The windows family of operating systems

Windows

Developer	Microsoft
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release	November 20, 1985; 37 years ago
Latest release	22H2 (10.0.22621.1194) (January 26, 2023; 9 days ago[1]) [±]
Latest preview	Release Preview Channel 22H2 (10.0.22621.1194) (January 26, 2023; 9 days ago[2][3]) [±] Beta Channel 22H2 (10.0.22623.1250) (February 2, 2023; 2 days ago[4]) [±] Dev Channel 10.0.25290.1000 (February 1, 2023; 3 days ago[5]) [±]
Marketing target	Personal computing
Available in	110 languages
Update method	Windows Update Microsoft Store Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Package manager	Windows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), Microsoft Store (.appx, .appxbundle),[6] Windows Package Manager
Platforms	IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64 Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type	Windows NT family: Hybrid Windows Embedded Compact/Windows CE: Hybrid Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default user interface	Windows shell
License	Proprietary commercial software
Official website	microsoft.com/windows

Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for servers, and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).^[7]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022, according to StatCounter.^[8] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android’s massive growth.^[9]

As of September 2022, the most recent version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

• Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
  • Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple for personal computers and iPadOS and Android for tablets (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category).
  • Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2022. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)
  • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.
• Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.^[10]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

• Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted the consumer market. Discontinued because of suboptimal performance.^{[citation needed]} (PC World called its last version, Windows Me, one of the worst products of all time.^[11]) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.
• Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
• Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, which is now also discontinued.

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called «Interface Manager». It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name «Windows», but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.^[12] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple’s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.^[13]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.^[14] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple’s copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft’s favor in 1993).^[15][16] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to full Windows-packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for file system services.^[17] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.^[18] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.^[19][20]

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.^[21]

Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.^[22] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.^[23] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that «by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.»^[24] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer.^[25] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.^[26]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which were also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.^[27]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),^[28] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.^[29] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.^[11]

Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as «NT OS/2». NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.^[30][31]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell’s NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.^[31]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a «task-oriented» Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft’s .NET Passport services, a «compatibility mode» to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.^[32][33]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the «Home» edition was targeted towards consumers, while the «Professional» edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the «Media Center» edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the «Tablet PC» edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).^[34][35][36] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.^[37]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.^[31] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.^[38] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,^[39] a home networking system called HomeGroup,^[40] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,^[41] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.^{[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]} An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,^[49] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).^[50]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300 gigabyte repository.^[51] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.^[51]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.^[52][53]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.^[54][55] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.^[56]

Windows 365

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which «employees split their time between the office and home». As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.^{[57][58][59][60][61]}

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.^[62]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translates the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language, and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduces a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of Windows NT family still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating systems to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.^[63]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.^[56]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.^[64] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.^[65]
Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.^[66] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as «Windows 10 on Xbox One» or «OneCore».^[67][68]
Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,^[69] and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.^[70]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.^[71] This system was used up until 2017 once the system couldn’t keep up with the size of Windows. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot.^{[citation needed]} The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.^[72][73][51]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.^{[citation needed]} Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.^{[citation needed]} Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.^[73]

In 2021 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.^[74]

Timeline of releases

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.^[81]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter, which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications^[82] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.^[83]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS’s 13.76%, iPadOS’s 2.81%, and macOS’s 2.51%, according to Net Applications^[84] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS’s 16.53%, and macOS’s 6.51%, according to StatCounter.^[85]

Those statistics do not include servers (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows), as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process’s address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others’ files. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application’s code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.^[86]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD’s C2 security rating,^[87] yet these advantages were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows’s very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.^[88][89]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.^[90]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled «Trustworthy computing» sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft’s highest priority.^[91][92]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.^[93] When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or «Run as administrator» is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.^[94]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,^[95] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.^[96]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.^[97] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.^[98]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.^[99] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.^[100]

Today, Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.^[101] Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a ‘local group’ which then has other ‘global groups’ as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the ‘static’ allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

• Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a «compatibility layer»^[102] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
  • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
  • Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
• ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

References

External links

• Official website
• Official Windows Blog
• Microsoft Developer Network
• Windows Developer Center
• Microsoft Windows History Timeline
• Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
• Microsoft Business Software Solutions
• Windows 10 release Information

Make the everyday easier

Whether you’re gaming, studying, running a business, or running a household, Windows 11 helps you get it done. Discover streamlined new features for every way you work, learn, and play.

Make the everyday easier

Whether you’re gaming, studying, running a business, or running a household, Windows 11 helps you get it done. Discover streamlined new features for every way you work, learn, and play.

Make the everyday easier

Whether you’re gaming, studying, running a business, or running a household, Windows 11 helps you get it done. Discover streamlined new features for every way you work, learn, and play.

Better together

Discover the Windows 11 experiences built to bring your favorite Microsoft tools to life.

Better together

Discover the Windows 11 experiences built to bring your favorite Microsoft tools to life.

The Windows operating system (Windows OS) refers to a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. We look at the history of Windows OS from 1985 to present day.

The Windows operating system (Windows OS) for desktop PCs is more formally called Microsoft Windows and is actually a family of operating systems for personal computers. Windows has traditionally dominated the personal computer world, running, by some estimates, more than 75 percent of all personal computers. Beginning in the early 2000s, Windows dominance has lessened with the growth of the Linux and Mac operating systems.

Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows operating systems for personal computers, Microsoft also offers operating systems for servers and mobile devices.

Windows is also the foundation for the Microsoft Office productivity suite. Introduced in 1990 as a Windows-only family of applications for desktop computers, Office has grown to become the world’s most widely used productivity suite, with windowscentral.com reporting an estimated 1.2 billion + user worldwide as of 2016.

Microsoft Windows Operating Systems for PCs

The following details the history of MS-DOS and Windows operating systems designed for personal computers (PCs).

MS-DOS – Microsoft Disk Operating System

Release date: August 1981

Cost: $40 USD

Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. The initial versions of DOS were very simple and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent versions have become increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of minicomputer operating systems.

Windows 1.0

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: November 20, 1985

Cost: $99 USD

Introduced in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was named due to the computing boxes, or “windows” that represented a fundamental aspect of the operating system. Instead of typing MS-DOS commands, Windows 1.0 allowed users to point and click to access the windows.

Windows 2.0

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: December 9, 1987

Cost: $100 USD

In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2.0, which was designed for the designed for the Intel 286 processor. This version added desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts and improved graphics support.

Windows 3.0

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: May 22, 1990

Cost: $149.95 USD new; $79.95 USD upgrade

Windows 3.0 was released in May, 1900 offering better icons, performance and advanced graphics with 16 colors designed for Intel 386 processors. This version was the first release that provided the standard “look and feel” of Microsoft Windows for many years to come. Windows 3.0 included Program Manager, File Manager, Print Manager and games like Hearts, Minesweeper, and Solitaire. Microsoft released Windows 3.1 in 1992.

Windows NT 3.1 – 4.0

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: July 27, 1993

Cost: $495 USD new; $295 USD upgrade

Windows NT (New Technology) was a 32-bit operating system that supported preemptive multitasking. There are actually two versions of Windows NT: Windows NT Server, designed to act as a server in networks, and Windows NT Workstation for stand-alone or client workstations.

Windows 95

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: August 24, 1995

Cost: $209.95 USD new; $109.95 USD upgrade

Windows 95 was a major upgrade to the Windows operating system. This OS was a significant advancement over its precursor, Windows 3.1. In addition to sporting a new user interface, Windows 95 also included a number of important internal improvements. Perhaps most important, it supported 32-bit applications, which meant that applications written specifically for this operating system would run much faster.

Although Windows 95 was able to run older Windows and DOS applications, it essentially removed DOS as the underlying platform. This resulted in the removal of many of the old DOS limitations, such as 640K of main memory and 8-character filenames. Other important features in this operating system were the ability to automatically detect and configure installed hardware (Plug-and-Play).

Windows 98

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: June 25, 1998

Cost: $209.95 USD new; $109.95 USD upgrade

Windows 98 supported a number of new technologies, including FAT32, AGP, MMX, USB, DVD, and ACPI. Its most visible feature, though, was the Active Desktop, which integrated the Web browser (Internet Explorer) with the operating system. From the user’s point of view, there was no difference between accessing a document residing locally on the user’s hard disk or on a Web server halfway around the world.

Windows 2000

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: February 17, 2000

Cost: $319 USD new; $149 USD upgrade

Often abbreviated as “W2K,” Windows 2000 was an operating system for business desktop and laptop systems to run software applications, connect to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, and network resources. Microsoft released four versions of Windows 2000: Professional (for business desktop and laptop systems); Server (both a Web server and an office server); Advanced Server (for line-of-business applications); and Datacenter Server (for high-traffic computer networks).

Windows Millennium Edition (ME)

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: June 19, 2000

Cost: $209 USD new; $109 USD upgrade

The Windows Millennium Edition, called “Windows Me” was an update to the Windows 98 core and included some features that would be part of the Windows 2000 operating system. This version also removed the “Boot in DOS” option.

Windows XP

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: October 25, 2001

Cost:

• Home: $199 USD new; $99 USD upgrade
• Professional: $299 USD new; $199 upgrade

Windows XP was released in 2001. Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, the new operating system was built on the Windows 2000 kernel, giving the user a more stable and reliable environment than previous versions of Windows. Windows XP came in two versions, Home and Professional. Microsoft focused on mobility for both editions and including plug-and-play features for connecting to wireless networks. The operating system also utilized the 802.11x wireless security standard. Windows XP went on to become one of Microsoft’s best-selling products.

Windows Vista

Source: GUIdebook Gallery

Initial release date: November 30, 2006 (corporate); January 30, 2007 (public)

Cost:

• Home Basic: $199 USD new; $99.95 USD upgrade
• Home Premium: $239 USD new; $159 USD upgrade
• Business: $299 USD new; $199 upgrade
• Ultimate: $399 USD new; $259 USD upgrade

Windows Vista offered an advancement in reliability, security, ease of deployment, performance and manageability over Windows XP. New in this version were capabilities to detect hardware problems before they occurred, security features to protect against the latest generation of threats, a faster start-up time, and low power consumption when placed in the new sleep state. In many cases, Windows Vista was noticeably more responsive than Windows XP on identical hardware. Windows Vista simplified and centralized desktop configuration management, which reduced the cost of keeping systems updated.

