 Team, version 1703[27]	15063
Windows 10 Team, version 20H2[27]	19042

Windows XP-based tablets[edit]

Two versions of Windows XP were released that were optimized for tablets. Beginning with Windows Vista, all tablet-specific components were included in the main version of the operating system.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition	—	2002-11-07	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005	Lonestar	2004-08	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP

Embedded versions[edit]

Windows Embedded Compact[edit]

Name	Codename(s)	Release date
Windows CE 1.0	Pegasus; Alder	1996-11-16
Windows CE 2.0	Jupiter; Birch	1997-09-29
Windows CE 2.1	—	1998-07
Windows CE 2.11	—	1998-10
Windows CE 2.12	—	1999
Windows CE 3.0	Cedar; Galileo	2000
Windows CE 4.0	Talisker	2002-01-07
Windows CE 4.1	Jameson	2002-07-30
Windows CE 4.2	McKendric	2003-04-23
Windows CE 5.0	Macallan	2004-07-09
Windows Embedded CE 6.0	Yamakazi	2006-11-01
Windows Embedded Compact 7	Chelan	2011-03-01
Windows Embedded Compact 2013	—	2013-06-13

Windows Embedded Standard[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows NT Embedded 4.0	Impala	1999-08-30	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Windows XP Embedded	Mantis	2001-11-28	Windows XP Professional
Windows Embedded Standard 2009	—	2008-12-14	Windows XP Service Pack 3
Windows Embedded Standard 7	Quebec	2010	Windows 7
Windows Embedded 8	—	2013	Windows 8
Windows Embedded 8.1	—	2013	Windows 8.1

Other embedded versions[edit]

• Windows Embedded Industry
• Windows Embedded Automotive

Cancelled versions[edit]

Cancelled personal computer versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Version	Latest known build number	Notes
Cairo	—	1996	NT 4.0	1175	Originally announced in 1991
Nashville[t]	Windows 96	—	4.1	999	Planned to be released between Windows 95 and Windows 98
Neptune	—	Early 2000	NT 5.50	5111	The first planned version of Microsoft Windows NT to have a consumer edition variant, based on the Windows 2000 codebase. A version was sent out to testers but was never released.[28] The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Odyssey	—	Early 2000	NT 6.0[29]	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows 2000. The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Triton	—	—	—	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows Neptune and had been scheduled to be released in March 2001
Blackcomb	—	2006-01	—	—	Blackcomb was originally planned to be a release of Windows following Windows XP. However, due to the large feature scope planned for Blackcomb, a smaller release codenamed «Longhorn» was planned first, and Blackcomb was delayed to 2003/2004. Both projects faced delays; Longhorn would go on to be released to consumers as «Windows Vista» in January 2007, while development on Blackcomb continued until the Blackcomb project was renamed «Vienna» in early 2006.
Vienna	—	2007-07[u]	—	—	Vienna replaced Blackcomb and was intended as Windows Vista’s successor. Vienna was eventually cancelled in favor of a new project codenamed «Windows 7» (which went on to be released in 2009 with the same name).
Polaris	—	2018	—	16299	Cancelled in favor of Santorini
Santorini[v]	Windows 10X	2021-05-18[w][31]	21H1	20279	Microsoft had been reported as working on a new «lite» version of Windows as early as December 2018.[32] Such a version was officially announced under the name «Windows 10X» at an event in October 2019; the operating system was intended to first launch on dual-screen devices. In May 2020, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would instead be launching on single-screen PCs, such as laptops and 2-in-1 devices, first.[33] However, on May 18, 2021, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would not be launching (at least not in 2021); many of its features were rolled into Windows 11 instead.

Cancelled mobile versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Notes
Photon	Windows Mobile 7	September 2008[34]	Originally a successor of Windows Mobile, it had been scrapped for Windows Phone 7[35][36]
Phoenix	—	Early 2017	Cancelled when Microsoft «wound down» its phone efforts.[37]
Andromeda	—	Mid-2018	Much of the work that was put into Andromeda was migrated into Santorini. The Surface Duo, a dual-screen Android-powered smartphone launched by Microsoft in 2020, was loosely based on the prototype hardware that had been used to test Andromeda.[38]

Cancelled server versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Latest known build number
Cascades	Windows Essential Business Server 2008 R2	April 7, 2010[w]	7224

See also[edit]

• List of Microsoft operating systems
• Microsoft Windows version history
• Windows 10 version history
• Windows 11 version history
• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
• List of Microsoft codenames

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microsoft Windows is a computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It was first launched in 1985 as a graphical operating system built on MS-DOS. The initial version was followed by several subsequent releases, and by the early 1990s, the Windows line had split into two separate lines of releases: Windows 9x for consumers and Windows NT for businesses and enterprises. In the following years, several further variants of Windows would be released: Windows CE in 1996 for embedded systems; Pocket PC in 2000 (renamed to Windows Mobile in 2003 and Windows Phone in 2010) for personal digital assistants and, later, smartphones; Windows Holographic in 2016 for AR/VR headsets; and several other editions.

