В операционной системе windows имя файла может иметь длину до это

A filename or file name is a name used to uniquely identify a computer file in a directory structure. Different file systems impose different restrictions on filename lengths.

A filename may (depending on the file system) include:

• name – base name of the file
• extension (format or extension) – indicates the content of the file (e.g. .txt, .exe, .html, .COM, .c~ etc.)

The components required to identify a file by utilities and applications varies across operating systems, as does the syntax and format for a valid filename.

Filenames may contain any arbitrary bytes the user chooses. This may include things like a revision or generation number of the file such as computer code, a numerical sequence number (widely used by digital cameras through the DCF standard), a date and time (widely used by smartphone camera software and for screenshots), and/or a comment such as the name of a subject or a location or any other text to facilitate the searching the files. In fact, even unprintable characters, including bell, 0x00, Return and LineFeed can be part of a filename, although most utilities do not handle them well.

Some people use of the term filename when referring to a complete specification of device, subdirectories and filename such as the Windows C:Program FilesMicrosoft GamesChessChess.exe. The filename in this case is Chess.exe. Some utilities have settings to suppress the extension as with MS Windows Explorer.

History[edit]

On early personal computers using the CP/M operating system, with the File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem, filenames were always 11 characters. This was referred to as the 8.3 filename with a maximum of an 8 byte name and a maximum of a 3 byte extension. Utilities and applications allowed users to specify filenames without trailing spaces and include a dot before the extension. The dot was not actually stored in the directory. Using only 7 bit characters allowed several file attributes ^[1]to be included in the actual filename by using the high-order-bit. These attributes included Readonly, Archive, HIDDEN and SYS. Eventually this was too restrictive and the number of characters allowed increased. The attribute bits were moved to a special block of the file including additional information. This led to compatibility problems when moving files between different file systems.^[2]

During the 1970s, some mainframe and minicomputers where files on the system were identified by a user name, or account number.

For example, on Digital Equipment Corporation RSTS/E and TOPS-10 operating systems, files were identified by

• optional device name (one or two characters) followed by an optional unit number, and a colon «:». If not present, it was presumed to be SY:
• the account number, consisting of a bracket «[«, a pair of numbers separated by a comma, and followed by a close bracket «]». If omitted, it was presumed to be yours.
• mandatory file name, consisting of 1 to 6 characters (upper-case letters or digits)
• optional 3-character extension.

On the IBM OS/VS1, OS/390 and MVS operating systems, a file name was up to 44 characters, consisting of upper case letters, digits, and the period. A file name must start with a letter or number, a period must occur at least once each 8 characters, two consecutive periods could not appear in the name, and must end with a letter or digit. By convention, the letters and numbers before the first period was the account number of the owner or the project it belonged to, but there was no requirement to use this convention.

On the McGill University MUSIC/SP system, file names consisted of

• Optional account number, which was one to four characters followed by a colon.If the account number was missing, it was presumed to be in your account, but if it was not, it was presumed to be in the *COM: pseudo-account, which is where all files marked as public were catalogued.
• 1-17 character file name, which could be upper case letters or digits, and the period, with the requirement it not begin or end with a period, or have two consecutive periods.

The Univac VS/9 operating system had file names consisting of

• Account name, consisting of a dollar sign «$», a 1-7 character (letter or digit) username, and a period («.»). If not present it was presumed to be in your account, but if it wasn’t, the operating system would look in the system manager’s account $TSOS. If you typed in a dollar sign only as the account, this would indicate the file was in the $TSOS account unless the first 1-7 character of the file name before the first period matched an actual account name, then that account was used, e.g. ABLE.BAKER is a file in your account, but if not there the system would search for $TSOS.ABLE.BAKER, but if $ABLE.BAKER was specified, the file $TSOS.ABLE.BAKER would be used unless $ABLE was a valid account, then it would look for a file named BAKER in that account.
• File name, 1-56 characters (letters and digits) separated by periods. File names cannot start or end with a period, nor can two consecutive periods appear.

In 1985, RFC 959 officially defined a pathname to be the character string that must be entered into a file system by a user in order to identify a file.^[3]

Around 1995, VFAT, an extension to the MS-DOS FAT filesystem, was introduced in Windows 95 and Windows NT. It allowed mixed-case Unicode long filenames (LFNs), in addition to classic «8.3» names.

References: absolute vs relative[edit]

An absolute reference includes all directory levels. In some systems, a filename reference that does not include the complete directory path defaults to the current working directory. This is a relative reference. One advantage of using a relative reference in program configuration files or scripts is that different instances of the script or program can use different files.

This makes an absolute or relative path composed of a sequence of filenames.

Number of names per file[edit]

Unix-like file systems allow a file to have more than one name; in traditional Unix-style file systems, the names are hard links to the file’s inode or equivalent. Windows supports hard links on NTFS file systems, and provides the command fsutil in Windows XP, and mklink in later versions, for creating them.^[4][5] Hard links are different from Windows shortcuts, classic Mac OS/macOS aliases, or symbolic links. The introduction of LFNs with VFAT allowed filename aliases. For example, longfi~1.??? with a maximum of eight plus three characters was a filename alias of «long file name.???» as a way to conform to 8.3 limitations for older programs.

This property was used by the move command algorithm that first creates a second filename and then only removes the first filename.

Other filesystems, by design, provide only one filename per file, which guarantees that alteration of one filename’s file does not alter the other filename’s file.

Length restrictions[edit]

Some filesystems restrict the length of filenames. In some cases, these lengths apply to the entire file name, as in 44 characters on IBM S/370.^[6] In other cases, the length limits may apply to particular portions of the filename, such as the name of a file in a directory, or a directory name. For example, 9 (e.g., 8-bit FAT in Standalone Disk BASIC), 11 (e.g. FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 in DOS), 14 (e.g. early Unix), 21 (Human68K), 31, 30 (e.g. Apple DOS 3.2 and 3.3), 15 (e.g. Apple ProDOS), 44 (e.g. IBM S/370),^[6] or 255 (e.g. early Berkeley Unix) characters or bytes. Length limits often result from assigning fixed space in a filesystem to storing components of names, so increasing limits often requires an incompatible change, as well as reserving more space.

A particular issue with filesystems that store information in nested directories is that it may be possible to create a file with a complete pathname that exceeds implementation limits, since length checking may apply only to individual parts of the name rather than the entire name. Many Windows applications are limited to a MAX_PATH value of 260, but Windows file names can easily exceed this limit [1]. From Windows 10, version 1607, MAX_PATH limitations have been removed.^[7]

Filename extensions[edit]

Many file systems, including FAT, NTFS, and VMS systems, consider as filename extension the part of the file name that consists of one or more characters following the last period in the filename, dividing the filename into two parts: a base name or stem and an extension or suffix used by some applications to indicate the file type. Multiple output files created by an application use the same basename and various extensions. For example, a compiler might use the extension FOR for source input file (for Fortran code), OBJ for the object output and LST for the listing. Although there are some common extensions, they are arbitrary and a different application might use REL and RPT. Extensions have been restricted, at least historically on some systems, to a length of 3 characters, but in general can have any length, e.g., html.

Encoding interoperability[edit]

There is no general encoding standard for filenames.

File names have to be exchanged between software environments for network file transfer, file system storage, backup and file synchronization software, configuration management, data compression and archiving, etc. It is thus very important not to lose file name information between applications. This led to wide adoption of Unicode as a standard for encoding file names, although legacy software might not be Unicode-aware.

Encoding indication interoperability[edit]

Traditionally, filenames allowed any character in their filenames as long as they were file system safe.^[2] Although this permitted the use of any encoding, and thus allowed the representation of any local text on any local system, it caused many interoperability issues.

A filename could be stored using different byte strings in distinct systems within a single country, such as if one used Japanese Shift JIS encoding and another Japanese EUC encoding. Conversion was not possible as most systems did not expose a description of the encoding used for a filename as part of the extended file information. This forced costly filename encoding guessing with each file access.^[2]

A solution was to adopt Unicode as the encoding for filenames.

In the classic Mac OS, however, encoding of the filename was stored with the filename attributes.^[2]

Unicode interoperability[edit]

The Unicode standard solves the encoding determination issue.

