Windows server 2016 поддержка до какого года

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Windows Server 2016

Version of the Windows NT operating system
Screenshot of Windows Server 2016 with Desktop Experience
Developer	Microsoft
Written in	C, C++, C#, Assembly language
OS family	Microsoft Windows
Working state	Current
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Released to manufacturing	September 26, 2016; 6 years ago[1]
General availability	October 12, 2016; 6 years ago[2]
Latest release	1607 (10.0.14393.5427) / October 11, 2022; 3 months ago[3]
Marketing target	Business
Update method	Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, SCCM
Platforms	x86-64
Kernel type	Hybrid (Windows NT kernel)
Default user interface	Windows shell (Graphical) Windows PowerShell (Command line)
License	Trialware, Volume licensing, Microsoft Software Assurance, MSDN subscription, Microsoft Imagine
Preceded by	Windows Server 2012 R2 (2013)
Succeeded by	Windows Server 2019 (2018) / Windows Server 1709 (2017)
Official website	microsoft.com/windowsserver
Support status
Start date: October 15, 2016[4] Mainstream support ended on January 11, 2022 Extended support until January 12, 2027

Windows Server 2016 is the eighth release of the Windows Server server operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was developed alongside Windows 10 and is the successor to the Windows 8.1-based Windows Server 2012 R2. The first early preview version (Technical Preview) became available on October 1, 2014 together with the first technical preview of System Center.^[5] Windows Server 2016 was released on September 26, 2016 at Microsoft’s Ignite conference^[1] and broadly released for retail sale on October 12, 2016.^[2] It was succeeded by Windows Server 2019 and the Windows Server Semi-Annual Channel.

Features[edit]

Windows Server 2016 has a variety of new features, including

• Active Directory Federation Services: It is possible to configure AD FS to authenticate users stored in non-AD directories, such as X.500 compliant Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directories and SQL databases.^[6]
• Windows Defender: Windows Server Antimalware is installed and enabled by default without the GUI, which is an installable Windows feature.^[7]
• Remote Desktop Services: Support for OpenGL 4.4 and OpenCL 1.1, performance and stability improvements; MultiPoint Services role (see Windows MultiPoint Server)^[8]
• Storage Services: Central Storage QoS Policies; Storage Replicas (storage-agnostic, block-level, volume-based, synchronous and asynchronous replication using SMB3 between servers for disaster recovery).^[9] Storage Replica replicates blocks instead of files; files can be in use. It’s not multi-master, not one-to-many and not transitive. It periodically replicates snapshots, and the replication direction can be changed.
• Failover Clustering: Cluster operating system rolling upgrade, Storage Replicas^[10]
• Web Application Proxy: Preauthentication for HTTP Basic application publishing, wildcard domain publishing of applications, HTTP to HTTPS redirection, Propagation of client IP address to backend applications^[11]
• IIS 10: Support for HTTP/2
• Windows PowerShell 5.1^[12]
• Windows Server Containers ^[13]

Networking features[edit]

• DHCP: As Network Access Protection was deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2, in Windows Server 2016 the DHCP role no longer supports NAP^[14]
• DNS:
  • DNS client: Service binding – enhanced support for computers with more than one network interface^[15]
  • DNS Server: DNS policies, new DDS record types (TLSA, SPF, and unknown records), new PowerShell cmdlets and parameters^[16]
• Windows Server Gateway now supports Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels^[17]
• IP address management (IPAM): Support for /31, /32, and /128 subnets; discovery of file-based, domain-joined DNS servers; new DNS functions; better integration of DNS, DHCP, and IP Address (DDI) Management^[18]
• Network Controller: A new server role to configure, manage, monitor, and troubleshoot virtual and physical network devices and services in the datacentre^[19]
• Hyper-V Network virtualization: Programmable Hyper-V switch (a new building block of Microsoft’s software-defined networking solution); VXLAN encapsulation support; Microsoft Software Load Balancer interoperability; better IEEE Ethernet standard compliance.^[20]

Hyper-V[edit]

• Rolling Hyper-V cluster update: Unlike upgrading clusters from Windows 2008 R2 to 2012 level, Windows Server 2016 cluster nodes can be added to a Hyper-V Cluster with nodes running Windows Server 2012 R2. The cluster continues to function at a Windows Server 2012 R2 feature level until all of the nodes in the cluster have been upgraded and the cluster functional level has been upgraded.^[21]
• Storage quality of service (QoS) to centrally monitor end-to-end storage performance and create policies using Hyper-V and Scale-Out File Servers
• New, more efficient binary virtual machine configuration format (.VMCX extension for virtual machine configuration data and the .VMRS extension for runtime state data)
• Production checkpoints
• Hyper-V Manager: Alternate credentials support, down-level management, WS-Management protocol
• Integration services for Windows guests distributed through Windows Update
• Hot add and remove for network adapters (for generation 2 virtual machines) and memory (for generation 1 and generation 2 virtual machines)
• Linux secure boot
• Connected Standby compatibility
• Storage Resiliency feature of Hyper-V is formed for detecting transitory loss of connectivity to VM storage. VMs will be paused until connectivity is re-established.^[22]
• RDMA compatible Virtual Switch^[23]