Personal computer versions[edit]

A «personal computer» version of Windows is considered to be a version that end-users or OEMs can install on personal computers, including desktop computers, laptops, and workstations.

The first five versions of Windows–Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 2.1, Windows 3.0, and Windows 3.1–were all based on MS-DOS, and were aimed at both consumers and businesses. However, Windows 3.1 had two separate successors, splitting the Windows line in two: the consumer-focused «Windows 9x» line, consisting of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me; and the professional Windows NT line, comprising Windows NT 3.1, Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows 2000. These two lines were reunited into a single line with the NT-based Windows XP; this Windows release succeeded both Windows Me and Windows 2000 and had separate editions for consumer and professional use. Since Windows XP, multiple further versions of Windows have been released, the most recent of which is Windows 11.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows 1.01	Interface Manager	1985-11-20	1.01	—	—	x86-16	2001-12-31
Windows 1.02	—	1986-05-14	1.02	—	—
Windows 1.03	—	1986-08-21	1.03	—	—
Windows 1.04	—	1987-04-10	1.04	—	—
Windows 2.01	—	1987-12-09	2.01	—	—	x86-16, IA-32
Windows 2.03	—	1987-12-09	2.03	—	—
Windows 2.1	—	1988-05-27	2.10	—	—
Windows 2.11	—	1989-03-13	2.11	—	—
Windows 3.0	—	1990-05-22	3.00	Windows 3.00a Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions	—
Windows 3.1	—	1992-04-06	3.10	Windows 3.1	103
Sparta[a]	1992-10	Windows for Workgroups 3.1	102	IA-32
Windows NT 3.1	Razzle[1]	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows 3.11	—	1993-11-08	3.11	Windows 3.11	?	x86-16, IA-32	2001-12-31
Snowball	Windows for Workgroups 3.11	300	IA-32
Windows 3.2	—	1993-11-22	3.2	Windows 3.2	153	x86-16, IA-32
Windows NT 3.5	Daytona	1994-09-21	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Workstation	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-30	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Workstation	1057
Windows 95	Chicago	1995-08-24	4.00	Windows 95	950	IA-32
Windows NT 4.0	Shell Update Release	1996-08-24	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation	1381	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2004-06-30
Windows 98	Memphis[b]	1998-06-25	4.10	Windows 98	1998	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows 98 Second Edition	—	1999-05-05	Windows 98 Second Edition	2222A
Windows 2000	Windows NT 5.0	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Professional	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Me	Millennium	2000-09-14	4.90	Windows Me	3000	IA-32	2006-07-11
Windows XP	Whistler	2001-10-25	NT 5.1	Windows XP Starter Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional	2600	IA-32	2014-04-08
Windows XP 64-bit Edition	Itanium
Freestyle	2002-10-29	Windows XP Media Center Edition	IA-32
Harmony	2003-09-30	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
Symphony	2004-10-12	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005	2700
Emerald	2005-10-14	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 Update Rollup 2	2710
Anvil	2005-04-25	NT 5.2	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	3790	x86-64
Windows Vista	Longhorn[3]	2007-01-30	NT 6.0	Windows Vista Starter Windows Vista Home Basic Windows Vista Home Premium Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Ultimate	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64	2017-04-11
Windows 7	Windows 7[4]	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Professional Windows 7 Enterprise Windows 7 Ultimate	7601[d]	IA-32, x86-64	2020-01-14
Windows 8	Windows 8	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	Windows 8 Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise	9200	IA-32, x86-64	2016-01-12	2023-07-11 (Embedded)
Windows 8.1	Blue	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Enterprise	9600	IA-32, x86-64	2023-01-10	2023-07-11 (Embedded)
2014-05-23[e]	Windows 8.1 with Bing
Windows 10 version 1507	Threshold[5][f]	2015-07-29	NT 10.0[g][h]	Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Pro for Workstations[i] Windows 10 Pro Education[j] Windows 10 S[k] Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC[l]	10240	IA-32, x86-64	2025-10-14[7][m]
Windows 10 version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-10	1511	10586
Windows 10 version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-02	1607	14393
Windows 10 version 1703	Redstone 2[8]	2017-04-05	1703	15063
Windows 10 version 1709	Redstone 3[9]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	IA-32, x86-64, ARM64
Windows 10 version 1803	Redstone 4	2018-04-30	1803	17134
Windows 10 version 1809	Redstone 5[10]	2018-11-13	1809	17763
Windows 10 version 1903	19H1[11]	2019-05-21	1903	18362
Windows 10 version 1909	Vanadium[n][13]	2019-11-12	1909	18363
Windows 10 version 2004	Vibranium[13][14][o]	2020-05-27	2004	19041
Windows 10 version 20H2	2020-10-20	20H2	19042
Windows 10 version 21H1	2021-05-18	21H1	19043
Windows 10 version 21H2	2021-11-16	21H2	19044
Windows 10 version 22H2	2022-10-18	22H2	19045
Windows 11 version 21H2	Sun Valley[p]	2021-10-05	21H2	Windows 11 Home Windows 11 Pro Windows 11 Pro for Workstations Windows 11 Pro Education Windows 11 Education Windows 11 Enterprise Windows 11 SE	22000	x86-64, ARM64	2023-10-10[q]
Windows 11 version 22H2	Sun Valley 2	2022-09-20	22H2	22621	2024-10-14[q]