Nonetheless, some limited interoperability issues remain, such as normalization (equivalence), or the Unicode version in use. For instance, UDF is limited to Unicode 2.0; macOS’s HFS+ file system applies NFD Unicode normalization and is optionally case-sensitive (case-insensitive by default.) Filename maximum length is not standard and might depend on the code unit size. Although it is a serious issue, in most cases this is a limited one.^[2]

On Linux, this means the filename is not enough to open a file: additionally, the exact byte representation of the filename on the storage device is needed. This can be solved at the application level, with some tricky normalization calls.^[8]

The issue of Unicode equivalence is known as «normalized-name collision». A solution is the Non-normalizing Unicode Composition Awareness used in the Subversion and Apache technical communities.^[9] This solution does not normalize paths in the repository. Paths are only normalized for the purpose of comparisons. Nonetheless, some communities have patented this strategy, forbidding its use by other communities.^{[clarification needed]}

Perspectives[edit]

To limit interoperability issues, some ideas described by Sun are to:

• use one Unicode encoding (such as UTF-8)
• do transparent code conversions on filenames
• store no normalized filenames
• check for canonical equivalence among filenames, to avoid two canonically equivalent filenames in the same directory.^[2]

Those considerations create a limitation not allowing a switch to a future encoding different from UTF-8.

Unicode migration[edit]

One issue was migration to Unicode.
For this purpose, several software companies provided software for migrating filenames to the new Unicode encoding.

• Microsoft provided migration transparent for the user throughout the VFAT technology
• Apple provided «File Name Encoding Repair Utility v1.0».^[10]
• The Linux community provided “convmv”.^[11]

Mac OS X 10.3 marked Apple’s adoption of Unicode 3.2 character decomposition, superseding the Unicode 2.1 decomposition used previously. This change caused problems for developers writing software for Mac OS X.^[12]

Uniqueness[edit]

Within a single directory, filenames must be unique. Since the filename syntax also applies for directories, it is not possible to create a file and directory entries with the same name in a single directory. Multiple files in different directories may have the same name.

Uniqueness approach may differ both on the case sensitivity and on the Unicode normalization form such as NFC, NFD.
This means two separate files might be created with the same text filename and a different byte implementation of the filename, such as L»x00C0.txt» (UTF-16, NFC) (Latin capital A with grave) and L»x0041x0300.txt» (UTF-16, NFD) (Latin capital A, grave combining).^[13]

Letter case preservation[edit]

Some filesystems, such as FAT, store filenames as upper-case regardless of the letter case used to create them. For example, a file created with the name «MyName.Txt» or «myname.txt» would be stored with the filename «MYNAME.TXT». Any variation of upper and lower case can be used to refer to the same file. These kinds of file systems are called case-insensitive and are not case-preserving. Some filesystems prohibit the use of lower case letters in filenames altogether.

Some file systems store filenames in the form that they were originally created; these are referred to as case-retentive or case-preserving. Such a file system can be case-sensitive or case-insensitive. If case-sensitive, then «MyName.Txt» and «myname.txt» may refer to two different files in the same directory, and each file must be referenced by the exact capitalization by which it is named. On a case-insensitive, case-preserving file system, on the other hand, only one of «MyName.Txt», «myname.txt» and «Myname.TXT» can be the name of a file in a given directory at a given time, and a file with one of these names can be referenced by any capitalization of the name.

From its original inception, Unix and its derivative systems were case-preserving. However, not all Unix-like file systems are case-sensitive; by default, HFS+ in macOS is case-insensitive, and SMB servers usually provide case-insensitive behavior (even when the underlying file system is case-sensitive, e.g. Samba on most Unix-like systems), and SMB client file systems provide case-insensitive behavior. File system case sensitivity is a considerable challenge for software such as Samba and Wine, which must interoperate efficiently with both systems that treat uppercase and lowercase files as different and with systems that treat them the same.^[14]

Reserved characters and words[edit]

File systems have not always provided the same character set for composing a filename. Before Unicode became a de facto standard, file systems mostly used a locale-dependent character set. By contrast, some new systems permit a filename to be composed of almost any character of the Unicode repertoire, and even some non-Unicode byte sequences. Limitations may be imposed by the file system, operating system, application, or requirements for interoperability with other systems.

Many file system utilities prohibit control characters from appearing in filenames. In Unix-like file systems, the null character^[15] and the path separator / are prohibited.

In Windows[edit]

File system utilities and naming conventions on various systems prohibit particular characters from appearing in filenames or make them problematic:^[16]

Character	Name	Reason for prohibition
/	slash	Used as a path name component separator in Unix-like, Windows, and Amiga systems. (For as long as the SwitChar setting is set to ‘/ ’, the DOS COMMAND.COM shell would consume it as a switch character, but DOS and Windows themselves always accept it as a separator on API level.) The big solidus ⧸ (Unicode code point U+29F8) is permitted in Windows filenames.
	backslash	Used as the default path name component separator in DOS, OS/2 and Windows (even if the SwitChar is set to ‘-‘; allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1). The big reverse solidus ⧹ (U+29F9) is permitted in Windows filenames.
?	question mark	Used as a wildcard in Unix, Windows and AmigaOS; marks a single character. Allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The glottal stop ʔ (U+0294), the interrobang ‽ (U+203D), the inverted question mark ¿ (U+00BF) and the double question mark ⁇ (U+2047) are allowed in all filenames.
%	percent	Used as a wildcard in RT-11; marks a single character. Not special on Windows.
*	asterisk or star	Used as a wildcard in Unix, DOS, RT-11, VMS and Windows. Marks any sequence of characters (Unix, Windows, DOS) or any sequence of characters in either the basename or extension (thus «*.*» in DOS means «all files». Allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. See Star (glyph) for many asterisk-like characters allowed in filenames.
:	colon	Used to determine the mount point / drive on Windows; used to determine the virtual device or physical device such as a drive on AmigaOS, RT-11 and VMS; used as a pathname separator in classic Mac OS. Doubled after a name on VMS, indicates the DECnet nodename (equivalent to a NetBIOS (Windows networking) hostname preceded by «\».). Colon is also used in Windows to separate an alternative data stream from the main file. The letter colon ꞉ (U+A789) and the ratio symbol ∶ (U+2236) are permitted in Windows filenames. In the Segoe UI font, used in Windows Explorer, the glyphs for the colon and the letter colon are identical.
|	vertical bar or pipe	Designates software pipelining in Unix, DOS and Windows; allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The mathematical operator ∣ (U+2223) is permitted in Windows filenames.
"	straight double quote	A legacy restriction carried over from DOS. The single quotes ‘ (U+0027), ‘ (U+2018), and ’ (U+2019) and the curved double quotes “ (U+201C) and ” (U+201D) are permitted anywhere in filenames. See Note 1.
<	less than	Used to redirect input, allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The spacing modifier letter ˂ (U+2C2) is permitted in Windows filenames.
>	greater than	Used to redirect output, allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The spacing modifier letter ˃ (U+2C3) is permitted in Windows filenames.
.	period or dot	Folder names cannot end with a period in Windows, though the name can end with a period followed by a whitespace character such as a non-breaking space. Elsewhere, the period is allowed, but the last occurrence will be interpreted to be the extension separator in VMS, DOS, and Windows. In other OSes, usually considered as part of the filename, and more than one period (full stop) may be allowed. In Unix, a leading period means the file or folder is normally hidden.
,	comma	Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.
;	semicolon	Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.
=	equals sign	Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.
	space	Allowed, but the space is also used as a parameter separator in command line applications. This can be solved by quoting the entire filename.

Note 1: While they are allowed in Unix file and folder names, most Unix shells require specific characters such as spaces, <, >, |, , and sometimes :, (, ), &, ;, #, as well as wildcards such as ? and *, to be quoted or escaped:

five and six<seven (example of escaping)
'five and six<seven' or "five and six<seven" (examples of quoting)

The character å (0xE5) was not allowed as the first letter in a filename under 86-DOS and MS-DOS/PC DOS 1.x-2.x, but can be used in later versions.

In Windows utilities, the space and the period are not allowed as the final character of a filename.^[17] The period is allowed as the first character, but some Windows applications, such as Windows Explorer, forbid creating or renaming such files (despite this convention being used in Unix-like systems to describe hidden files and directories). Workarounds include appending a dot when renaming the file (that is then automatically removed afterwards), using alternative file managers, creating the file using the command line, or saving a file with the desired filename from within an application.^[18]

Some file systems on a given operating system (especially file systems originally implemented on other operating systems), and particular applications on that operating system, may apply further restrictions and interpretations. See comparison of file systems for more details on restrictions.

In Unix-like systems, DOS, and Windows, the filenames «.» and «..» have special meanings (current and parent directory respectively). Windows 95/98/ME also uses names like «…», «….» and so on to denote grandparent or great-grandparent directories.^[19] All Windows versions forbid creation of filenames that consist of only dots, although names consist of three dots («…») or more are legal in Unix.

