The screen of computer is called in windows

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This article is about the graphical display of the functions of a computer. For the Microsoft operating system, see Microsoft Windows. For other uses, see Window (disambiguation).

In computing, a window is a graphical control element. It consists of a visual area containing some of the graphical user interface of the program it belongs to and is framed by a window decoration. It usually has a rectangular shape^[1] that can overlap with the area of other windows. It displays the output of and may allow input to one or more processes.

Windows are primarily associated with graphical displays, where they can be manipulated with a pointer by employing some kind of pointing device. Text-only displays can also support windowing, as a way to maintain multiple independent display areas, such as multiple buffers in Emacs. Text windows are usually controlled by keyboard, though some also respond to the mouse.

A graphical user interface (GUI) using windows as one of its main «metaphors» is called a windowing system, whose main components are the display server and the window manager.

History[edit]

The idea was developed at the Stanford Research Institute (led by Douglas Engelbart).^[2] Their earliest systems supported multiple windows, but there was no obvious way to indicate boundaries between them (such as window borders, title bars, etc.).^[3]

Research continued at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center / PARC (led by Alan Kay). They used overlapping windows.^[4]

During the 1980s the term «WIMP», which stands for window, icon, menu, pointer, was coined at PARC.

Apple had worked with PARC briefly at that time. Apple developed an interface based on PARC’s interface. It was first used on Apple’s Lisa and later Macintosh computers.^[5] Microsoft was developing Office applications for the Mac at that time. Some speculate that this gave them access to Apple’s OS before it was released and thus influenced the design of the windowing system in what would eventually be called Microsoft Windows.^[6]

Properties[edit]

Windows are two dimensional objects arranged on a plane called the desktop metaphor. In a modern full-featured windowing system they can be resized, moved, hidden, restored or closed.

Windows usually include other graphical objects, possibly including a menu-bar, toolbars, controls, icons and often a working area. In the working area, the document, image, folder contents or other main object is displayed. Around the working area, within the bounding window, there may be other smaller window areas, sometimes called panes or panels, showing relevant information or options. The working area of a single document interface holds only one main object. «Child windows» in multiple document interfaces, and tabs for example in many web browsers, can make several similar documents or main objects available within a single main application window. Some windows in Mac OS X have a feature called a drawer, which is a pane that slides out the side of the window and to show extra options.

Applications that can run either under a graphical user interface or in a text user interface may use different terminology. GNU Emacs uses the term ‘window’ to refer to an area within its display while a traditional window, such as controlled by an X11 window manager, is called a ‘frame’.

Any window can be split into the window decoration and the window’s content, although some systems purposely eschew window decoration as a form of minimalism.

Window decoration[edit]

The window decoration is a part of a window in most windowing systems.

A windows decoration typically consists of a title bar, usually along the top of each window and a minimal border around the other three sides.^[7] On Microsoft Windows this is called «non-client area».^[8]

In the predominant layout for modern window decorations, the top bar contains the title of that window and buttons which perform windowing-related actions such as:

• Close
• Maximize
• Minimize
• Resize
• Roll-up

The border exists primarily to allow the user to resize the window, but also to create a visual separation between the window’s contents and the rest of the desktop environment.

Window decorations are considered important for the design of the look and feel of an operating system and some systems allow for customization of the colors, styles and animation effects used.

Window border[edit]

Window border is a window decoration component provided by some window managers, that appears around the active window. Some window managers may also display a border around background windows. Typically window borders can be used to provide window motion enabling the window to be moved or resized by using a drag action. Some window managers provide useless borders which are purely for decorative purposes and offer no window motion facility. These window managers do not allow windows to be resized by using a drag action on the border.

Titlebar[edit]

The Titlebar is a graphical control element and part of the window decoration provided by some window managers. As a convention, it is located at the top of the window as a horizontal bar. The titlebar is typically used to display the name of the application or the name of the open document, and may provide title bar buttons for minimizing, maximizing, closing or rolling up of application windows. These functions are typically placed in the top-right of the screen to allow fast and inaccurate inputs through barrier pointing. Typically titlebars can be used to provide window motion enabling the window to be moved around the screen by using a drag action. Some window managers^[which?] provide titlebars which are purely for decorative purposes and offer no window motion facility. These window managers do not allow windows to be moved around the screen by using a drag action on the titlebar.