Mobile versions[edit]

Mobile versions refer to versions of Windows that can run on smartphones or personal digital assistants.

Name	Codename	Architecture	Release date	Version Number
Pocket PC 2000	Rapier	ARMv4, MIPS, SH-3	2000-04-19	CE 3.0
Pocket PC 2002	Merlin	ARMv4	2001-10-04
Windows Mobile 2003	Ozone	ARMv5	2003-06-23	CE 4.x
Windows Mobile 2003 SE	—	2004-03-24
Windows Mobile 5.0	Magneto	2005-05-09	CE 5.0
Windows Mobile 6.0	Crossbow	2007-02-12
Windows Mobile 6.1	—	2008-04-01	CE 5.2
Windows Mobile 6.1.4	6 on 6	2008-11-11[16]
Windows Mobile 6.5	Titanium	2009-05-11	CE 6.0
Windows Phone 7[r]	—	ARMv7	2010-10-29
Windows Phone 7.5	Mango	2011-09-27
Windows Phone 7.8	—	2013-02-01
Windows Phone 8	Apollo	2012-10-29	NT 6.2
Windows Phone 8.1	Blue	2014-04-14	NT 6.3
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1511	Threshold 2	2015-11-12	1511
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1607	Redstone 1	2016-08-16	1607
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1703	Redstone 2	2017-04-24	1703
Windows 10 Mobile, version 1709	feature2[17]	2017-10-24	1709

Server versions[edit]

Name	Release date	Version number	Editions	Build number	Architecture	End of support
Windows NT 3.1	1993-07-27	NT 3.1	Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server	528	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS	2000-12-31
Windows NT 3.5	1994-09-20	NT 3.5	Windows NT 3.5 Server	807	IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC	2001-12-31
Windows NT 3.51	1995-05-29	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Server	1057	2001-12-31
Windows NT 4.0	1996-07-29	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Server Windows NT 4.0 Server Enterprise Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition	1381	2004-12-31
Windows 2000	2000-02-17	NT 5.0	Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server	2195	IA-32	2010-07-13
Windows Server 2003	2003-04-24	NT 5.2	Windows Server Web Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Storage Server	3790	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2003 R2	2005-12-06	2015-07-14
Windows Server 2008	2008-02-27	NT 6.0	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Standard Windows Server Enterprise Windows Server Datacenter Windows Server for Itanium-based Systems Windows Storage Server Windows Web Server	6002[c]	IA-32, x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2008 R2	2009-10-22	NT 6.1	7601[d]	x86-64, Itanium	2020-01-14
Windows Server 2012	2012-09-04	NT 6.2	Windows Server Foundation Windows Server Essentials Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	9200	x86-64	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2012 R2	2013-10-17	NT 6.3	9600	2023-10-10
Windows Server 2016	2016-10-12	1607[18]	Windows Server Essentials[s] Windows Server Standard Windows Server Datacenter	14393	2027-01-12
Windows Server, version 1709[19]	2017-10-17	1709	16299	2019-04-09
Windows Server, version 1803[20]	2018-04-30	1803	17134	2019-11-12
Windows Server, version 1809	2018-11-13[21]	1809	17763	2020-11-10
Windows Server 2019[18]	2029-01-09[18]
Windows Server, version 1903[18]	2019-05-21	1903	18362	2020-12-08[18]
Windows Server, version 1909[18]	2019-11-12	1909	18363	2021-05-11[18]
Windows Server, version 2004[22]	2020-06-26	2004	19041	2021-12-14[18]
Windows Server, version 20H2[22]	2020-10-20	20H2	19042	2022-08-09[18]
Windows Server 2022	2021-08-18	21H2[23]	20348	2031-10-14[18]