In addition, in Windows and DOS utilities, some words are also reserved and cannot be used as filenames.^[18] For example, DOS device files:^[20]

CON, PRN, AUX, CLOCK$, NUL
COM0, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9[21]
LPT0, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, LPT9[21]
LST (only in 86-DOS and DOS 1.xx)
KEYBD$, SCREEN$ (only in multitasking MS-DOS 4.0)
$IDLE$ (only in Concurrent DOS 386, Multiuser DOS and DR DOS 5.0 and higher)
CONFIG$ (only in MS-DOS 7.0-8.0)

Systems that have these restrictions cause incompatibilities with some other filesystems. For example, Windows will fail to handle, or raise error reports for, these legal UNIX filenames: aux.c,^[22] q»uote»s.txt, or NUL.txt.

NTFS filenames that are used internally include:

$Mft, $MftMirr, $LogFile, $Volume, $AttrDef, $Bitmap, $Boot, $BadClus, $Secure,
$Upcase, $Extend, $Quota, $ObjId and $Reparse

Comparison of filename limitations[edit]

System	Case sensitive	Case preserving	Allowed character set	Reserved characters	Reserved words	Maximum length (characters)	Comments
8-bit FAT	?	?	7-bit ASCII (but stored as bytes)	first character not allowed to be 0x00 or 0xFF		9	Maximum 9 character base name limit for sequential files (without extension), or maximum 6 and 3 character extension for binary files; see 6.3 filename
FAT12, FAT16, FAT32	No	No	any SBCS/DBCS OEM codepage	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? | + , . ; = [ ] (in some environments also: ! @; DOS 1/2 did not allow 0xE5 as first character)	Device names including: $IDLE$ AUX COM1…COM4 CON CONFIG$ CLOCK$ KEYBD$ LPT1…LPT4 LST NUL PRN SCREEN$ (depending on AVAILDEV status everywhere or only in virtual DEV directory)	11	Maximum 8 character base name limit and 3 character extension; see 8.3 filename
VFAT	No	Yes	Unicode, using UCS-2 encoding	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? |		255
exFAT	No	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? |		255
NTFS	Optional	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? |	Only in root directory: $AttrDef $BadClus $Bitmap $Boot $LogFile $MFT $MFTMirr pagefile.sys $Secure $UpCase $Volume $Extend $Extend$ObjId $Extend$Quota $Extend$Reparse ($Extend is a directory)	255	Paths can be up to 32,000 characters. Forbids the use of characters in range 1-31 (0x01-0x1F) and characters » * / : < > ? | unless the name is flagged as being in the Posix namespace. NTFS allows each path component (directory or filename) to be 255 characters long[dubious – discuss]. Windows forbids the use of the MS-DOS device names AUX, CLOCK$, COM0, …, COM9, CON, LPT0, …, LPT9, NUL and PRN, as well as these names with any extension (for example, AUX.txt), except when using Long UNC paths (ex. \.C:nul.txt or \?D:auxcon). (CLOCK$ may be used, if an extension is provided.) The Win32 API strips trailing period (full-stop), and leading and trailing space characters from filenames, except when UNC paths are used. These restrictions only apply to Windows; in Linux distributions that support NTFS, filenames are written using NTFS’s Posix namespace, which allows any Unicode character except / and NUL.
OS/2 HPFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	|?*<«:>/		254
Mac OS HFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	:		255	old versions of Finder are limited to 31 characters
Mac OS HFS+	Optional	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding	: on disk, in classic Mac OS, and at the Carbon layer in macOS; / at the Unix layer in macOS		255	Mac OS 8.1 — macOS
macOS APFS	Optional	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding[citation needed]	In the Finder, filenames containing / can be created, but / is stored as a colon (:) in the filesystem, and is shown as such on the command line. Filenames containing : created from the command line are shown with / instead of : in the Finder, so that it is impossible to create a file that the Finder shows as having a : in its filename.		255	macOS[clarification needed]
most UNIX file systems	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	/ null		255	a leading . indicates that ls and file managers will not show the file by default
z/OS classic MVS filesystem (datasets)	No	No	EBCDIC code pages	other than $ # @ — x’C0′		44	first character must be alphabetic or national ($, #, @) «Qualified» contains . after every 8 characters or fewer.[23] Partitioned data sets (PDS or PDSE) are divided into members with names of up to 8 characters; the member name is placed in parenthesises after the name of the PDS, e.g. PAYROLL.DEV.CBL(PROG001)
CMS file system	No	No	EBCDIC code pages			8 + 8	Single-level directory structure with disk letters (A–Z). Maximum of 8 character file name with maximum 8 character file type, separated by whitespace. For example, a TEXT file called MEMO on disk A would be accessed as «MEMO TEXT A». (Later versions of VM introduced hierarchical filesystem structures, SFS and BFS, but the original flat directory «minidisk» structure is still widely used.)
early UNIX (AT&T Corporation)	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	/		14	a leading . indicates a «hidden» file
POSIX «Fully portable filenames»[24]	Yes	Yes	A–Z a–z 0–9 . _ -	/ null		14	hyphen must not be first character. A command line utility checking for conformance, «pathchk», is part of the IEEE 1003.1 standard and of The Open Group Base Specifications[25]
ISO 9660	No	?	A–Z 0–9 _ .			«close to 180″(Level 2) or 200(Level 3)	Used on CDs; 8 directory levels max (for Level 1, not level 2,3)
Amiga OFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		30	Original File System 1985
Amiga FFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		30	Fast File System 1988
Amiga PFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		107	Professional File System 1993
Amiga SFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		107	Smart File System 1998
Amiga FFS2	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		107	Fast File System 2 2002
BeOS BFS	Yes	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-8 encoding	/		255
DEC PDP-11 RT-11	No	No	RADIX-50			6 + 3	Flat filesystem with no subdirs. A full «file specification» includes device, filename and extension (file type) in the format: dev:filnam.ext.
DEC VAX VMS	No	From v7.2	A–Z 0–9 $ - _			32 per component; earlier 9 per component; latterly, 255 for a filename and 32 for an extension.	a full «file specification» includes nodename, diskname, directory/ies, filename, extension and version in the format: OURNODE::MYDISK:[THISDIR.THATDIR]FILENAME.EXTENSION;2 Directories can only go 8 levels deep.
Commodore DOS	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	:, =	$	16	length depends on the drive, usually 16
HP 250	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	SPACE ", : NULL CHR$(255)		6	Disks and tape drives are addressed either using a label (up to 8 characters) or a unit specification. The HP 250 file system does not use directories, nor does it use extensions to indicate file type. Instead the type is an attribute (e.g. DATA, PROG, BKUP or SYST for data files, program files, backups and the OS itself).[26]

See also[edit]

• File system
• Fully qualified file name
• Long filename
• Path (computing)
• Slug (Web publishing)
• Symbolic link
• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Internationalized resource identifier
• Windows (Win32) File Naming Conventions (Filesystem Agnostic)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Data Formats Filename at Curlie
• File Extension Library
• FILExt
• WikiExt — File Extensions Encyclopedia
• Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces (MSDN)
• 2009 POSIX portable filename character set
• Standard ECMA-208, December 1994, System-Independent Data Format
• Best Practices for File Naming, USA: Stanford University Libraries, Data Management Services

A filename or file name is a name used to uniquely identify a computer file in a directory structure. Different file systems impose different restrictions on filename lengths.

A filename may (depending on the file system) include:

• name – base name of the file
• extension (format or extension) – indicates the content of the file (e.g. .txt, .exe, .html, .COM, .c~ etc.)

The components required to identify a file by utilities and applications varies across operating systems, as does the syntax and format for a valid filename.

Filenames may contain any arbitrary bytes the user chooses. This may include things like a revision or generation number of the file such as computer code, a numerical sequence number (widely used by digital cameras through the DCF standard), a date and time (widely used by smartphone camera software and for screenshots), and/or a comment such as the name of a subject or a location or any other text to facilitate the searching the files. In fact, even unprintable characters, including bell, 0x00, Return and LineFeed can be part of a filename, although most utilities do not handle them well.

Some people use of the term filename when referring to a complete specification of device, subdirectories and filename such as the Windows C:Program FilesMicrosoft GamesChessChess.exe. The filename in this case is Chess.exe. Some utilities have settings to suppress the extension as with MS Windows Explorer.