Windows 7

Source: Lifewire

Initial release date: October 22, 2009

Cost:

• Home Premium: $199.99 USD new; $119.99 USD upgrade
• Business: $299.99 USD new; $199.99 upgrade
• Ultimate: $319.99 USD new; $219.99 USD upgrade

Windows 7 was released in conjunction with Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7’s server counterpart. Enhancements and new features in Windows 7 included multi-touch support, Internet Explorer 8, improved performance, faster start-up time, Aero Snap, Aero Shake, support for virtual hard disks, a new and improved Windows Media Center, and improved security.

Windows 8

Source: Ars Technica

Initial release date: October 26, 2012

Cost:

• Windows 8: $119.99 USD
• Windows 8 Pro: $199.99 USD

Windows 8 was a completely redesigned operating system that’s been developed from the ground up with touchscreen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities that enable a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes.

Windows 8 replaced the more traditional Microsoft Windows OS look and feel with a new “Metro” design system interface that first debuted in the Windows Phone 7 mobile operating system. The Metro user interface primarily consisted of a “Start screen” made up of “Live Tiles,” which linked to applications and features that were dynamic and updated in real time. Windows 8 supported both x86 PCs and ARM processors.

Windows 10

Source: Microsoft

Initial release date: July 29, 2015

Cost:

• Windows 10 Home: $139 USD
• Windows 10 Pro: $199.99 USD
• Windows 10 Pro for Workstations: $309 USD

Windows 10 was the successor to Windows 8. Windows 10 debuted on July 29, 2015, following a “technical preview” beta release of the new operating system (Fall 2014) and a “consumer preview” beta (Early 2015). Windows 10 featured fast start-up and resume, built-in security, and the return of the Start Menu in an expanded form. This version of Windows also featured Microsoft Edge, Microsoft’s new browser. Any qualified device (such as tablets, PCs, smartphones and Xbox consoles) was able to upgrade to Windows 10, including those with pirated copies of Windows.

Windows 11

Source: PCMag

Initial release date: October 5, 2021

Cost: Free (for Windows 10 users)

Though Microsoft claimed Windows 10 would be the last version of Windows ever, Windows 11 came with a new visual design, updated apps, touchscreen optimizations, and multitasking features. Microsoft also claims Windows 11 is the most secure release yet. Existing Windows 10 users will be able to upgrade to Windows 11 for free as long as their PC meets the system requirements.

Microsoft Operating Systems for Servers and Mobile Devices

Aside from operating systems designed for use on personal computers (PCs) and laptops, Microsoft has also developed operating systems for servers, handheld devices, and mobile phones.

Windows Server

Initial release date: May 28, 2003

Windows Server is a series of Microsoft server operating systems. Windows servers are more powerful versions of their desktop operating system counterparts and are designed to more efficiently handle corporate networking, internet/intranet hosting, databases, enterprise-scale messaging and similar functions. The Windows Server name made its debut with the release of Windows Server 2003 and continues with the current release, Windows Server 2022.

Windows CE (November 2006)

Initial release date: November 1, 2006

A version of the Windows operating system was designed for small devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) or Handheld PCs in the Microsoft vernacular). The Windows CE graphical user interface (GUI) was very similar to Windows 95 so devices running Windows CE were meant to be familiar to Windows 95 users.

Windows Home Server

Initial release date: November 4, 2007

Announced in January 2007, Windows Home Server (WHS) was a “consumer server” designed to use with multiple computers connected in the home. Home Server allowed users to share files such as digital photos and media files, and also automatically backed up home networked computers. Through Windows Media Connect, Windows Home Server shared any media located on your WHS with compatible devices.

Windows Mobile

Initial release date: April 19, 2000

The mobile operating system for smartphones and mobile devices from Microsoft was based on the Windows CE kernel and designed to look and operate similar to desktop versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Mobile was largely been supplanted by Windows Phone 7, although Microsoft did release, in 2011, Windows Embedded Handheld 6.5, a mobile OS compatible with Windows Mobile 6.5 that was designed for enterprise mobile and handheld computing devices.

Windows Phone

Initial release date: October 21, 2010

Windows’ mobile operating system for smartphones and mobile devices served as the successor to Microsoft’s initial mobile OS platform system, Windows Mobile. Unlike Windows Mobile, Windows Phone 7 was targeted more to the consumer market than the enterprise market. “WinPhone7” replaced the more traditional Microsoft Windows OS look and feel with new “Metro” design system introduced in Windows 8.

Windows Phone 7 featured a multi-tab Internet Explorer Mobile Web browser that used a rendering engine based on Internet Explorer 9. It also included Microsoft Office Mobile, a version of Microsoft Office tailored for mobile devices. Its successors included Windows Phone 8 and Windows 10 Mobile. Microsoft announced the end of life for Windows Phone on January 14, 2020.

This article was last updated February 22, 2021 by Kaiti Norton.

This page are telling about the real operating system, and it’s version, while this page should also tell about the usage of Microsoft Windows in the OS Mockups community. If this page didn’t told you about it’s mockups, feel free to edit it.