High-performance computing (HPC) servers[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003	—	2006-06-09	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008	Socrates	2008-09-22	Windows Server 2008
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2	—	2010-09-20	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows Essential Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Windows Essential Business Server 2008	Centro	2008-09-15	2020-01-14	5700	Windows Server 2008

Windows Home Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Based on
Windows Home Server	Quattro	2007-11-04	2013-01-08	Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows Home Server 2011	Vail	2011-04-06	2016-04-12	Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows MultiPoint Server[edit]

Windows MultiPoint Server was an operating system based on Windows Server. It was succeeded by the MultiPoint Services role in Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server version 1709. It was no longer being developed in Windows Server version 1803 and later versions.

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows MultiPoint Server 2010	Solution Server	2010-02-24	2020-07-14	NT 6.1	537	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows MultiPoint Server 2011	WMS 2	2011-05-12	2021-07-13	1600	Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1
Windows MultiPoint Server 2012	WMS 3	2012-10-30	2023-10-10	NT 6.2	2506	Windows Server 2012

Windows Small Business Server[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	End-of-support date	Build number	Based on
Small Business Server 2000	—	2001-02-21	2010-07-13	1343	Windows 2000 Server
Windows Small Business Server 2003	Bobcat	2003-10-09	2015-07-14	2893	Windows Server 2003
Windows Small Business Server 2008	Cougar	2008-08-21	2020-01-14	5601	Windows Server 2008
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Standard	Windows Small Business Server 7	2010-12-13	2020-01-14	7900	Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Small Business Server 2011 Essentials	Colorado	2011-06-28	2013-01-05	8800

Device versions[edit]

ARM-based tablets[edit]

In 2012 and 2013, Microsoft released versions of Windows specially designed to run on ARM-based tablets; these versions of Windows were based on Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, respectively, although the standard versions could run on x86-based tablets without modification. Upon the release of Windows 10 in 2015, the ARM-specific version for large tablets was discontinued; large tablets (such as the Surface Pro 4) were only released with x86 processors and could run the full version of Windows 10. Windows 10 Mobile had the ability to be installed on smaller tablets (up to nine inches);^[24] however, very few such tablets were released, and Windows 10 Mobile primarily ended up only running on smartphones until its discontinuation. In 2017, the full version of Windows 10 gained the ability to run on ARM, which rendered a specific version of Windows for ARM-based tablets unnecessary.

Name	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows RT	2012-10-26	NT 6.2	9200	Windows 8
Windows RT 8.1	2013-10-18	NT 6.3	9600	Windows 8.1

Mixed reality and virtual reality headsets[edit]

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1607[25]	14393
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1803[25]	17134
Windows 10 Holographic, version 1809[25]	17763
Windows Holographic, version 1903[26]	18362
Windows Holographic, version 2004[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 20H2[26]	19041
Windows Holographic, version 21H1[26]	20346
Windows Holographic, version 21H2[26]	20348
Windows Holographic, version 22H1[26]	20348

Surface Hub[edit]

Microsoft originally announced the Surface Hub, an interactive whiteboard, in January 2015. The Surface Hub family of devices runs a custom variant of Windows 10 known as Windows 10 Team.

Name	Build number
Windows 10 Team, version 1511[27]	10586
Windows 10 Team, version 1607[27]	14393
Windows 10 Team, version 1703[27]	15063
Windows 10 Team, version 20H2[27]	19042

Windows XP-based tablets[edit]

Two versions of Windows XP were released that were optimized for tablets. Beginning with Windows Vista, all tablet-specific components were included in the main version of the operating system.