History[edit]

On early personal computers using the CP/M operating system, with the File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem, filenames were always 11 characters. This was referred to as the 8.3 filename with a maximum of an 8 byte name and a maximum of a 3 byte extension. Utilities and applications allowed users to specify filenames without trailing spaces and include a dot before the extension. The dot was not actually stored in the directory. Using only 7 bit characters allowed several file attributes ^[1]to be included in the actual filename by using the high-order-bit. These attributes included Readonly, Archive, HIDDEN and SYS. Eventually this was too restrictive and the number of characters allowed increased. The attribute bits were moved to a special block of the file including additional information. This led to compatibility problems when moving files between different file systems.^[2]

During the 1970s, some mainframe and minicomputers where files on the system were identified by a user name, or account number.

For example, on Digital Equipment Corporation RSTS/E and TOPS-10 operating systems, files were identified by

• optional device name (one or two characters) followed by an optional unit number, and a colon «:». If not present, it was presumed to be SY:
• the account number, consisting of a bracket «[«, a pair of numbers separated by a comma, and followed by a close bracket «]». If omitted, it was presumed to be yours.
• mandatory file name, consisting of 1 to 6 characters (upper-case letters or digits)
• optional 3-character extension.

On the IBM OS/VS1, OS/390 and MVS operating systems, a file name was up to 44 characters, consisting of upper case letters, digits, and the period. A file name must start with a letter or number, a period must occur at least once each 8 characters, two consecutive periods could not appear in the name, and must end with a letter or digit. By convention, the letters and numbers before the first period was the account number of the owner or the project it belonged to, but there was no requirement to use this convention.

On the McGill University MUSIC/SP system, file names consisted of

• Optional account number, which was one to four characters followed by a colon.If the account number was missing, it was presumed to be in your account, but if it was not, it was presumed to be in the *COM: pseudo-account, which is where all files marked as public were catalogued.
• 1-17 character file name, which could be upper case letters or digits, and the period, with the requirement it not begin or end with a period, or have two consecutive periods.

The Univac VS/9 operating system had file names consisting of

• Account name, consisting of a dollar sign «$», a 1-7 character (letter or digit) username, and a period («.»). If not present it was presumed to be in your account, but if it wasn’t, the operating system would look in the system manager’s account $TSOS. If you typed in a dollar sign only as the account, this would indicate the file was in the $TSOS account unless the first 1-7 character of the file name before the first period matched an actual account name, then that account was used, e.g. ABLE.BAKER is a file in your account, but if not there the system would search for $TSOS.ABLE.BAKER, but if $ABLE.BAKER was specified, the file $TSOS.ABLE.BAKER would be used unless $ABLE was a valid account, then it would look for a file named BAKER in that account.
• File name, 1-56 characters (letters and digits) separated by periods. File names cannot start or end with a period, nor can two consecutive periods appear.

In 1985, RFC 959 officially defined a pathname to be the character string that must be entered into a file system by a user in order to identify a file.^[3]

Around 1995, VFAT, an extension to the MS-DOS FAT filesystem, was introduced in Windows 95 and Windows NT. It allowed mixed-case Unicode long filenames (LFNs), in addition to classic «8.3» names.

References: absolute vs relative[edit]

An absolute reference includes all directory levels. In some systems, a filename reference that does not include the complete directory path defaults to the current working directory. This is a relative reference. One advantage of using a relative reference in program configuration files or scripts is that different instances of the script or program can use different files.

This makes an absolute or relative path composed of a sequence of filenames.

Number of names per file[edit]

Unix-like file systems allow a file to have more than one name; in traditional Unix-style file systems, the names are hard links to the file’s inode or equivalent. Windows supports hard links on NTFS file systems, and provides the command fsutil in Windows XP, and mklink in later versions, for creating them.^[4][5] Hard links are different from Windows shortcuts, classic Mac OS/macOS aliases, or symbolic links. The introduction of LFNs with VFAT allowed filename aliases. For example, longfi~1.??? with a maximum of eight plus three characters was a filename alias of «long file name.???» as a way to conform to 8.3 limitations for older programs.

This property was used by the move command algorithm that first creates a second filename and then only removes the first filename.

Other filesystems, by design, provide only one filename per file, which guarantees that alteration of one filename’s file does not alter the other filename’s file.

Length restrictions[edit]

Some filesystems restrict the length of filenames. In some cases, these lengths apply to the entire file name, as in 44 characters on IBM S/370.^[6] In other cases, the length limits may apply to particular portions of the filename, such as the name of a file in a directory, or a directory name. For example, 9 (e.g., 8-bit FAT in Standalone Disk BASIC), 11 (e.g. FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 in DOS), 14 (e.g. early Unix), 21 (Human68K), 31, 30 (e.g. Apple DOS 3.2 and 3.3), 15 (e.g. Apple ProDOS), 44 (e.g. IBM S/370),^[6] or 255 (e.g. early Berkeley Unix) characters or bytes. Length limits often result from assigning fixed space in a filesystem to storing components of names, so increasing limits often requires an incompatible change, as well as reserving more space.

A particular issue with filesystems that store information in nested directories is that it may be possible to create a file with a complete pathname that exceeds implementation limits, since length checking may apply only to individual parts of the name rather than the entire name. Many Windows applications are limited to a MAX_PATH value of 260, but Windows file names can easily exceed this limit [1]. From Windows 10, version 1607, MAX_PATH limitations have been removed.^[7]

Filename extensions[edit]

Many file systems, including FAT, NTFS, and VMS systems, consider as filename extension the part of the file name that consists of one or more characters following the last period in the filename, dividing the filename into two parts: a base name or stem and an extension or suffix used by some applications to indicate the file type. Multiple output files created by an application use the same basename and various extensions. For example, a compiler might use the extension FOR for source input file (for Fortran code), OBJ for the object output and LST for the listing. Although there are some common extensions, they are arbitrary and a different application might use REL and RPT. Extensions have been restricted, at least historically on some systems, to a length of 3 characters, but in general can have any length, e.g., html.

Encoding interoperability[edit]

There is no general encoding standard for filenames.

File names have to be exchanged between software environments for network file transfer, file system storage, backup and file synchronization software, configuration management, data compression and archiving, etc. It is thus very important not to lose file name information between applications. This led to wide adoption of Unicode as a standard for encoding file names, although legacy software might not be Unicode-aware.

Encoding indication interoperability[edit]

Traditionally, filenames allowed any character in their filenames as long as they were file system safe.^[2] Although this permitted the use of any encoding, and thus allowed the representation of any local text on any local system, it caused many interoperability issues.

A filename could be stored using different byte strings in distinct systems within a single country, such as if one used Japanese Shift JIS encoding and another Japanese EUC encoding. Conversion was not possible as most systems did not expose a description of the encoding used for a filename as part of the extended file information. This forced costly filename encoding guessing with each file access.^[2]

A solution was to adopt Unicode as the encoding for filenames.

In the classic Mac OS, however, encoding of the filename was stored with the filename attributes.^[2]

Unicode interoperability[edit]

The Unicode standard solves the encoding determination issue.

Nonetheless, some limited interoperability issues remain, such as normalization (equivalence), or the Unicode version in use. For instance, UDF is limited to Unicode 2.0; macOS’s HFS+ file system applies NFD Unicode normalization and is optionally case-sensitive (case-insensitive by default.) Filename maximum length is not standard and might depend on the code unit size. Although it is a serious issue, in most cases this is a limited one.^[2]

On Linux, this means the filename is not enough to open a file: additionally, the exact byte representation of the filename on the storage device is needed. This can be solved at the application level, with some tricky normalization calls.^[8]

The issue of Unicode equivalence is known as «normalized-name collision». A solution is the Non-normalizing Unicode Composition Awareness used in the Subversion and Apache technical communities.^[9] This solution does not normalize paths in the repository. Paths are only normalized for the purpose of comparisons. Nonetheless, some communities have patented this strategy, forbidding its use by other communities.^{[clarification needed]}

Perspectives[edit]

To limit interoperability issues, some ideas described by Sun are to:

• use one Unicode encoding (such as UTF-8)
• do transparent code conversions on filenames
• store no normalized filenames
• check for canonical equivalence among filenames, to avoid two canonically equivalent filenames in the same directory.^[2]

Those considerations create a limitation not allowing a switch to a future encoding different from UTF-8.

Unicode migration[edit]

One issue was migration to Unicode.
For this purpose, several software companies provided software for migrating filenames to the new Unicode encoding.

• Microsoft provided migration transparent for the user throughout the VFAT technology
• Apple provided «File Name Encoding Repair Utility v1.0».^[10]
• The Linux community provided “convmv”.^[11]

Mac OS X 10.3 marked Apple’s adoption of Unicode 3.2 character decomposition, superseding the Unicode 2.1 decomposition used previously. This change caused problems for developers writing software for Mac OS X.^[12]

Uniqueness[edit]

Within a single directory, filenames must be unique. Since the filename syntax also applies for directories, it is not possible to create a file and directory entries with the same name in a single directory. Multiple files in different directories may have the same name.