Nano Server[edit]

Microsoft announced a new installation option, Nano Server, which offers a minimal-footprint headless version of Windows Server. It excludes the graphical user interface, WoW64 (support for 32-bit software) and Windows Installer. It does not support console login, either locally or via Remote Desktop Connection. All management is performed remotely via Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), Windows PowerShell and Remote Server Management Tools (a collection of web-based GUI and command line tools).^[24] However, in Technical Preview 5, Microsoft has re-added the ability to administer Nano Server locally through PowerShell.
According to Microsoft engineer Jeffrey Snover, Nano Server has 93% lower VHD size, 92% fewer critical security advisories, and 80% fewer reboots than Windows Server.^[25][26]

Nano Server is only available to Microsoft Software Assurance customers^[2] and on cloud computing platforms such as Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services.

Starting with the new feature release of Windows Server version 1709, Nano Server can only be installed inside a container host.^[27]

Development[edit]

Microsoft has been reorganized by Satya Nadella, putting the Server and System Center teams together. Previously, the Server team was more closely aligned with the Windows client team. The Azure team is also working closely with the Server team.^[28]

In March 2017, Microsoft demonstrated an internal version of Server 2016 running on the ARMv8-A architecture. It was reported that Microsoft was working with Qualcomm Centriq and Cavium ThunderX2 chips. According to James Vincent of The Verge, this decision endangers Intel’s dominance of the server CPU market.^[29][30][31] However, later inquiry from Microsoft revealed that this version of Windows Server is only for internal use and only impacts subscribers of Microsoft Azure service.^[32]

Preview releases[edit]

A public beta version of Windows Server 2016 (then still called vNext) branded as «Windows Server Technical Preview» was released on October 1, 2014; the technical preview builds are aimed toward enterprise users. The first Technical Preview was first set to expire on April 15, 2015 but^[33] Microsoft later released a tool to extend the expiry date, to last until the second tech preview of the OS in May 2015.^[34] The second beta version, «Technical Preview 2», was released on May 4, 2015. Third preview version, «Technical Preview 3» was released on August 19, 2015. «Technical Preview 4» was released on November 19, 2015. «Technical Preview 5» was released on April 27, 2016.

Windows Server 2016 Insider Preview Build 16237 was released to Windows Insiders on July 13, 2017.^[35][36]

Public release[edit]

Windows Server 2016 was officially released at Microsoft’s Ignite Conference on September 26, 2016. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2016 is licensed by the number of CPU cores rather than number of CPU sockets—a change that has similarly been adopted by BizTalk Server 2013 and SQL Server 2014.^[37] The new licensing structure that has been adopted by Windows Server 2016 has also moved away from the Windows Server 2012/2012R2 CPU socket licensing model in that now the amount of cores covered under one license is limited. Windows Server 2016 Standard and Datacenter core licensing now covers a minimum of 8 core licenses for each physical processor and a minimum of 16 core licenses for each server. Core licenses are sold in packs of two with Standard Edition providing the familiar rights to run 2 virtualized OS environments. If the server goes over 16 core licenses for a 2 processor server additional licenses will now be required with Windows Server 2016.^[38]

Version history[edit]

Technical Preview[edit]

Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview, released on October 1, 2014, was the first beta version of the operating system made publicly available. Its version number was 6.4.9841.^[5]

Technical Preview 2[edit]

Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 2 was made available on May 4, 2015. Its version number was 10.0.10074. (A similar jump in the most significant part of the version number from 6 to 10 is seen in Windows 10.) Highlights of this version include:^[39]

• Nano Server installation option^[40][41]
• Hyper-V: hot add and remove memory and NIC; resilient virtual machines to keep running even when their cluster fabric fails^[42]
• Rolling upgrades for Hyper-V and Storage clusters^[40][42]
• Networking: Converged NIC across tenant and RDMA traffic; PacketDirect on 40G^[42]
• Storage: Virtual Machine Storage Path resiliency; Storage Spaces Direct to aggregate Storage Spaces across multiple servers; Storage Replica^[42]
• Security: Host Guardian Service, helping to keep trust and isolation boundary between the cloud infrastructure and guest OS layers; Just Enough Administration, restricting users to perform only specific tasks^[42]
• Management: PowerShell Desired State Configuration; PowerShell Package Manager; Windows Management Framework 5.0 April Preview and DSC Resource Kit^[42]
• Other: Conditional access control in AD FS; application authentication support for OpenID Connect and OAuth; full OpenGL support with RDS for VDI; Server-side support for HTTP/2, including header compression, connection multiplexing and server push^[42]
• Installation options: Minimal Server Interface was made default and renamed the Server installation option to “Server with local admin tools”.^[43]

Technical Preview 3[edit]

The third technical preview of Windows Server 2016 was made available on August 19, 2015. Its version number was 10.0.10514. Highlights of this version include:

• Windows Server Containers^[44]
• Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS): authentication of users stored in Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directories^[44]
• Installation options: The Server installation option had been renamed to “Server with Desktop Experience” having the shell and Desktop Experience installed by default. Due to the structural changes required to deliver the Desktop Experience on Server, it is no longer possible to convert from Server with Desktop Experience to Server Core or to convert Server Core up to Server with Desktop Experience.^[43]

Technical Preview 4[edit]

The fourth technical preview of the operating system was made available on November 19, 2015, one year and one month after the initial technical preview. Its version number was 10.0.10586. Its highlights include:

• Nano Server supports the DNS Server and IIS server roles, as well as MPIO, VMM, SCOM, DSC push mode, DCB, Windows Server Installer, and the WMI provider for Windows Update. Its Recovery Console supports editing and repairing the network configuration. A Windows PowerShell module is now available to simplify building Nano Server images.^[45]
• Hyper-V Containers encapsulates each container in a light weight virtual machine.^[45]

Technical Preview 5[edit]

The last technical preview of Windows Server 2016 was made available on April 27, 2016. Its version number was 10.0.14300. Its highlights include:^[46]

• Mostly general refinements. Greater time accuracy in both physical and virtual machines
• Container support adds performance improvements, simplified network management, and support for Windows containers on Windows 10
• Nano Server: an updated module for building Nano Server images, including more separation of physical host and guest virtual machine functionality as well as support for different Windows Server editions. Improvements to the Recovery Console, including separation of inbound and outbound firewall rules as well as the ability to repair configuration of WinRM
• Networking: traffic to new or existing virtual appliances can now be both mirrored and routed. With a distributed firewall and Network security groups, this enables dynamically segmented and secure workloads in a manner similar to Azure. One can deploy and manage the entire Software-defined networking (SDN) stack using System Center Virtual Machine Manager. Docker can be used to manage Windows Server container networking, and associate SDN policies not only with virtual machines but containers as well
• Remote Desktop Services: a highly available RDS deployment can leverage Azure SQL Database for the RD Connection Brokers in high availability mode
• Management: ability to run PowerShell.exe locally on Nano Server (no longer remote only), new Local Users & Groups cmdlets to replace the GUI, added PowerShell debugging support, and added support in Nano Server for security logging & transcription and JEA (Just Enough Administration)
• Shielded Virtual Machines:
  • New «Encryption Supported» mode that offers more protections than for an ordinary virtual machine, but less than «Shielded» mode, while still supporting vTPM, disk encryption, Live Migration traffic encryption, and other features, including direct fabric administration conveniences such as virtual machine console connections and Powershell Direct
  • Full support for converting existing non-shielded Generation 2 virtual machines to shielded virtual machines, including automated disk encryption
  • Shielded virtual machines are compatible with Hyper-V Replica

Release to manufacturing[edit]

Windows Server 2016 was released to manufacturing on September 26, 2016, bearing the version number of 10.0.14393 (same as Windows 10 Anniversary Update). Microsoft added the following final touches:

• Available for a 180-day evaluation
• Fixed Start menu corruptions
• Improved user experience and performance
• Windows Store apps have been removed
• Login screen now has a background
• The Windows Hello feature has been added
• Dark theme has been added

Semi-Annual Channel releases[edit]

Version 1709[edit]

Windows Server, version 1709 (version shared with Windows 10 Fall Creators Update) was released on October 17, 2017. The release has dropped the Windows Server 2016 name and is just called Windows Server by Microsoft.^[47] It is offered to the Microsoft Software Assurance customers who have an active Windows Server 2016 license and has the same system requirements. This is the first Windows Server product to fall under the «Semi-Annual Channel» (SAC) release cadence.^[48] This product only features the Server Core and the Nano Server modes. Of the two, only the Server Core mode of the OS can be installed on a bare system. The Nano Server mode is only available as an operating system container.^[49]

Version 1803[edit]

Windows Server, version 1803 (version shared with Windows 10 April 2018 Update) is the second Semi-Annual Channel release of Windows Server.^[50] It is also the final version to be branched off the Server 2016 codebase, as the next release shares the version number 1809 with Windows Server 2019.^[51]

See also[edit]

• Microsoft Servers
• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
• History of Microsoft Windows
• Comparison of operating systems
• List of operating systems

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• PluralSight: Windows Server vNext First Look – An introduction to the new features of the Windows Server vNext operating system
• Our Server Journey – video session describing the path that Windows Server has taken from its creation to the current day and where it is going from here Archived April 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
• Michael Pietroforte: Nano Server – Goodbye Windows Server?
• Microsoft Windows Nano Server, the future of Windows Server?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Windows Server 2016