Name	Codename	Release date	Version number	Build number	Based on
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition	—	2002-11-07	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005	Lonestar	2004-08	NT 5.1	2600	Windows XP

Embedded versions[edit]

Windows Embedded Compact[edit]

Name	Codename(s)	Release date
Windows CE 1.0	Pegasus; Alder	1996-11-16
Windows CE 2.0	Jupiter; Birch	1997-09-29
Windows CE 2.1	—	1998-07
Windows CE 2.11	—	1998-10
Windows CE 2.12	—	1999
Windows CE 3.0	Cedar; Galileo	2000
Windows CE 4.0	Talisker	2002-01-07
Windows CE 4.1	Jameson	2002-07-30
Windows CE 4.2	McKendric	2003-04-23
Windows CE 5.0	Macallan	2004-07-09
Windows Embedded CE 6.0	Yamakazi	2006-11-01
Windows Embedded Compact 7	Chelan	2011-03-01
Windows Embedded Compact 2013	—	2013-06-13

Windows Embedded Standard[edit]

Name	Codename	Release date	Based on
Windows NT Embedded 4.0	Impala	1999-08-30	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Windows XP Embedded	Mantis	2001-11-28	Windows XP Professional
Windows Embedded Standard 2009	—	2008-12-14	Windows XP Service Pack 3
Windows Embedded Standard 7	Quebec	2010	Windows 7
Windows Embedded 8	—	2013	Windows 8
Windows Embedded 8.1	—	2013	Windows 8.1

Other embedded versions[edit]

• Windows Embedded Industry
• Windows Embedded Automotive

Cancelled versions[edit]

Cancelled personal computer versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Version	Latest known build number	Notes
Cairo	—	1996	NT 4.0	1175	Originally announced in 1991
Nashville[t]	Windows 96	—	4.1	999	Planned to be released between Windows 95 and Windows 98
Neptune	—	Early 2000	NT 5.50	5111	The first planned version of Microsoft Windows NT to have a consumer edition variant, based on the Windows 2000 codebase. A version was sent out to testers but was never released.[28] The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Odyssey	—	Early 2000	NT 6.0[29]	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows 2000. The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Triton	—	—	—	—	Planned to be the successor of Windows Neptune and had been scheduled to be released in March 2001
Blackcomb	—	2006-01	—	—	Blackcomb was originally planned to be a release of Windows following Windows XP. However, due to the large feature scope planned for Blackcomb, a smaller release codenamed «Longhorn» was planned first, and Blackcomb was delayed to 2003/2004. Both projects faced delays; Longhorn would go on to be released to consumers as «Windows Vista» in January 2007, while development on Blackcomb continued until the Blackcomb project was renamed «Vienna» in early 2006.
Vienna	—	2007-07[u]	—	—	Vienna replaced Blackcomb and was intended as Windows Vista’s successor. Vienna was eventually cancelled in favor of a new project codenamed «Windows 7» (which went on to be released in 2009 with the same name).
Polaris	—	2018	—	16299	Cancelled in favor of Santorini
Santorini[v]	Windows 10X	2021-05-18[w][31]	21H1	20279	Microsoft had been reported as working on a new «lite» version of Windows as early as December 2018.[32] Such a version was officially announced under the name «Windows 10X» at an event in October 2019; the operating system was intended to first launch on dual-screen devices. In May 2020, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would instead be launching on single-screen PCs, such as laptops and 2-in-1 devices, first.[33] However, on May 18, 2021, Microsoft announced that Windows 10X would not be launching (at least not in 2021); many of its features were rolled into Windows 11 instead.

Cancelled mobile versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Notes
Photon	Windows Mobile 7	September 2008[34]	Originally a successor of Windows Mobile, it had been scrapped for Windows Phone 7[35][36]
Phoenix	—	Early 2017	Cancelled when Microsoft «wound down» its phone efforts.[37]
Andromeda	—	Mid-2018	Much of the work that was put into Andromeda was migrated into Santorini. The Surface Duo, a dual-screen Android-powered smartphone launched by Microsoft in 2020, was loosely based on the prototype hardware that had been used to test Andromeda.[38]

Cancelled server versions[edit]

Codename	Intended name	Discontinuation	Latest known build number
Cascades	Windows Essential Business Server 2008 R2	April 7, 2010[w]	7224

See also[edit]

• List of Microsoft operating systems
• Microsoft Windows version history
• Windows 10 version history
• Windows 11 version history
• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
• List of Microsoft codenames

Notes[edit]

References[edit]