Uniqueness approach may differ both on the case sensitivity and on the Unicode normalization form such as NFC, NFD.
This means two separate files might be created with the same text filename and a different byte implementation of the filename, such as L»x00C0.txt» (UTF-16, NFC) (Latin capital A with grave) and L»x0041x0300.txt» (UTF-16, NFD) (Latin capital A, grave combining).^[13]

Letter case preservation[edit]

Some filesystems, such as FAT, store filenames as upper-case regardless of the letter case used to create them. For example, a file created with the name «MyName.Txt» or «myname.txt» would be stored with the filename «MYNAME.TXT». Any variation of upper and lower case can be used to refer to the same file. These kinds of file systems are called case-insensitive and are not case-preserving. Some filesystems prohibit the use of lower case letters in filenames altogether.

Some file systems store filenames in the form that they were originally created; these are referred to as case-retentive or case-preserving. Such a file system can be case-sensitive or case-insensitive. If case-sensitive, then «MyName.Txt» and «myname.txt» may refer to two different files in the same directory, and each file must be referenced by the exact capitalization by which it is named. On a case-insensitive, case-preserving file system, on the other hand, only one of «MyName.Txt», «myname.txt» and «Myname.TXT» can be the name of a file in a given directory at a given time, and a file with one of these names can be referenced by any capitalization of the name.

From its original inception, Unix and its derivative systems were case-preserving. However, not all Unix-like file systems are case-sensitive; by default, HFS+ in macOS is case-insensitive, and SMB servers usually provide case-insensitive behavior (even when the underlying file system is case-sensitive, e.g. Samba on most Unix-like systems), and SMB client file systems provide case-insensitive behavior. File system case sensitivity is a considerable challenge for software such as Samba and Wine, which must interoperate efficiently with both systems that treat uppercase and lowercase files as different and with systems that treat them the same.^[14]

Reserved characters and words[edit]

File systems have not always provided the same character set for composing a filename. Before Unicode became a de facto standard, file systems mostly used a locale-dependent character set. By contrast, some new systems permit a filename to be composed of almost any character of the Unicode repertoire, and even some non-Unicode byte sequences. Limitations may be imposed by the file system, operating system, application, or requirements for interoperability with other systems.

Many file system utilities prohibit control characters from appearing in filenames. In Unix-like file systems, the null character^[15] and the path separator / are prohibited.

In Windows[edit]

File system utilities and naming conventions on various systems prohibit particular characters from appearing in filenames or make them problematic:^[16]

Character	Name	Reason for prohibition
/	slash	Used as a path name component separator in Unix-like, Windows, and Amiga systems. (For as long as the SwitChar setting is set to ‘/ ’, the DOS COMMAND.COM shell would consume it as a switch character, but DOS and Windows themselves always accept it as a separator on API level.) The big solidus ⧸ (Unicode code point U+29F8) is permitted in Windows filenames.
	backslash	Used as the default path name component separator in DOS, OS/2 and Windows (even if the SwitChar is set to ‘-‘; allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1). The big reverse solidus ⧹ (U+29F9) is permitted in Windows filenames.
?	question mark	Used as a wildcard in Unix, Windows and AmigaOS; marks a single character. Allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The glottal stop ʔ (U+0294), the interrobang ‽ (U+203D), the inverted question mark ¿ (U+00BF) and the double question mark ⁇ (U+2047) are allowed in all filenames.
%	percent	Used as a wildcard in RT-11; marks a single character. Not special on Windows.
*	asterisk or star	Used as a wildcard in Unix, DOS, RT-11, VMS and Windows. Marks any sequence of characters (Unix, Windows, DOS) or any sequence of characters in either the basename or extension (thus «*.*» in DOS means «all files». Allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. See Star (glyph) for many asterisk-like characters allowed in filenames.
:	colon	Used to determine the mount point / drive on Windows; used to determine the virtual device or physical device such as a drive on AmigaOS, RT-11 and VMS; used as a pathname separator in classic Mac OS. Doubled after a name on VMS, indicates the DECnet nodename (equivalent to a NetBIOS (Windows networking) hostname preceded by «\».). Colon is also used in Windows to separate an alternative data stream from the main file. The letter colon ꞉ (U+A789) and the ratio symbol ∶ (U+2236) are permitted in Windows filenames. In the Segoe UI font, used in Windows Explorer, the glyphs for the colon and the letter colon are identical.
|	vertical bar or pipe	Designates software pipelining in Unix, DOS and Windows; allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The mathematical operator ∣ (U+2223) is permitted in Windows filenames.
"	straight double quote	A legacy restriction carried over from DOS. The single quotes ‘ (U+0027), ‘ (U+2018), and ’ (U+2019) and the curved double quotes “ (U+201C) and ” (U+201D) are permitted anywhere in filenames. See Note 1.
<	less than	Used to redirect input, allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The spacing modifier letter ˂ (U+2C2) is permitted in Windows filenames.
>	greater than	Used to redirect output, allowed in Unix filenames, see Note 1. The spacing modifier letter ˃ (U+2C3) is permitted in Windows filenames.
.	period or dot	Folder names cannot end with a period in Windows, though the name can end with a period followed by a whitespace character such as a non-breaking space. Elsewhere, the period is allowed, but the last occurrence will be interpreted to be the extension separator in VMS, DOS, and Windows. In other OSes, usually considered as part of the filename, and more than one period (full stop) may be allowed. In Unix, a leading period means the file or folder is normally hidden.
,	comma	Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.
;	semicolon	Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.
=	equals sign	Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.
	space	Allowed, but the space is also used as a parameter separator in command line applications. This can be solved by quoting the entire filename.

Note 1: While they are allowed in Unix file and folder names, most Unix shells require specific characters such as spaces, <, >, |, , and sometimes :, (, ), &, ;, #, as well as wildcards such as ? and *, to be quoted or escaped:

five and six<seven (example of escaping)
'five and six<seven' or "five and six<seven" (examples of quoting)

The character å (0xE5) was not allowed as the first letter in a filename under 86-DOS and MS-DOS/PC DOS 1.x-2.x, but can be used in later versions.

In Windows utilities, the space and the period are not allowed as the final character of a filename.^[17] The period is allowed as the first character, but some Windows applications, such as Windows Explorer, forbid creating or renaming such files (despite this convention being used in Unix-like systems to describe hidden files and directories). Workarounds include appending a dot when renaming the file (that is then automatically removed afterwards), using alternative file managers, creating the file using the command line, or saving a file with the desired filename from within an application.^[18]

Some file systems on a given operating system (especially file systems originally implemented on other operating systems), and particular applications on that operating system, may apply further restrictions and interpretations. See comparison of file systems for more details on restrictions.

In Unix-like systems, DOS, and Windows, the filenames «.» and «..» have special meanings (current and parent directory respectively). Windows 95/98/ME also uses names like «…», «….» and so on to denote grandparent or great-grandparent directories.^[19] All Windows versions forbid creation of filenames that consist of only dots, although names consist of three dots («…») or more are legal in Unix.

In addition, in Windows and DOS utilities, some words are also reserved and cannot be used as filenames.^[18] For example, DOS device files:^[20]

CON, PRN, AUX, CLOCK$, NUL
COM0, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9[21]
LPT0, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, LPT9[21]
LST (only in 86-DOS and DOS 1.xx)
KEYBD$, SCREEN$ (only in multitasking MS-DOS 4.0)
$IDLE$ (only in Concurrent DOS 386, Multiuser DOS and DR DOS 5.0 and higher)
CONFIG$ (only in MS-DOS 7.0-8.0)

Systems that have these restrictions cause incompatibilities with some other filesystems. For example, Windows will fail to handle, or raise error reports for, these legal UNIX filenames: aux.c,^[22] q»uote»s.txt, or NUL.txt.