Windows is the name of a graphical operating system made by Microsoft. The most recent OS is Windows 11 for Home users and Windows Server 2022 for Servers. The modern Windows family is Windows NT, and Windows Server, but in the past, there were Windows mobile versions, CE, 9x, and graphical operating system shell versions for MS-DOS (1985-1994). Windows NT was developed from 1991 to today. Beginning with Windows NT 3.1, which was the first 32-bit version of Windows. The latest Windows NT version, as of now, is Windows 11 version OCT21.

Windows 9x is an unofficial name of the family of Windows OS. The family primarily consists of Windows 95, 98, and Millennium Edition. Windows 95 introduces the Start button, and it is the first time using a desktop. It still uses MS-DOS, but all 9x OS’ are actually stand-alone Operating Systems that run along side MS-DOS. Windows 98 introduced Internet interrogation to the Windows shell. Windows ME was the last MS-DOS based and Win9x OS but included features like Internet Games and System Restore, along with Media Player and Movie Maker. The Windows 9x family is overused by both Minderians and the Aero Community, but when Aero creators are making realistic Windows 9x-based operating systems, Minderians bring Windows 9x systems to the far past and future.

Windows CE is a phone-user system only made for portable devices beginning in 1996. Its latest version is Windows Embedded Compact 2013.

Another Windows family operating system for mobile users is Windows Pocket PC, starting with Pocket PC 2000 and continuing to Windows 10 Mobile Fall Creators Update in 2017.

Microsoft gives various codenames to Windows, like Chicago, Nashville, Memphis, Longhorn, Threshold, Redstone, Bobcat, Centro, Aurora, etc.

Windows were an object of mocking and parody before WNR was a thing. After WNR was in, fictional Windows versions became more popular. The fake operating systems as part of the Windows Never Released series may be based on the official and released operating systems, and may also be named after the official operating systems, such as Windows XP 2021 Edition.

The most notable parodies are windows93.net, Windows Infinity, Windows Doors, Windows 98 IF. In the WNR Community, the most notable version is Windows 100.xx, Windows Aura.

For more information about Microsoft Windows, rely on Wikipedia and BetaWiki.

Real version list[]