Version of the Windows NT operating system
Screenshot of Windows Server 2016 with Desktop Experience
Developer	Microsoft
Written in	C, C++, C#, Assembly language
OS family	Microsoft Windows
Working state	Current
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Released to manufacturing	September 26, 2016; 6 years ago[1]
General availability	October 12, 2016; 6 years ago[2]
Latest release	1607 (10.0.14393.5427) / October 11, 2022; 3 months ago[3]
Marketing target	Business
Update method	Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, SCCM
Platforms	x86-64
Kernel type	Hybrid (Windows NT kernel)
Default user interface	Windows shell (Graphical) Windows PowerShell (Command line)
License	Trialware, Volume licensing, Microsoft Software Assurance, MSDN subscription, Microsoft Imagine
Preceded by	Windows Server 2012 R2 (2013)
Succeeded by	Windows Server 2019 (2018) / Windows Server 1709 (2017)
Official website	microsoft.com/windowsserver
Support status
Start date: October 15, 2016[4] Mainstream support ended on January 11, 2022 Extended support until January 12, 2027

Windows Server 2016 is the eighth release of the Windows Server server operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was developed alongside Windows 10 and is the successor to the Windows 8.1-based Windows Server 2012 R2. The first early preview version (Technical Preview) became available on October 1, 2014 together with the first technical preview of System Center.^[5] Windows Server 2016 was released on September 26, 2016 at Microsoft’s Ignite conference^[1] and broadly released for retail sale on October 12, 2016.^[2] It was succeeded by Windows Server 2019 and the Windows Server Semi-Annual Channel.

Features[edit]

Windows Server 2016 has a variety of new features, including

• Active Directory Federation Services: It is possible to configure AD FS to authenticate users stored in non-AD directories, such as X.500 compliant Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directories and SQL databases.^[6]
• Windows Defender: Windows Server Antimalware is installed and enabled by default without the GUI, which is an installable Windows feature.^[7]
• Remote Desktop Services: Support for OpenGL 4.4 and OpenCL 1.1, performance and stability improvements; MultiPoint Services role (see Windows MultiPoint Server)^[8]
• Storage Services: Central Storage QoS Policies; Storage Replicas (storage-agnostic, block-level, volume-based, synchronous and asynchronous replication using SMB3 between servers for disaster recovery).^[9] Storage Replica replicates blocks instead of files; files can be in use. It’s not multi-master, not one-to-many and not transitive. It periodically replicates snapshots, and the replication direction can be changed.
• Failover Clustering: Cluster operating system rolling upgrade, Storage Replicas^[10]
• Web Application Proxy: Preauthentication for HTTP Basic application publishing, wildcard domain publishing of applications, HTTP to HTTPS redirection, Propagation of client IP address to backend applications^[11]
• IIS 10: Support for HTTP/2
• Windows PowerShell 5.1^[12]
• Windows Server Containers ^[13]

Networking features[edit]

• DHCP: As Network Access Protection was deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2, in Windows Server 2016 the DHCP role no longer supports NAP^[14]
• DNS:
  • DNS client: Service binding – enhanced support for computers with more than one network interface^[15]
  • DNS Server: DNS policies, new DDS record types (TLSA, SPF, and unknown records), new PowerShell cmdlets and parameters^[16]
• Windows Server Gateway now supports Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels^[17]
• IP address management (IPAM): Support for /31, /32, and /128 subnets; discovery of file-based, domain-joined DNS servers; new DNS functions; better integration of DNS, DHCP, and IP Address (DDI) Management^[18]
• Network Controller: A new server role to configure, manage, monitor, and troubleshoot virtual and physical network devices and services in the datacentre^[19]
• Hyper-V Network virtualization: Programmable Hyper-V switch (a new building block of Microsoft’s software-defined networking solution); VXLAN encapsulation support; Microsoft Software Load Balancer interoperability; better IEEE Ethernet standard compliance.^[20]

Hyper-V[edit]

• Rolling Hyper-V cluster update: Unlike upgrading clusters from Windows 2008 R2 to 2012 level, Windows Server 2016 cluster nodes can be added to a Hyper-V Cluster with nodes running Windows Server 2012 R2. The cluster continues to function at a Windows Server 2012 R2 feature level until all of the nodes in the cluster have been upgraded and the cluster functional level has been upgraded.^[21]
• Storage quality of service (QoS) to centrally monitor end-to-end storage performance and create policies using Hyper-V and Scale-Out File Servers
• New, more efficient binary virtual machine configuration format (.VMCX extension for virtual machine configuration data and the .VMRS extension for runtime state data)
• Production checkpoints
• Hyper-V Manager: Alternate credentials support, down-level management, WS-Management protocol
• Integration services for Windows guests distributed through Windows Update
• Hot add and remove for network adapters (for generation 2 virtual machines) and memory (for generation 1 and generation 2 virtual machines)
• Linux secure boot
• Connected Standby compatibility
• Storage Resiliency feature of Hyper-V is formed for detecting transitory loss of connectivity to VM storage. VMs will be paused until connectivity is re-established.^[22]
• RDMA compatible Virtual Switch^[23]

Nano Server[edit]

Microsoft announced a new installation option, Nano Server, which offers a minimal-footprint headless version of Windows Server. It excludes the graphical user interface, WoW64 (support for 32-bit software) and Windows Installer. It does not support console login, either locally or via Remote Desktop Connection. All management is performed remotely via Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), Windows PowerShell and Remote Server Management Tools (a collection of web-based GUI and command line tools).^[24] However, in Technical Preview 5, Microsoft has re-added the ability to administer Nano Server locally through PowerShell.
According to Microsoft engineer Jeffrey Snover, Nano Server has 93% lower VHD size, 92% fewer critical security advisories, and 80% fewer reboots than Windows Server.^[25][26]

Nano Server is only available to Microsoft Software Assurance customers^[2] and on cloud computing platforms such as Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services.