NTFS filenames that are used internally include:

$Mft, $MftMirr, $LogFile, $Volume, $AttrDef, $Bitmap, $Boot, $BadClus, $Secure,
$Upcase, $Extend, $Quota, $ObjId and $Reparse

Comparison of filename limitations[edit]

System	Case sensitive	Case preserving	Allowed character set	Reserved characters	Reserved words	Maximum length (characters)	Comments
8-bit FAT	?	?	7-bit ASCII (but stored as bytes)	first character not allowed to be 0x00 or 0xFF		9	Maximum 9 character base name limit for sequential files (without extension), or maximum 6 and 3 character extension for binary files; see 6.3 filename
FAT12, FAT16, FAT32	No	No	any SBCS/DBCS OEM codepage	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? | + , . ; = [ ] (in some environments also: ! @; DOS 1/2 did not allow 0xE5 as first character)	Device names including: $IDLE$ AUX COM1…COM4 CON CONFIG$ CLOCK$ KEYBD$ LPT1…LPT4 LST NUL PRN SCREEN$ (depending on AVAILDEV status everywhere or only in virtual DEV directory)	11	Maximum 8 character base name limit and 3 character extension; see 8.3 filename
VFAT	No	Yes	Unicode, using UCS-2 encoding	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? |		255
exFAT	No	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? |		255
NTFS	Optional	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding	0x00-0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? |	Only in root directory: $AttrDef $BadClus $Bitmap $Boot $LogFile $MFT $MFTMirr pagefile.sys $Secure $UpCase $Volume $Extend $Extend$ObjId $Extend$Quota $Extend$Reparse ($Extend is a directory)	255	Paths can be up to 32,000 characters. Forbids the use of characters in range 1-31 (0x01-0x1F) and characters » * / : < > ? | unless the name is flagged as being in the Posix namespace. NTFS allows each path component (directory or filename) to be 255 characters long[dubious – discuss]. Windows forbids the use of the MS-DOS device names AUX, CLOCK$, COM0, …, COM9, CON, LPT0, …, LPT9, NUL and PRN, as well as these names with any extension (for example, AUX.txt), except when using Long UNC paths (ex. \.C:nul.txt or \?D:auxcon). (CLOCK$ may be used, if an extension is provided.) The Win32 API strips trailing period (full-stop), and leading and trailing space characters from filenames, except when UNC paths are used. These restrictions only apply to Windows; in Linux distributions that support NTFS, filenames are written using NTFS’s Posix namespace, which allows any Unicode character except / and NUL.
OS/2 HPFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	|?*<«:>/		254
Mac OS HFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	:		255	old versions of Finder are limited to 31 characters
Mac OS HFS+	Optional	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding	: on disk, in classic Mac OS, and at the Carbon layer in macOS; / at the Unix layer in macOS		255	Mac OS 8.1 — macOS
macOS APFS	Optional	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-16 encoding[citation needed]	In the Finder, filenames containing / can be created, but / is stored as a colon (:) in the filesystem, and is shown as such on the command line. Filenames containing : created from the command line are shown with / instead of : in the Finder, so that it is impossible to create a file that the Finder shows as having a : in its filename.		255	macOS[clarification needed]
most UNIX file systems	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	/ null		255	a leading . indicates that ls and file managers will not show the file by default
z/OS classic MVS filesystem (datasets)	No	No	EBCDIC code pages	other than $ # @ — x’C0′		44	first character must be alphabetic or national ($, #, @) «Qualified» contains . after every 8 characters or fewer.[23] Partitioned data sets (PDS or PDSE) are divided into members with names of up to 8 characters; the member name is placed in parenthesises after the name of the PDS, e.g. PAYROLL.DEV.CBL(PROG001)
CMS file system	No	No	EBCDIC code pages			8 + 8	Single-level directory structure with disk letters (A–Z). Maximum of 8 character file name with maximum 8 character file type, separated by whitespace. For example, a TEXT file called MEMO on disk A would be accessed as «MEMO TEXT A». (Later versions of VM introduced hierarchical filesystem structures, SFS and BFS, but the original flat directory «minidisk» structure is still widely used.)
early UNIX (AT&T Corporation)	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	/		14	a leading . indicates a «hidden» file
POSIX «Fully portable filenames»[24]	Yes	Yes	A–Z a–z 0–9 . _ -	/ null		14	hyphen must not be first character. A command line utility checking for conformance, «pathchk», is part of the IEEE 1003.1 standard and of The Open Group Base Specifications[25]
ISO 9660	No	?	A–Z 0–9 _ .			«close to 180″(Level 2) or 200(Level 3)	Used on CDs; 8 directory levels max (for Level 1, not level 2,3)
Amiga OFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		30	Original File System 1985
Amiga FFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		30	Fast File System 1988
Amiga PFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		107	Professional File System 1993
Amiga SFS	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		107	Smart File System 1998
Amiga FFS2	No	Yes	any 8-bit set	: / null		107	Fast File System 2 2002
BeOS BFS	Yes	Yes	Unicode, using UTF-8 encoding	/		255
DEC PDP-11 RT-11	No	No	RADIX-50			6 + 3	Flat filesystem with no subdirs. A full «file specification» includes device, filename and extension (file type) in the format: dev:filnam.ext.
DEC VAX VMS	No	From v7.2	A–Z 0–9 $ - _			32 per component; earlier 9 per component; latterly, 255 for a filename and 32 for an extension.	a full «file specification» includes nodename, diskname, directory/ies, filename, extension and version in the format: OURNODE::MYDISK:[THISDIR.THATDIR]FILENAME.EXTENSION;2 Directories can only go 8 levels deep.
Commodore DOS	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	:, =	$	16	length depends on the drive, usually 16
HP 250	Yes	Yes	any 8-bit set	SPACE ", : NULL CHR$(255)		6	Disks and tape drives are addressed either using a label (up to 8 characters) or a unit specification. The HP 250 file system does not use directories, nor does it use extensions to indicate file type. Instead the type is an attribute (e.g. DATA, PROG, BKUP or SYST for data files, program files, backups and the OS itself).[26]

See also[edit]

• File system
• Fully qualified file name
• Long filename
• Path (computing)
• Slug (Web publishing)
• Symbolic link
• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Internationalized resource identifier
• Windows (Win32) File Naming Conventions (Filesystem Agnostic)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Data Formats Filename at Curlie
• File Extension Library
• FILExt
• WikiExt — File Extensions Encyclopedia
• Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces (MSDN)
• 2009 POSIX portable filename character set
• Standard ECMA-208, December 1994, System-Independent Data Format
• Best Practices for File Naming, USA: Stanford University Libraries, Data Management Services