Traditional Windows versions
Legend	DOS-based	9X	NT	Server	Mobile
Name	Kernel and version	Date of release	Codename	Support until
Mainstream	Extended
Windows 1.01	DOS-based, 1.01	November 20, 1985	Interface Manager	December 31, 2001
Windows 1.02	DOS-based, 1.02	May 1986	N/A	December 31, 2001
Windows 1.03	DOS-based, 1.03	August 1986	December 31, 2001
Windows 1.04	DOS-based, 1.04	April 1987	December 31, 2001
Windows 2.03	DOS-based, 2.03	December 9, 1987	Nixa	December 31, 2001
Windows 2.10	DOS-based, 2.10	May 27, 1988	N/A	December 31, 2001
Windows 2.11	DOS-based, 2.11	March 13, 1989	December 31, 2001
Windows 3.0	DOS-based, 3.0	May 22, 1990	December 31, 2001
Windows 3.0a	DOS-based, 3.0a	December 1990	December 31, 2001
Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions	DOS-based, 3.0a	October 20, 1991	December 31, 2001
Windows 3.1	DOS-based, 3.1	April 6, 1992	Janus	December 31, 2001
Windows for Workgroups 3.1x	DOS-based, 3.1x	October 27, 1992 (WG 3.1) August 11, 1993 (WG 3.11)	Sparta, Winball	December 31, 2001 (WG 3.1) November 1, 2008 (WG 3.11)
Windows NT 3.1	NT 3.1	July 27, 1993	NT 3.2 (codename for Windows NT 3.2), New Technology, NT OS/2 Razzle	December 31, 2001
Windows 3.11	DOS-based, 3.11	November 8, 1993	Janus	December 31, 2001
Windows NT 3.5x	NT 3.5x	September 21, 1994 (3.5) May 30, 1995 (3.51)	Daytona (3.5)	December 31, 2001
Windows 95	9x, 4.0	August 24, 1995	Chicago	December 31, 2000	December 31, 2001
Windows NT 4.0	NT 4.0	August 24, 1996	Cairo and Later Shell Update Release	June 30, 2002	June 30, 2004
Windows CE 1.0	CE 1.0	November 16, 1996	Pegasus/Alder	December 31, 2001
Windows CE 2.0	CE 2.0	September 29, 1997	Jupiter/Birch	September 30, 2002
Windows 98	9x, 4.1	June 25, 1998	Memphis	June 30, 2002	July 11, 2006
Windows 2000, Windows Server 2000	NT 5.0	February 17, 2000	Windows NT 5.0	June 30, 2005	July 13, 2010
Pocket PC 2000	2000	April 19, 2000	Rapier	September 10, 2007
Windows CE 3.0	CE 3.x	June 15, 2000	Cedar/Galileo	October 9, 2007
Windows Me	9x, 4.9	September 14, 2000	Millennium	December 31, 2003	July 11, 2006
Pocket PC 2002	2002	October 4, 2001	Merlin	October 14, 2008
Windows XP	NT 5.1	October 25, 2001	Whistler	April 14, 2009	April 8, 2014
Windows CE 4.x	CE 4.x	January 7, 2002 (CE 4) July 30, 2002 (CE 4.1)  April 23, 2003 (CE 4.2)	Talisker (4)/Jameson (4.1)/McKendric (4.2)	July 10, 2012 (CE 4) January 8, 2013 (CE 4.1)  July 9, 2013 (CE 4.2) 
Windows Server 2003	NT 5.2	April 24, 2003	Whistler Server	July 13, 2010	July 14, 2015
Windows Mobile 2003	2003	June 23, 2003	Ozone	July 14, 2009	July 8, 2014
Windows CE 5.0	CE 5.0	July 9, 2004	Macallan	October 14, 2014
Windows Mobile 5.0	5.0	May 9, 2005	Magneto	October 12, 2010	October 13, 2015
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs	NT 5.1	July 8, 2006	Eiger	April 14, 2009	April 8, 2014
Windows Embedded CE 6.0	CE 6.0	November 1, 2006	Yamazaki	June 10, 2018
Windows Vista	NT 6.0	January 30, 2007	Longhorn	April 10, 2012	April 11, 2017
Windows Mobile 6.x	6.x	February 12, 2007 (6) April 1, 2008 (6.1)  May 11, 2009 (6.5) 	Crossbow (6)	January 8, 2013
Windows Home Server	NT 5.2	November 4, 2007	Quattro	January 8, 2013
Windows Server 2008	NT 6.0	February 27, 2008	Longhorn Server	January 13, 2015	January 14, 2020
Windows 7	NT 6.1	October 22, 2009	Windows 7	January 13, 2015	January 14, 2020
Windows Server 2008 R2	NT 6.1	October 22, 2009	Server 7	January 13, 2015	January 14, 2020
Windows Phone 7.x	7.0	October 21, 2010 (WW)	Photon/Mango/Tango	October 14, 2014
Windows Embedded Compact 7	CE 7	March 1, 2011	Chelan	April 13, 2021
Windows Server 2012	NT 6.2	September 4, 2012	Server 2012	October 9, 2018	October 10, 2023
Windows 8	NT 6.2	October 26, 2012	Midori	January 12, 2016
Windows Phone 8.x	NT 6.2 (8), NT 6.3 (8.1)	October 26, 2012 (8) April 14, 2014, (8.1) 	Apollo/Blue	July 8, 2014 (8) July 11, 2017 (8.1)
Windows Embedded Compact 2013	CE 8.0	June 13, 2013	N/A	October 10, 2023
Windows 8.1	NT 6.3	October 17, 2013	Blue	January 9, 2018	January 10, 2023
Windows Server 2012 R2	NT 6.3	October 17, 2013	Server 8.1	October 9, 2018	October 10, 2023
Windows 10 LTSB 2015	NT 10.0	July 29, 2015	Threshold	October 13, 2020	October 14, 2025
Windows 10 Mobile	NT 10.0	March 17, 2016	N/A	January 14, 2020
Windows LTSB 2016	NT 10.0 (1607)	October 12, 2016	Redstone	October 13, 2020	October 13, 2026
Windows Server 2016	NT 10.0 (1607)	October 12, 2016	Redstone Server	January 11, 2022	January 12, 2027
Windows 10 LTSC 2019	NT 10.0 (1809)	November 13, 2018	Redstone 5	January 8, 2024	January 9, 2029
Windows Server 2019	NT 10.0 (1809)	October 2, 2018	Redstone 5 Server	January 8, 2024	January 9, 2029
Windows Server 2022	NT 10.0 (21H2)	August 18, 2021	Vibranium Server	October 13, 2026	October 14, 2031
Windows 11	NT 10.0 (21H2)	October 5, 2021	Sun Valley	October 10, 2023	October 8, 2024

Mainstream Windows 10 versions
Name	Kernel and version	Date of release	Stages	Support until
Mainstream	Extended
Initial version	NT 10.0 (1507)	July 29, 2015	Threshold 1	May 9, 2017	October 14, 2025
November Update	1511	November 10, 2015	Threshold 2	October 10, 2017	April 10, 2018
Anniversary Update	1607	August 2, 2016	Redstone 1	April 10, 2018	April 9, 2019
Creators Update	1703	April 5, 2017	Redstone 2	October 9, 2018	October 8, 2019
Fall Creators Update	1709	October 17, 2017	Redstone 3	April 9, 2019	October 13, 2020
April 2018 Update	1803	April 30, 2018	Redstone 4, Spring Creators Update	November 12, 2019	May 11, 2021
October 2018 Update	NT 10.0 (1809)	October 2, 2018	Redstone 5	November 10, 2020
May 2019 Update	1903	May 21, 2019	19H1	December 8, 2020
November 2019 Update	1909	November 12, 2019	19H2	May 11, 2021	May 10, 2022
May 2020 Update	2004	May 27, 2020	20H1	December 14, 2021
October 2020 Update	20H2	October 20, 2020	20H2	May 10, 2022	May 9, 2023
May 2021 Update	21H1	May 18, 2021	21H1	December 13, 2022
November 2021 Update	21H2	November 16, 2021	21H2	June 13, 2023	June 11, 2024

Aeroian mockups[]

The most common mockups are about the Windows 9x series, All versions pre-NT 5.1 and All CE versions pre-4.x, while a few Aeroians make post-NT 5.1 bootscreens and desktops. Notorious Windows fictional versions are Windows Turbo and 2814.