Starting with the new feature release of Windows Server version 1709, Nano Server can only be installed inside a container host.^[27]

Development[edit]

Microsoft has been reorganized by Satya Nadella, putting the Server and System Center teams together. Previously, the Server team was more closely aligned with the Windows client team. The Azure team is also working closely with the Server team.^[28]

In March 2017, Microsoft demonstrated an internal version of Server 2016 running on the ARMv8-A architecture. It was reported that Microsoft was working with Qualcomm Centriq and Cavium ThunderX2 chips. According to James Vincent of The Verge, this decision endangers Intel’s dominance of the server CPU market.^[29][30][31] However, later inquiry from Microsoft revealed that this version of Windows Server is only for internal use and only impacts subscribers of Microsoft Azure service.^[32]

Preview releases[edit]

A public beta version of Windows Server 2016 (then still called vNext) branded as «Windows Server Technical Preview» was released on October 1, 2014; the technical preview builds are aimed toward enterprise users. The first Technical Preview was first set to expire on April 15, 2015 but^[33] Microsoft later released a tool to extend the expiry date, to last until the second tech preview of the OS in May 2015.^[34] The second beta version, «Technical Preview 2», was released on May 4, 2015. Third preview version, «Technical Preview 3» was released on August 19, 2015. «Technical Preview 4» was released on November 19, 2015. «Technical Preview 5» was released on April 27, 2016.

Windows Server 2016 Insider Preview Build 16237 was released to Windows Insiders on July 13, 2017.^[35][36]

Public release[edit]

Windows Server 2016 was officially released at Microsoft’s Ignite Conference on September 26, 2016. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2016 is licensed by the number of CPU cores rather than number of CPU sockets—a change that has similarly been adopted by BizTalk Server 2013 and SQL Server 2014.^[37] The new licensing structure that has been adopted by Windows Server 2016 has also moved away from the Windows Server 2012/2012R2 CPU socket licensing model in that now the amount of cores covered under one license is limited. Windows Server 2016 Standard and Datacenter core licensing now covers a minimum of 8 core licenses for each physical processor and a minimum of 16 core licenses for each server. Core licenses are sold in packs of two with Standard Edition providing the familiar rights to run 2 virtualized OS environments. If the server goes over 16 core licenses for a 2 processor server additional licenses will now be required with Windows Server 2016.^[38]

Version history[edit]

Technical Preview[edit]

Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview, released on October 1, 2014, was the first beta version of the operating system made publicly available. Its version number was 6.4.9841.^[5]

Technical Preview 2[edit]

Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 2 was made available on May 4, 2015. Its version number was 10.0.10074. (A similar jump in the most significant part of the version number from 6 to 10 is seen in Windows 10.) Highlights of this version include:^[39]

• Nano Server installation option^[40][41]
• Hyper-V: hot add and remove memory and NIC; resilient virtual machines to keep running even when their cluster fabric fails^[42]
• Rolling upgrades for Hyper-V and Storage clusters^[40][42]
• Networking: Converged NIC across tenant and RDMA traffic; PacketDirect on 40G^[42]
• Storage: Virtual Machine Storage Path resiliency; Storage Spaces Direct to aggregate Storage Spaces across multiple servers; Storage Replica^[42]
• Security: Host Guardian Service, helping to keep trust and isolation boundary between the cloud infrastructure and guest OS layers; Just Enough Administration, restricting users to perform only specific tasks^[42]
• Management: PowerShell Desired State Configuration; PowerShell Package Manager; Windows Management Framework 5.0 April Preview and DSC Resource Kit^[42]
• Other: Conditional access control in AD FS; application authentication support for OpenID Connect and OAuth; full OpenGL support with RDS for VDI; Server-side support for HTTP/2, including header compression, connection multiplexing and server push^[42]
• Installation options: Minimal Server Interface was made default and renamed the Server installation option to “Server with local admin tools”.^[43]

Technical Preview 3[edit]

The third technical preview of Windows Server 2016 was made available on August 19, 2015. Its version number was 10.0.10514. Highlights of this version include:

• Windows Server Containers^[44]
• Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS): authentication of users stored in Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directories^[44]
• Installation options: The Server installation option had been renamed to “Server with Desktop Experience” having the shell and Desktop Experience installed by default. Due to the structural changes required to deliver the Desktop Experience on Server, it is no longer possible to convert from Server with Desktop Experience to Server Core or to convert Server Core up to Server with Desktop Experience.^[43]

Technical Preview 4[edit]

The fourth technical preview of the operating system was made available on November 19, 2015, one year and one month after the initial technical preview. Its version number was 10.0.10586. Its highlights include:

• Nano Server supports the DNS Server and IIS server roles, as well as MPIO, VMM, SCOM, DSC push mode, DCB, Windows Server Installer, and the WMI provider for Windows Update. Its Recovery Console supports editing and repairing the network configuration. A Windows PowerShell module is now available to simplify building Nano Server images.^[45]
• Hyper-V Containers encapsulates each container in a light weight virtual machine.^[45]

Technical Preview 5[edit]

The last technical preview of Windows Server 2016 was made available on April 27, 2016. Its version number was 10.0.14300. Its highlights include:^[46]

• Mostly general refinements. Greater time accuracy in both physical and virtual machines
• Container support adds performance improvements, simplified network management, and support for Windows containers on Windows 10
• Nano Server: an updated module for building Nano Server images, including more separation of physical host and guest virtual machine functionality as well as support for different Windows Server editions. Improvements to the Recovery Console, including separation of inbound and outbound firewall rules as well as the ability to repair configuration of WinRM
• Networking: traffic to new or existing virtual appliances can now be both mirrored and routed. With a distributed firewall and Network security groups, this enables dynamically segmented and secure workloads in a manner similar to Azure. One can deploy and manage the entire Software-defined networking (SDN) stack using System Center Virtual Machine Manager. Docker can be used to manage Windows Server container networking, and associate SDN policies not only with virtual machines but containers as well
• Remote Desktop Services: a highly available RDS deployment can leverage Azure SQL Database for the RD Connection Brokers in high availability mode
• Management: ability to run PowerShell.exe locally on Nano Server (no longer remote only), new Local Users & Groups cmdlets to replace the GUI, added PowerShell debugging support, and added support in Nano Server for security logging & transcription and JEA (Just Enough Administration)
• Shielded Virtual Machines:
  • New «Encryption Supported» mode that offers more protections than for an ordinary virtual machine, but less than «Shielded» mode, while still supporting vTPM, disk encryption, Live Migration traffic encryption, and other features, including direct fabric administration conveniences such as virtual machine console connections and Powershell Direct
  • Full support for converting existing non-shielded Generation 2 virtual machines to shielded virtual machines, including automated disk encryption
  • Shielded virtual machines are compatible with Hyper-V Replica

Release to manufacturing[edit]

Windows Server 2016 was released to manufacturing on September 26, 2016, bearing the version number of 10.0.14393 (same as Windows 10 Anniversary Update). Microsoft added the following final touches:

• Available for a 180-day evaluation
• Fixed Start menu corruptions
• Improved user experience and performance
• Windows Store apps have been removed
• Login screen now has a background
• The Windows Hello feature has been added
• Dark theme has been added

Semi-Annual Channel releases[edit]

Version 1709[edit]

Windows Server, version 1709 (version shared with Windows 10 Fall Creators Update) was released on October 17, 2017. The release has dropped the Windows Server 2016 name and is just called Windows Server by Microsoft.^[47] It is offered to the Microsoft Software Assurance customers who have an active Windows Server 2016 license and has the same system requirements. This is the first Windows Server product to fall under the «Semi-Annual Channel» (SAC) release cadence.^[48] This product only features the Server Core and the Nano Server modes. Of the two, only the Server Core mode of the OS can be installed on a bare system. The Nano Server mode is only available as an operating system container.^[49]

Version 1803[edit]

Windows Server, version 1803 (version shared with Windows 10 April 2018 Update) is the second Semi-Annual Channel release of Windows Server.^[50] It is also the final version to be branched off the Server 2016 codebase, as the next release shares the version number 1809 with Windows Server 2019.^[51]

See also[edit]

• Microsoft Servers
• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
• History of Microsoft Windows
• Comparison of operating systems
• List of operating systems

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• PluralSight: Windows Server vNext First Look – An introduction to the new features of the Windows Server vNext operating system
• Our Server Journey – video session describing the path that Windows Server has taken from its creation to the current day and where it is going from here Archived April 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
• Michael Pietroforte: Nano Server – Goodbye Windows Server?
• Microsoft Windows Nano Server, the future of Windows Server?

Задаваясь вопросом, какую версию Windows Server выбрать для своего бизнеса, пользователи, как правило, сталкиваются с большим разнообразием, и далеко не всегда понятно как выбрать наиболее подходящий вариант. У операционной системы Windows Server существуют не только разные версии, но и разные редакции. Давайте разберемcя в чем же отличия между ними.

Что такое версия Windows Server?

В 90-е годы, во времена Windows NT, каждая версия Windows Server имела уникальный номер. Например, у Windows NT были номера 3.1, 3.51 и 4.0. Но начиная с 2000 года Microsoft вместо номера начала добавлять после названия год запуска операционной системы: Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003, 2008 (которая также имела версию R2), 2012 (также с R2), 2016 и 2019, и т.д.