Навигация Файлы и файловая система

Файлы и файловая система Все программы и данные хранятся в долговременной  (внешней) памяти компьютера в виде файлов. Файл — это определенное количество информации (программа или данные), имеющее имя и хранящееся в долговременной (внешней) памяти. Имя файла. Имя файла состоит из двух частей, разделенных точкой: собственно имя файла и расширение, определяющее его тип (программа, данные и так далее). Собственно имя файлу дает пользователь, а тип файла обычно задается программой автоматически при его создании. В различных операционных системах существуют различные форматы имен файлов. В операционной системе MS-DOS собственно имя файла должно содержать не более 8 букв латинского алфавита, цифр и некоторых специальных знаков, а расширение состоит из трех латинских букв, например: proba.txt В операционной системе Windows имя файла может иметь длину до 255 символов, причем можно использовать русский алфавит, например: Единицы измерения информации.doc Таблица 1.1. Типы файлов и расширений Тип файла Расширения Программы exe, com Текстовые файлы txt, doc Графические файлы bmp, gif, jpg и др. Звуковые файлы wav, mid Видеофайлы avi Программы на языках программирования bas, pas и др. Пример файловой системы: Файловая система. На каждом носителе информации (гибком, жестком или лазерном диске) может храниться большое количество файлов. Порядок хранения файлов на диске определяется используемой файловой системой. Каждый диск разбивается на две области: область хранения файлов и каталог. Каталог содержит имя файла и указание на начало его размещения на диске. Если провести аналогию диска с книгой, то область хранения файлов соответствует ее содержанию, а каталог — оглавлению. Причем книга состоит из страниц, а диск — из секторов. Для дисков с небольшим количеством файлов (до нескольких десятков) может использоваться одноуровневая файловая система, когда каталог (оглавление диска) представляет собой линейную последовательность имен файлов (табл. 1.2). Такой каталог можно сравнить с оглавлением детской книжки, которое содержит только названия отдельных рассказов. Таблица 1.2. Одноуровневый каталог Имя файла Номер начального сектора Файл_1 56 Файл_2 89 Файл_112  1200 Если на диске хранятся сотни и тысячи файлов, то для удобства поиска используется многоуровневая иерархическая файловая система, которая имеет древовидную структуру. Такую иерархическую систему можно сравнить, например, с оглавлением данного учебника, которое представляет собой иерархическую систему разделов, глав, параграфов и пунктов. Начальный, корневой каталог содержит вложенные каталоги 1-го уровня, в свою очередь, каждый из последних может содержать вложенные каталоги 2-го уровня и так далее. Необходимо отметить, что в каталогах всех уровней могут храниться и файлы. Например, в корневом каталоге могут находиться два вложенных каталога 1-го уровня (Каталог_1, Каталог_2) и один файл (Файл_1). В свою очередь, в каталоге 1-го уровня (Каталог_1) находятся два вложенных каталога второго уровня (Каталог_1.1 и Каталог_1.2) и один файл (Файл_1.1) — рис. 1.3. Файловая система — это система хранения файлов и организации каталогов. Рис. 1.3. Иерархическая файловая система Рассмотрим иерархическую файловую систему на конкретном примере. Каждый диск имеет логическое имя (А:, В: — гибкие диски, С:, D:, Е: и так далее — жесткие и лазерные диски). Пусть в корневом каталоге диска С: имеются два каталога 1-го уровня (GAMES, TEXT), а в каталоге GAMES один каталог 2-го уровня (CHESS). При этом в каталоге TEXT имеется файл proba.txt, а в каталоге CHESS — файл chess.exe (рис. 1.4). Рис. 1.4. Пример иерархической файловой системы Путь к файлу. Как найти имеющиеся файлы (chess.exe, proba.txt) в данной иерархической файловой системе? Для этого необходимо указать путь к файлу. В путь к файлу входят записываемые через разделитель «» логическое имя диска и последовательность имен вложенных друг в друга каталогов, в последнем из которых содержится нужный файл. Пути к вышеперечисленным файлам можно записать следующим образом: C:GAMESCHESS С:ТЕХТ Путь к файлу вместе с именем файла называют иногда полным именем файла. Пример полного имени файла: С GAMESCHESSchess.exe Представление файловой системы с помощью графического интерфейса. Иерархическая файловая система MS-DOS, содержащая каталоги и файлы, представлена в операционной системе Windows с помощью графического интерфейса в форме иерархической системы папок и документов. Папка в Windows является аналогом каталога MS-DOS Однако иерархическая структура этих систем несколько различается. В иерархической файловой системе MS-DOS вершиной иерархии объектов является корневой каталог диска, который можно сравнить со стволом дерева, на котором растут ветки (подкаталоги), а на ветках располагаются листья (файлы). В Windows на вершине иерархии папок находится папка Рабочий стол. Следующий уровень представлен папками Мой компьютер, Корзина и Сетевое окружение (если компьютер подключен к локальной сети) — рис. 1.5. Рис. 1.5. Иерархическая структура папок Если мы хотим ознакомиться с ресурсами компьютера, необходимо открыть папку Мой компьютер. Иерархическая система папок Windows 1. В окне Мой компьютер находятся значки имеющихся в компьютере дисков. Активизация (щелчок) значка любого диска выводит в левой части окна информацию о его емкости, занятой и свободной частях.

Смотрите также Как в Windows 10 включить поддержку пути к файлам длиной более 260 символов.

Во всех операционных системах и для всех файловых систем существуют определённые лимиты на:

• размер имени файла
• на полный путь файла (который включает папки и подпапки)

Операционная система Windows не является исключением, в ней длина имени файла или папки ограничена 255 символами, а вся длина пути ограничена примерно 32,000 символами.

Имеется ряд исключений, когда разрешённая длина файла должна быть меньше этих значений:

• предыдущие версии Windows
• сетевые диски
• оптические диски CD и DVD

К сожалению, Windows весьма «молчалив» в ситуациях, когда возникают проблемы с длиной имени файла или пути на сетевых носителях. В результате, часть файлов может отображаться нормально, а часть отсутствовать. Если файлов много, то не всегда просто понять, все ли они на месте. Признаками того, что некоторые файлы на сетевой папке имеют слишком длинное имя является:

• отсутствует файл, который точно должен быть или который виден при подключении диска напрямую (а не через сеть)
• при создании файла возникает ошибка, что такой файл уже существует, хотя его не видно

При поиске по файлам средствами ОС, эти файлы также недоступны для индексации и поиска по ним.

Все программы, от стандартного проводника Windows до сторонних файловых менеджеров не способны увидеть эти файлы со слишком длинными именами, при этом каких-либо ошибок не возникает.

Подтвердить проблему слишком длинного имени на сетевом носителе можно командой вида:

dir "\путьдопапки"

Например команда:

dir "\VBOXSVRShareАрхив работУП"

вызывает следующую ошибку из-за того, что в папке имеется файл со слишком длинным именем:

    Каталог: \VBOXSVRShareАрхив работУП


Mode                LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                -------------         ------ ----
d-----       24.08.2010     17:29                Общая часть
d-----       17.02.2019     16:10                Особенная часть
d-----       01.11.2018     10:24                Чужое
dir : Параметр задан неверно.
строка:1 знак:1
+ dir "\VBOXSVRShareАрхив работУП"
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : ReadError: (\VBOXSVRShareАрхив работУП:String) [Get-ChildItem], IOException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : DirIOError,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetChildItemCommand

Если вы работаете с сетевым диском и он подключён к Linux, то вам может помочь инструкция «Как найти имена файлов, чья длина превышает определённое значение».

В остальных случаях, попробуйте следующие советы:

1. (если слишком длинный путь до файла) Вначале скопируйте папку на более высокие уровни в windows эксплорере и затем переместите их на ваш локальный компьютер

2. (если имена файлов слишком длинные) Вначале попробуйте поместить их в архив программами zip/rar/7z и затем скопируйте файл архива на свой локальный компьютер и извлеките его содержимое

3. Попробуйте встроенную программу ROBOCOPY:

robocopy /E ИСТОЧНИК НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ

4. Попробуйте перед путём добавить \?

\?C:SomeReallyLongPath

5. Используйте сторонне программное обеспечение (о нём далее)

FastCopy — это проект с открытым исходным кодом на C, написанный SHIROUZU Hiroaki и это «Самое быстрое программное обеспечение для копирования/удаления файлов на Windows.» Программа поддеррживает UNICODE и более чем MAX_PATH (260 символов) в путях имён файлов.

Если имеются сотни путей, которые слишком долго исправлять, то используйте инструмент «Path Tool Long Auto Fixer».

Категория ~
Фундаментальные статьи

– Автор:

Игорь (Администратор)

Вы когда-нибудь сталкивались с сообщением об ошибке в Windows, в котором говорилось бы о не возможности скопировать (переместить) файл и о том, что имя одного из файлов слишком большое? Если да, то вы, наверное, задавались вопросом почему такое сообщение появилось (пример ниже на картинке). В данной статье будут объяснены особенности и тонкости ограничений, которые накладываются на длину имени файла в Windows.

В зависимости от структуры файловой системы, на длину имен файлов будут накладываться различные ограничения. Важно помнить и понимать, что имя файла складывается не только из расширения и того названия, которое вы дали ему при создании. Имя файла включает в себя всю необходимую операционной системе информацию для точной идентификации файла. Другими словами, имя файла включает в себя диск и все каталоги, внутри которых находится файл. Кроме того, имя может содержать различную системную информацию (и не обязательно, что вы ее будете где-либо видеть).

Примечание: Если вы не знали, то в большинстве файловых систем каталог — это разновидность файла, но с нулевым размером данных.

Существует множество различных файловых систем, каждая из который по-своему определяет структуру имени файла, включая способ построения пути к файлу. К примеру, на небольших usb устройствах хранения данных, обычно, используется система FAT32. А на оптических дисках (CD/DVD) обычно используется UDF или ISO 9660. На системных дисках последних ОС Windows используется файловая система NTFS, которая и станет предметом данной статьи (как наиболее распространенная для Windows).

Примечание: К примеру, на системных дисках с Windows XP, часто, использовалась файловая система FAT32. Однако, у нее был существенный (для сегодняшнего времени) недостаток — это ограничение на максимальный размер файла в 4 Гб. NTFS же не имеет такого ограничения.

Существует некоторая путаница в цифрах максимальной длины имени файла в файловой системе NTFS, которую вы можете обнаружить в различных источниках. Для начала, есть абсолютный предел, введенный Windows API, и он составляет 260 символов. Тем не менее, практический пределе меньше, чем 260 символов. Например, все имена должны иметь нулевой терминатор в конце. Обычно, этот маркер видит только Windows, но он все равно воспринимается, как один символ. Таким образом ,у вас есть только 259 доступных символов. Еще три символа используются для указания диска (например, C:). Таким образом, реальный предел для имени, содержащего все каталоги, включая вложенные, и название самого файла вместе с расширением, уменьшается до 256 символов.

Примечание: Windows API — ядровой интерфейс, на котором строится вся операционная система и который используют программы.