Default title-bar text often incorporates the name of the application and/or of its developer. The name of the host running the application also appears frequently. Various methods (menu-selections, escape sequences, setup parameters, command-line options – depending on the computing environment) may exist to give the end-user some control of title-bar text. Document-oriented applications like a text editor may display the filename or path of the document being edited. Most web browsers will render the contents of the HTML element title in their title bar, sometimes pre- or postfixed by the application name. Google Chrome and some versions of Mozilla Firefox place their tabs in the title bar. This makes it unnecessary to use the main window for the tabs, but usually results in the title becoming truncated. An asterisk at its beginning may be used to signify unsaved changes.

The title bar often contains widgets for system commands relating to the window, such as a maximize, minimize, rollup and close buttons; and may include other content such as an application icon, a clock, etc.

In many graphical user interfaces, including the Mac OS and Microsoft Windows interfaces, the user may move a window by grabbing the title bar and dragging.

Titlebar buttons[edit]

Some window managers provide titlebar buttons which provide the facility to minimize, maximize, roll-up or close application windows. Some window managers may display the titlebar buttons in the taskbar or taskpanel, rather than in the titlebars.

The following buttons may appear in the titlebar:

• Close
• Maximize
• Minimize
• Resize
• Roll-up (or WindowShade)

Note that a context menu may be available from some titlebar buttons or by right-clicking.

Titlebar icon[edit]

Some window managers display a small icon in the titlebar that may vary according to the application on which it appears. The titlebar icon may behave like a menu button, or may provide a context menu facility. OS X applications commonly have a proxy icon next to the window title that functions the same as the document’s icon in the file manager.

Document status icon[edit]

Some window managers display an icon or symbol to indicate that the contents of the window have not been saved or confirmed in some way: Mac OS X displays a dot in the center of its close button; RISC OS appends an asterisk to the title.

Tiling window managers[edit]

Some tiling window managers provide title bars which are purely for informative purposes and offer no controls or menus. These window managers do not allow windows to be moved around the screen by using a drag action on the titlebar and may also serve the purpose of a status line from stacking window managers.

In popular operating systems[edit]

OS	Icon	Send to Back	Close	Maximize	Menu bar	Minimize	Pin (Keep on top)	Resize	Roll-up (Window shade)	Status	Context menu	Notes
macOS	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Buttons are on the left side of the title bar. Icon is a proxy for the document’s filesystem representation.
RISC OS		Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
Windows	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes			Yes	Icon is menu of window actions
Linux/Unix	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Many X window managers for Linux/Unix allow customization of the type and placement of buttons shown in the title bar.

See also[edit]

• Client-Side Decoration
• Display server
• Graphical user interface
• Human interface guidelines
• WIMP (computing)
• Window manager

References[edit]

A monitor is a piece of computer hardware that displays the video and graphics information generated by a connected computer through the computer’s video card.

Monitors are similar to TVs, but usually display information at a much higher resolution. Also, unlike televisions, monitors typically sit atop a desk rather than being mounted on a wall. A monitor is sometimes referred to as a screen, display, video display, video display terminal, video display unit, or video screen.

TVs vs. Monitors

General Monitor Description

On a desktop computer, the monitor connects via a cable to a port on the computer’s video card or motherboard. Even though the monitor sits outside the main computer housing, it’s an essential part of the system.

It’s important to differentiate between the monitor and the actual computer, especially on a desktop system. Shutting off a monitor connected to the computer isn’t the same as powering down the actual computer, whose components (such as the hard drive and video card) are housed within the computer case.

Monitors are built-in as part of the computer in laptops, tablets, netbooks, and all-in-one desktop machines. However, you can buy one separately if you want to upgrade from your current monitor or configure a multi-monitor setup.