Minderian mockups[]

It has far future and far past mockups, while people can do post-2027 versions, and create fictional versions from various eras (including ATE and xEx). It is criticized to have same style, and overused future ideas.

End of Life versions[]

Main article: Windows End-of-Life Table

Future names[]

Main article: Future names of Windows versions

External links[]

• Windows History
• Windows in Wikipedia
• Windows in BetaWiki
• Windows in Microsoft Wiki
• Windows in Encycloware

Обновлено: 10.01.2023
Опубликовано: 2016 год или раньше

Данная статья представляет краткий обзор всех версий операционной системы Windows.

Версия Вашей системы: Windows 7

Версии для настольных компьютеров

Логотип	Версия	Год	Статус
	Windows 1	1985	Не поддерживается Не используется
	Windows 2	1987
	Windows 3	1990
	Windows NT 3.1	1993
	Windows NT 3.5 Workstation	1994
	Windows NT 3.51	1995
	Windows 95	1995
	Windows NT 4.0	1996
	Windows 98	1998
	Windows Millenium	2000
	Windows 2000 (NT 5.0)	2000
	Windows XP (NT 5.1)	2001	Не поддерживается Встречается редко
	Windows Vista (NT 6.0)	2006	Не поддерживается Почти, не используется
	Windows 7 (NT 6.1)	2009	Не поддерживается Пока используется
	Windows 8 (NT 6.2)	2012	Не поддерживается Почти, не используется
	Windows 8.1 (NT 6.3)	2013	Поддерживается Почти, не используется
	Windows 10 (NT 10)	2015	Поддерживается Активно используется
	Windows 11 (NT 10)	2021	Поддерживается Начинает применяться

Серверные Windows

Логотип	Версия	Год	Статус
	Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server	1993	Не поддерживается Как правило, не используется
	Windows NT 3.5 Server	1994
	Windows NT 3.51 Server	1995
	Windows NT 4.0 Server	1996
	Windows 2000 Server	2000
	Windows Server 2003	2003
	Windows Server 2003 R2	2005
	Windows Server 2008	2008
	Windows Server 2008 R2	2009	Не поддерживается Пока еще используется
	Windows Server 2012	2012	Поддерживается Активно используется
	Windows Server 2012 R2	2013
	Windows Server 2016	2016
	Windows Server 2019	2018
	Windows Server 2022	2021	Начало использования

Все версии Windows по линейкам + хронология

Линейка	Годы	Перечисление версий
16 бит	1985 — 1995	Windows 1 / 2 / 3
32 бита (9x)	1995 — 2001	Windows 95 / 98 / ME
NT (32 и 64 бита)	с 1993	Windows NT 3.1 / NT 3.5 / NT 3.51 / NT 4.0 Workstation / 2000 / XP / Vista / 7 / 8 / 8.1 / 10
NT Servers (32 и 64 бита)	с 1993	Windows NT 3.1 / NT 3.5 / NT 3.51 / NT 4.0 Server / 2000 Server / 2003 / 2003 R2 / 2008 / 2008 R2 / 2012 / 2012 R2 / 2016 / 2019 / 2022

История успеха

Данная история успеха отражает частоту использования системы; количество глюков, с которыми столкнулись пользователи; отзывы.

	Windows 1	Неудача
	Windows 2	Нейтрально
	Windows 3	Успех
	Windows 95	Неудача
	Windows 98	Успех
	Windows Millenium	Провал
	Windows 2000	Нейтрально
	Windows XP	Большой успех
	Windows Vista	Провал
	Windows 7	Успех
	Windows 8	Провал
	Windows 8.1	Неудача
	Windows 10	Успех
	Windows 11	Нейтрально

* несмотря на провал некоторых версий операционной системы, они несли новые функции, которые перешли в уже успешные версии. Например, в миллениум появились красивые иконки и окна, которые перешли в Windows 2000. Поэтому провал не стоит оценивать, как неудачную работу.

Windows 1

Годы поддержки: 1985 — 2001. Ветка: 16 бит.

Издания: —

Что нового

До Windows 1 был MS-DOS, поэтому самое главное новшество — графический интерфейс и возможность управления при помощи мыши.

Системные требования

Процессор	8088
Оперативная память	256 Кбайт
Объем жесткого диска	3 Мб

Windows 2

Годы поддержки: 1989 — 2001. Ветка: 16 бит.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Возможность использования сочетания клавиш.
• Появились перекрывающиеся окна.
• Возможность увеличить и уменьшить окно.

Системные требования

Процессор	8088
Оперативная память	256 Кбайт
Объем жесткого диска	3 Мб

Windows 3

Годы поддержки: 1990 — 2008. Ветка: 16 бит.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Первый (от Microsoft) удобный для пользователя интерфейс.
• Появление диспетчера программ.
• Появление мультимедийных возможностей.
• Поддержка сети (с 3.1).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	8086/8088	80486DX 33 МГц
Оперативная память	640 Кбайт	4 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	6,5 Мб	60 Мб

Windows NT 3.1

Годы поддержки: 1993 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Первая система на базе ядра NT.
• Поддержка файловой системы NTFS.