Тем не менее, есть еще одна тонкость, связанная с тем, как Windows кодирует символы. Ни один индивидуальный объект (файл или каталог) не может иметь имя длиннее 255 символов. При этом, имя включает в себя пробелы и обратную косую черту, которая используется в качестве разделителей. Этот предел в 255 символов часто цитируется, как предел для названия отдельного файла, но, на практике, это относится только к именам файлов в корневом каталоге без каких-либо каталогов.

Существует и еще одно ограничение на длину имени файла, которое часто упускается из виду. Обычно, по умолчанию Windows поддерживает альтернативное имя файла, используя старую систему именования 8.3. Когда вы создаете папку, Windows будет резервировать 12 символов для альтернативного имени файла, оставляя 244 символов для всех содержащихся внутри объектов. Использование системы именования 8.3 можно отключить, но это может вызвать проблемы, при использовании старых 16-битных программ.

Примечание: Система именования 8.3 довольно проста. 8 — это количество символов наименования. «.» — это разделитель между названием и расширением. 3 — это количество символов для расширения. 12 — это 8 + 1 + 3.

Примечание: Подробнее о том, как отключить поддержку 8.3, смотрите информацию по адресу https://technet.microsoft.com/ru-ru/library/cc778996.aspx. Учтите, что вам потребуется редактировать реестр.

Существует так же механизм, который позволяет использовать более длинные имена файлов. Например, сетевым системам, порой, требуется больше гибкости в именах файлах. Поэтому, Windows API включает в себя специальную систему обращения для поддержки очень длинных Unicode имен в блоках по 255 символов. Эти длинные имена начинаются с префикса «\?» (без кавычек). Так что, если вы столкнулись с проблемой в имени файла, у которого длина слишком большая, то попробуйте использовать этот префикс в имени пути, например, «\?c:file.txt» (без кавычек).

Большинство случаев ошибок слишком длинных путей имен файлов связаны именно с большим уровнем вложенности каталогов. Поэтому, знание об ограничениях позволит вам быть осторожными, при создании структуры ваших каталогов, и избежать проблем, связанных со слишком длинными именами.

Информатика. Лекция «Файлы и файловая
система»

Лекция Тема: Файлы и файловая система

План:

1. Файлы

2. Файловая система

3. Представление
   файловой системы с помощью графического
   интерфейса

4. Логическая
   структура дисков

1. Файлы

Все
программы и данные хранятся в долговременной
(внешней) памяти компьютера в виде
файлов.

Файл
— это определенное количество информации
(программа или данные), имеющее имя и
хранящееся в долговременной (внешней)
памяти.

Имя
файла.
Имя файла состоит из двух частей,
разделенных точкой: собственно имя
файла и расширение, определяющее его
тип (программа, данные и так далее).
Собственно имя файлу дает пользователь,
а тип файла обычно задается программой
автоматически при его создании (табл.
1.2).

В
различных операционных системах
существуют различные форматы имен
файлов. В операционной системе MS—DOS
собственно имя файла должно содержать
не более 8 букв латинского алфавита,
цифр и некоторых специальных знаков, а
расширение состоит из трех латинских
букв, например: proba.txt.

В
операционной системе Windows
имя файла может иметь длину до 255 символов,
причем можно использовать русский
алфавит, например: Единицы
измерения информации.doc

При создании файла
или изменении его содержимого автоматически
регистрируются дата и время, которые
известны системе из показаний встроенного
календаря и часов, а также объем файла.
Имя, расширение, дата и время, объем
являются атрибутами
файла, которые
фиксируются в каталоге.

Независимо от
того, видите вы расширения
и значки,
или нет, для каждого файла предназначено
и то, и другое. Некоторые из наиболее
распространенных файловых расширений
и значков
представлены ниже:

Таблица 1

Некоторые стандартные расширения

Тип файла	Расширение	Значок
Изображение bitmap	.bmp
База Данных Microsoft Access	.mdb
Презентация Microsoft Power Point	.ppt
Zip-файл	.zip
Интернет-файл	.htm или .html
Динамически связанная библиотека	.dll
Электронная таблица Microsoft Excel	.xls
Документ Microsoft Word	.doc
Текстовый файл	.txt
Звуковой файл wave	.wav

2. Файловая система

На
каждом носителе информации (гибком,
жестком или лазерном диске) может
храниться большое количество файлов.
Порядок хранения файлов на диске
определяется используемой файловой
системой.

Каждый
диск разбивается на две области: область
хранения файлов
и каталог.
Каталог содержит имя файла и указание
на начало его размещения на диске. Если
провести аналогию диска с книгой, то
область хранения файлов соответствует
ее содержанию, а каталог — оглавлению.
Причем книга состоит из страниц, а диск
— из секторов.

Для
дисков с небольшим количеством файлов
(до нескольких десятков) может
использоваться одноуровневая
файловая система,
когда
каталог (оглавление диска) представляет
собой линейную последовательность имен
файлов (табл. 2). Такой каталог можно
сравнить с оглавлением детской книжки,
которое содержит только названия
отдельных рассказов.

Таблица 2

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #

Если вам кажется, что нет ничего проще, чем придумать имя для файла или папки, то скорее всего вы ошибаетесь. Существуют правила из-за которых нельзя назвать файл любым именем как обычный физический предмет. Для начала проясним, что такое имя файла, и как оно используется.

Понятия «путь» и «имя файла»

Очень часто в компьютерной литературе используются термины «путь» и «имя файла» под разными значениями. Обычно под словом «путь» понимают адрес или расположение файла, т. е. диск, папка и подпапки в которых расположен файл. Однако Microsoft и другие считают, что в путь к файлу входит не только его расположение но и само имя файла. А некоторые подразумевают под словом «путь» только имена файла и папок, в которых он расположен, без указания диска. Некоторые пользователи полагают, что «имя файла» не включает расширение. В данной статье расширение всегда является частью имени файла. На примере ниже синим цветом выделен путь к файлу, а красным имя файла.
X:папкаподпапкафайл.расширение

Зарезервированные символы и имена

Большинство часто употребляемых символов разрешается использовать в имени файла. Имя файла не должно содержать „<” (знак меньше),  „>” (знак больше), „:” (двоеточие), „«” (двойные кавычки), „/” (слеш), „” (обратный слеш), „|” (вертикальная черта), „?” (вопросительный знак), „*” (звездочка), а также не может заканчиваться точкой или пробелом. Файлы также нельзя называть зарезервированными именами устройств: CON, PRN, AUX, NUL, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, и LPT9.

Ограничения на длины имен файлов и путей

Существуют ограничения на длину имени файла и на длину пути. Абсолютное ограничение длины имени файла вместе включая путь к нему равно 260 символам. Этот предел называют термином MAX_PATH. На самом же деле на практике пределы для имен еще меньше из-за ряда других ограничений. Например, каждая строка на конце должна содержать так называемый нулевой символ, который обозначает конец строки. Несмотря на то, что маркер конца строки не отображается, он учитывается как отдельный символ при подсчете длины, а значит остается 259 символов доступных для имени файла и пути к нему. Первые три символа в пути используются для обозначения диска (например, C:). Это уменьшает предел для имен папок, подпапок и файла до 256 символов.

На имя объекта (папки или файла) наложено ограничение длины 255 символов. Этот предел действителен только, если объект не расположен внутри папки. Так как при расположении объекта внутри папки, сумма длин всех папок в которых он расположен, разделителей и имени объекта ограничена 256 символами, то предел длины самого имени объекта меньше 255 символов.

Какой может быть длина имени файла? Ответ на этот вопрос зависит от того, создан ли файл в файловой системе FAT или файловой системе NTFS.

Файловая система NTFS поддерживает имена файлов длиной до 256-ти символов. Файловая система FAT поддерживает имена файлов с длиной до 11-ти символов (восемь символов имени и три символа расширения). Имена файлов NTFS сохраняют регистр символов, а файловая система FAT, в свою очередь, вообще не поддерживает регистр в именах файлов (при проведении поиска данных и других операций в файловой системе NTFS регистр символов игнорируется). Альтернативная файловая система VFAT (Virtual File Application Table) также имеет ограничение длины имени файла в 256 символов.

Имена файлов в NTFS могут содержать любые символы в любом регистре, включая пробелы, за исключением следующих:

» * : / ? < > |

Эти символы зарезервированы операционной системой Windows NT. Имя файла должно начинаться с буквы или цифры.

Имена файлов в VFAT могут содержать любые символы, кроме следующих:

/ : | = ? » ; [ ] , ^

В этой файловой системе имена файлов также должны начинаться с буквы или цифры.

Файловые системы NTFS и VFAT кроме обычного имени файла создают псевдоним формата 8.3.