Monitors come in two major types, LCD and CRT. CRT monitors, which are deep in size, look like old-fashioned TVs. LCD monitors are much thinner, use less energy, and provide better graphics quality. OLED is another type of monitor that’s an improvement on LCD, providing even better color and viewing angles, but also requiring more power.

LCD monitors have obsoleted CRT monitors due to the higher quality, smaller footprint on a desk, and decreasing price of LCDs. However, OLED monitors are still more expensive and therefore not as widely used in the home.

Most monitors range in size from 17 inches to 24 inches, but others are 32 inches or more, some even much wider like the gaming monitor shown above.

Most monitors are considered output devices since they usually only serve the purpose of outputting information to the screen, but some of them are touch screens as well. This type of monitor is considered an input/output device, or an I/O device.

Some monitors have integrated accessories like a microphone, speakers, a camera, or a USB hub.

Important Monitor Facts

The most popular brands of computer monitors include Acer, Hanns-G, Dell, LG Electronics, Sceptre, Samsung, HP, and AOC. You can purchase monitors from these manufacturers directly or through retailers like Amazon and Newegg.

How to Choose a Computer Monitor

A monitor usually connects to an HDMI, DVI, or VGA port. Other connectors include USB, DisplayPort, and Thunderbolt. Before investing in a new monitor to use with your computer, make sure both devices support the same type of connection.

For example, don’t buy a monitor that has an HDMI port when your computer is only capable of accepting a VGA connection. Although most video cards and monitors have multiple ports to work with various kinds of devices, it’s still important to check their compatibility.

Troubleshooting Monitor Issues

The performance of a monitor is usually determined by a number of factors and not just one feature, like its overall screen size, for example. Some of them include the aspect ratio (horizontal length against the vertical length), power consumption, refresh rate, contrast ratio (concentration of the brightest colors vs the darkest colors), response time (how long it takes a pixel to go from active, to inactive, to active again), display resolution, and others.

You may be able to address many monitor problems yourself, though, for safety reasons, it’s best not to open the casing. If you can’t solve the issue with the suggestions listed here, take your monitor to a professional.

Setup. Monitors are usually instantly available through plug and play. If the video on the screen doesn’t appear as you think it should, consider updating the video card driver. See How to Update Drivers in Windows if you need help.

Cleaning. Newer LCD monitors should be cleaned with care and not like you would a piece of glass or older CRT monitor. If you need help, see How to Clean a Flat Screen TV (it’s relevant for computer monitors, too).

No image. Are you dealing with a monitor that isn’t showing anything on the screen? Read our guide on How to Test a Computer Monitor That Isn’t Working for steps that involve checking the monitor for loose connections, making sure the brightness is properly set, and more.

Inaccurate display. Read How to Fix Discoloration and Distortion on a Computer Screen if your monitor doesn’t seem to be displaying things like it should, like if the colors seem off, the text is blurry, etc.

Color problems on an older monitor. If you have an older CRT monitor that has a problem displaying colors, like if you see an array of colors around the edges of the screen, you need to degauss it to reduce the magnetic inference that’s causing it. See How to Degauss a Computer Monitor if you need help.

Screen flickering. Screen flickering on a CRT monitor can be solved by changing the monitor’s refresh rate, something you can do from the Windows Control Panel.

5 Things You Can Do with an Old Computer Monitor

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Updated: 03/13/2021 by

A screen may refer to any of the following:

1. A term used to describe the viewing portion of a display. For example, the portion of the monitor or flat-panel you are likely using to view this web page is considered the screen. The black edge around the screen is called the bezel. The picture shows an example of a flat-panel screen.

Tip

When used as a noun, the term «screen» is synonymous with a computer «display» and «monitor.»

2. A Linux command; see the screen command page for further information on this command.

3. A screen is a description of how much of a window occupies on a display. For example, when a window is fullscreen, it is occupying all available space on a screen.

Note

When scrolling, it may be described as «one screen at a time,» which indicates one full-screen height scrolls instead of one or a few lines at a time. For example, the PgUp often scrolls up one screen at a time, and PgDn scrolls down one screen at a time.

Display, Start screen, Video terms