Каждая новая версия Microsoft Windows Server представляет новые функциональные возможности. Например, виртуализация Hyper-V, Server Core и BitLocker были представлены в Windows Server 2008, контейнеры Windows и Nano Server были представлены в Windows Server 2016, а Windows Server 2019 принес с собой Windows Admin Center — новый способ удаленного администрирования серверной инфраструктуры, улучшения гиперконвергентной инфраструктуры и глубокую поддержку подсистемы Linux.

Что такое завершение поддержки?

Как говорится, ничто не вечно. И в определенный момент Microsoft прекращает выпуск патчей для устаревшего программного обеспечения. Дата, до которой Microsoft выпускает обновления для продукта, называется датой окончания поддержки. И после того, как эта дата пройдет, устаревшая версия ОС станет легкой мишенью для вредоносных программ, поскольку она больше не будет получать обновления безопасности и, следовательно, будет уязвима для новых эксплоитов.

Операционные системы Microsoft обычно поддерживаются не менее 10 лет. Например, популярный Windows Server 2003, выпущенный в апреле 2003 года, имел расширенную поддержку, которая закончились в 2015 году. Расширенная поддержка Windows Server 2008 R2 должна закончиться в январе 2020 года, а Windows Server 2012 R2 продолжит получать обновления по крайней мере до октября 2023 года. Версии Server 2016 и 2019 будут получать обновления по 2027 и 2029 год соответственно. Поэтому в целях безопасности организациям на самом деле следует использовать только свежие версии Windows Server.

Что такое редакция Windows Server?

Когда вы покупаете автомобиль, вам доступно, как минимум, несколько комплектаций одной и той же модели. Например, базовый экономичный вариант, роскошный вариант с кожаными сиденьями и люком на крыше, а также спортивный вариант с большими колесами и более мощным двигателем. Другими словами, каждая версия автомобиля имеет свою цену и набор функций для групп клиентов с разными бюджетами и потребностями.

То же самое касается выпусков Windows Server. Каждый вариант включает в себя функциональность, которая подходит для разных компаний, в зависимости от их размера и бюджета. Например, разные редакции могут поддерживать разное количество пользователей.

Различия между редакциями Windows Server 2012 R2

Чтобы помочь понять некоторые различия между редакциями ОС, давайте разберем их на примере Windows Server 2012 R2:

• Foundation — серверная ОС общего назначения, лучше всего подходящая для серверов нижнего уровня. ОС поддерживает только один процессор и 32 ГБ RAM. Редакция Foundation (недоступная в Windows Server 2016) ограничена 15 пользователями, что делает ее пригодной только для небольших офисов. Foundation доступен только через OEM-производителей, что обычно означает, что он предустановлен на компьютерах, которые вы покупаете у таких компаний, как Dell и HPE.
• Essentials (ранее SBS или Small Business Server) — это простое в настройке серверное решение, которое поддерживает до 25 пользователей и 50 устройств, что делает его подходящим для небольших офисов. Essentials поддерживает более мощное оборудование с объемом оперативной памяти до 64 ГБ и двумя процессорами. В отличие от других выпусков Windows Server, в Essentials предварительно настроены роли, такие как Active Directory, DNS, файловые службы, IIS и удаленный рабочий стол, что делает его идеальным для организаций с менее развитым ИТ-направлением или менее опытным ИТ-персоналом.
• Standard не ограничивает пользователей, но в отличие от Foundation и Essentials вам придется отдельно приобретать клиентские лицензии (CAL) в зависимости от того, сколько людей вам нужно поддерживать. Standard поддерживает максимум 4 ТБ RAM, а каждая приобретаемая лицензия распространяется на два процессора. Если вы заинтересованы в виртуализации, этот выпуск позволит вам использовать гипервизор Hyper-V для запуска до двух виртуальных экземпляров операционной системы (дополнительные виртуальные экземпляры Windows Server потребуют дополнительных затрат) на одном физическом оборудовании, что делает редакцию Standard подходящей для легкой виртуализированной среды.
• Datacenter — это самая лучшая и самая дорогая редакция Windows Server. Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter практически идентичен стандартной версии с одним большим исключением. С лицензией Datacenter вы можете запускать неограниченное количество виртуальных экземпляров с Windows Server в качестве гостевой ОС на одном двухпроцессорном компьютере. Эта небольшая разница имеет большое влияние, так как компании могут сэкономить, запустив десятки экземпляров ОС на одном сервере.

Различия между редакциями Windows Server 2016 и 2019

• Hyper-V — это бесплатная редакция Windows Server, предназначенная только для запуска роли гипервизора Hyper-V. Его цель — быть гипервизором для вашей виртуальной среды. У него нет графического интерфейса. По сути, это урезанная версия Server Core. Вы будете использовать sconfig.cmd, чтобы включить гипервизор, а затем управлять средой с помощью диспетчера Hyper-V (как часть RSAT) с рабочей станции Windows 10 в вашей сети. Рекомендуется использовать именно эту редакцию для вашего гипервизора, чтобы сохранить чистоту и простоту лицензирования.
• Essentials — идеально подходит как для малого и среднего бизнеса, так и для людей с потребностями в базовых функциях сервера. Графический интерфейс в значительной степени такой же, как и в Standard, за исключением мастера настройки Essentials.