Системные требования

Процессор	Intel 80386
Оперативная память	2 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	8 Мб

Windows NT 3.5 Workstation

Годы поддержки: 1994 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Встроенная поддержка Winsock и TCP/IP.
• Появление сервера и клиента DHCP и WINS.
• Предоставление общего доступа к файлам и принтерам.
• Поддержка VFAT.

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	12 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows NT 3.51 Workstation

Годы поддержки: 1995 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	12 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows 95

Годы поддержки: 1995 — 2001. Ветка: 9x (32 бита).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	80386 DX	Pentium
Оперативная память	4 Мб	8 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	50 Мб	100 Мб

Windows NT 4.0 Workstation

Годы поддержки: 1996 — 2004. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	486/25	486DX2/50
Оперативная память	12 Мб	24 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	128 Мб	1 Гб

Windows 98

Годы поддержки: 1998 — 2006. Ветка: 9x (32 бита).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	486DX 66 МГц	Pentium
Оперативная память	16 Мб	24 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	200 Мб	500 Мб

Windows Millenium

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2006. Ветка: 9x (32 бита).

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	150 МГц	300 МГц
Оперативная память	32 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	200 Мб	500 Мб

Windows 2000

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2010. Ветка: NT.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	32 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	2 Гб	20 Гб

Windows XP

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2010. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Редакции: XP, XP Professional

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	233 МГц	300 МГц
Оперативная память	64 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	1,5 Гб	от 1,5 Гб

Windows Vista

Годы поддержки: 2006 — 2017. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Начальная (Starter), Домашняя базовая (Basic), Домашняя расширенная (Premium), Бизнес (Business), Корпоративная (Enterprise), Максимальная (Ultimate)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	800 МГц	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	1 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	20 Гб	40 Гб

Windows 7

Годы поддержки: 2009 — 2020. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Начальная (Starter), Домашняя базовая (Home Basic), Домашняя расширенная (Home Premium), Профессиональная (Professional), Корпоративная (Enterprise), Максимальная (Ultimate)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 8

Годы поддержки: 2012 — 2016. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: 8, 8 Профессиональная (Pro), 8 Корпоративная (Enterprise)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 8.1

Годы поддержки: 2013 — 2023. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: 8, 8 Профессиональная (Pro), 8 Корпоративная (Enterprise)

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 10

Годы поддержки: 2015 — 2025. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания

• Домашняя (Home). Для большинства домашних компьютеров. Нет возможности настроить удаленный рабочий стол для того, чтобы к систему можно было подключиться удаленно; нет возможности использования групповых политик и присоединения к домену.
• Профессиональная (Pro). Содержит все функции домашней версии + возможность присоединения к домену, использования групповых политик, возможность подключения к компьютеру с использованием удаленного рабочего стола.
• Корпоративная (Enterprise). Урезаны некоторые функции домашней версии. Есть все дополнительные функции версии Pro + DirectAccess, AppLocker.
• S. Является урезанной версией; предустановлена на некоторые устройства. Не поддерживает стандартную установку приложений — возможна установка только из магазина Windows.

Что нового

Windows 10 претерпевает сильные изменения с выходом новых билдов. Поэтому нововведения будем рассматривать исходя из этого.

Билд 1507 (ноябрь 2015):

• Улучшенная производительность.
• Новый встроенный браузер Microsoft Edge.
• Автоматическое сжимание соседнего окна, при прижимании активного окна в одной из сторон рабочего стола.
• «Все приложения» в «Пуск» поддерживают отображение в 2048 элементов (раньше только 512).
• Принудительная установка обновлений.
• Использование виртуального голосового помощника Кортана.
• Обновленный меню пуск — представляет из себя гибрид предыдущих версий и Windows 8 (вернулся старый вариант раскрытия, а в правой части появились плитки).
• Возможность создания нескольких рабочих столов.
• Отказ от плиточной системы Windows 8.

1607 (август 2016):

• Возможность рукописного ввода (Windows Ink).
• Идентификация с помощью веб-камеры.
• Синхронизация с мобильного устройства уведомлений.
• Изменение меню параметров системы.

1703 (апрель 2017):

• Встроенная поддержка шлемов виртуальной реальности.
• Игровой режим
• По умолчанию предлагается командная строка в Powershell.
• Доступ к классической панели управления скрыт из контекстного меню. Теперь его можно вызвать командой control.
• Улучшение работы встроенного антивируса.
• Идентификация с помощью веб-камеры для Active Directory.
• Возможность создавать скриншот с выделением области с помощью сочетания клавиш Win + Shaft + S.
• Поддержка шрифта Брайля.
• Увеличенное время работы от батареи.

1709 (октябрь 2017):

• Возможность работы Cortana на одном устройстве и окончание работы на другом.
• Отключение протокола SMBv1. Включить можно вручную.
• Появление панели «Люди».
• Информация о GPU в диспетчере задач.
• Полноэкранный режим Microsoft Edge
• Увеличенное время работы от батареи (функция Power Throttling).
• Появление панели эмодзи.
• Выборочная синхронизация OneDrive.
• Исправление проблемы торможения в играх.

1803 (апрель 2018):

• Возможность восстановить пароль с помощью контрольных вопросов.

1809 (октябрь 2018):

• Темная тема для проводника.
• Возможность получения доступа к сообщениям с телефона (функция «Ваш телефон»).

1903 (май 2019):

• Изолированный рабочий стол для безопасного запуска приложений.

1909 (ноябрь 2019):

• Универсальный поиск в Проводнике.
• Улучшение производительности.

2004 (май 2020):

• Функция «Загрузка из облака» для переустановки Windows 10.
• Регулирование пропускной способности для обновлений Windows.
• Отображение температуры видеоядра в Диспетчере задач.
• Возможность удаления Блокнот, Paint, WordPad.
• Возможность использование Windows без пароля.

* данный список содержит часть нововведений. Полный список на странице в Википедии.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	1 Гб	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	16 Гб	20 Гб	16 Гб	20 Гб

Windows 11 (последняя для настольных компьютеров)

Годы поддержки: 2021 — 2031. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: только 64 бита.

Основные издания: Домашняя (Home), Профессиональная (Pro), 8 Корпоративная (Enterprise).

Дополнительные издания: для обучения (Education), для облаков (Cloud).

Системные требования

Процессор	2 ядра, 1 ГГц
Оперативная память	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	64 Гб
БИОС (прошивка)	UEFI
Видеоадаптер	Совместимый с DirectX 12 / WDDM 2.x
Интернет	Для Home необходим вход под учетной записью Microsoft.

Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server

Годы поддержки: 1993 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

Процессор	Intel 80386
Оперативная память	2 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	8 Мб

Windows NT 3.5 Server

Годы поддержки: 1994 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Что нового

• Встроенная поддержка Winsock и TCP/IP.
• Появление сервера DHCP и WINS.
• Предоставление общего доступа к файлам и принтерам.
• Поддержка VFAT.

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	16 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows NT 3.51 Server

Годы поддержки: 1995 — 2001. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 16, 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: —

Системные требования

Процессор	33 МГц
Оперативная память	16 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	70 Мб

Windows NT 4.0 Server

Годы поддержки: 1996 — 2004. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Server, Enterprise Edition, Terminal Server

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	486/25	486DX2/50
Оперативная память	16 Мб	24 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	128 Мб	1 Гб

Windows 2000 Server

Годы поддержки: 2000 — 2010. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Server, Advanced Server и Datacenter Server

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	1 ГГц
Оперативная память	32 Мб	128 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	2 Гб	20 Гб

Windows Server 2003

Годы поддержки: 2003 — 2015. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter

Системные требования

Web, Standard, Enterprise:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	550 МГц
Оперативная память	128 Мб	256 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	1,5 Гб	2 Гб

Datacenter Edition:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	400 МГц	733 МГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	1 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	1,5 Гб	2 Гб

Windows Server 2003 R2

Годы поддержки: 2005 — 2015. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter

Системные требования

Standard, Enterprise:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	133 МГц	550 МГц
Оперативная память	128 Мб	256 Мб
Объем жесткого диска	1,2 Гб	2 Гб

Datacenter Edition:

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	400 МГц	733 МГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	1 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	1,2 Гб	2 Гб

Windows Server 2008

Годы поддержки: 2008 — 2020. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 32 и 64 бита.

Издания: Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, HPC, Storage, Itanium

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Архитектура	32-бит	64-бит	32-бит	64-бит
Процессор	1 ГГц	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	2 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	10 Гб	40 Гб

Windows Server 2008 R2

Годы поддержки: 2009 — 2020. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Foundation, Small Business, Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, HPC, Itanium

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб	2 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	10 Гб	40 Гб

Windows Server 2012

Годы поддержки: 2012 — 2023. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Windows Server 2012 R2

Годы поддержки: 2013 — 2023. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	2 ГГц
Оперативная память	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Windows Server 2016

Годы поддержки: 2016 — 2026. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Essentials, Standard, Datacenter

Что нового

• Лицензирование на физические ядра процессора (минимум 16).
• Новый режим установки — Nano.
• Появление контейнерной виртуализации.
• OpenGL и OpenCL для RDP.
• Шифрование виртуальных машин и внутреннего сетевого трафика.
• Блочная репликация файловых хранилищ.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	3.1 ГГц
Оперативная память	2 Гб	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Более подробно в обзоре Windows Server 2016.

Windows Server 2019

Годы поддержки: 2018 — 2029. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Standard, Datacenter

Что нового

• Улучшенная безопасность — встроенные технологии Defender ATP и Defender Exploit Guard.
• Windows Subsystem Linux (WSL) — контейнеры для поддержки приложений Linux.
• Для построения кластера с четным количеством узлов в качестве диска-свидетеля может выступать USB-диск.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	3.1 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб (Nano) 2 Гб (GUI)	4 Гб
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб

Windows Server 2022 (последняя для серверов)

Годы поддержки: 2021 — 2031. Ветка: NT. Разрядность: 64 бита.

Издания: Standard, Datacenter

Что нового

• Улучшенная безопасность.
• Больше возможностей для работы с облаками, особенно, Microsoft Azure.

Системные требования

	Минимальные	Рекомендуемые
Процессор	1.4 ГГц	3.1 ГГц
Оперативная память	512 Мб (Nano) 2 Гб (GUI) Поддержка ECC	4 Гб Поддержка ECC
Объем жесткого диска	32 Гб	60 Гб
Сетевой адаптер	1 гигабит в секунду