Права на виртуализацию
Вам разрешено запускать один физический экземпляр Essentials в качестве хоста Hyper-V, на котором размещен один виртуальный экземпляр Essentials. Вам нужно удалить все роли, кроме роли Hyper-V, из физического экземпляра Essentials для обеспечения соответствия. Essentials также подходит для одного виртуального экземпляра на любом другом гипервизоре.

Модель лицензирования
На базе процессора. Клиентские лицензии не требуются, но вы ограничены 25 пользователями и 50 устройствами, подключающимися к серверу.

Аппаратные ограничения
Essentials ограничен до 64 ГБ RAM и 2 CPU на компьютере, на котором он установлен.

• Standard — идеально подходит для любой компании или для лиц, которым требуются расширенные функции, но при этом они не будут интенсивно виртуализироваться.

Права на виртуализацию
Разрешено запускать до двух виртуальных машин или контейнеров Hyper-V или один физический экземпляр со стандартной лицензией. Если вы используете роль Hyper-V только на физическом экземпляре, то можете использовать ее в качестве хоста Hyper-V, а затем разместить на этом хосте две виртуальные машины Hyper-V. Если вы хотите использовать несколько ролей на физическом экземпляре, вы не можете запускать виртуальную машину поверх с одной и той же лицензией.

Модель лицензирования
Основанная на ядре. Клиентские лицензии необходимы для каждого пользователя или устройства, которые подключаются косвенно или напрямую к серверу. Например, если вы используете сервер в качестве файлового сервера, вам потребуется лицензия CAL для каждой учетной записи пользователя или компьютера, которые обращаются к этому файловому серверу в сети.

Аппаратные ограничения
Стандарт ограничен максимум 24 ТБ оперативной памяти и 512 ядрами.

• Datacenter — идеально подходит для любой компании с высокой степенью виртуализации. Вы приобретаете лицензию в зависимости от того, сколько ядер есть у ваших хостов, на которых может жить любая виртуальная машина с версией Datacenter (запускаться или потенциально запускаться после Vmotion). Это лицензирование, на первый взгляд, кажется дорогим, но оно позволяет создавать неограниченное количество виртуальных машин, работающих под управлением Datacenter на хостах, которые вы учитывали. Если у вас небольшое количество хостов (а впоследствии и ядер) и большое количество потенциальных виртуальных машин, тогда эта лицензия не представляет никакой сложности.

Права на виртуализацию
Неограниченное количество виртуальных машин или контейнеров Hyper-V. Как было озвучено выше, вы будете покупать лицензии в зависимости от того, сколько ядер у вас на хостах. На этом этапе вы можете запустить на хостах столько угодно виртуальных машин, используя любые роли.

Модель лицензирования
Основанная на ядрах. Убедитесь, что вы случайно не выбрали этот выпуск при установке на физический сервер, на котором не размещаются виртуальные машины. Клиентские лицензии необходимы для каждого пользователя или устройства, которые подключаются косвенно или напрямую к серверам в вашей среде.

Различия в лицензировании Windows Server 2016 и новее

Хотя цены на Windows Server 2012 R2, 2016, 2019 одинаковы, если вы используете стандартную лицензию или лицензию Datacenter на Windows Server 2016 или новее, есть некоторые ключевые изменения, о которых вам необходимо знать. Прежде всего, в то время как лицензии Windows Server исторически продавались для каждого процессора / сокета, в Windows Server 2016 модель лицензирования переключалась на каждое ядро.

Таким образом, если у вас есть сервер, содержащий 2 процессора с 24 ядрами , в Windows Server 2012 вам нужно будет купить только одну лицензию Standard или Datacenter. В Windows Server 2016 вам придется покупать лицензии на все 24 ядра. Это становится довольно сложно, так как есть много правил, но главное — если у вас есть 16-ядерный сервер, затраты будут примерно такими же. Однако лицензирование ОС может быть более дорогим на серверах с более высокой плотностью ядра.

Несмотря на изменение лицензии на ядро, правила виртуализации остаются такими же в Windows Server 2016 и новее. После того, как вы лицензировали все свои ядра на сервере, со стандартной версией вы получаете 2 лицензии гостевой ОС Windows Server по сравнению с неограниченным количеством в версии Datacenter.

Кроме того, набор функций в Windows Server 2012 Standard и Datacenter был одинаковым. Но некоторые функции Windows Server 2016, например, такие, как Storage Spaces Direct или экранированные виртуальные машины, доступны только в выпуске Datacenter.

Сравнение параметров установки Windows Server 2016 и 2019

В редакциях Standard и Datacenter можно выбрать различные варианты установки. Эти варианты влияют на то, какие функции будут доступны после установки, такие как наличие графического интерфейса пользователя и набор сервисов. Присутствуют следующие варианты установки:

• Desktop Experience (с графическим интерфейсом);
• Core;
• Nano.

Desktop Experience — это вариант установки, с которым знакомо большинство людей. Этот параметр устанавливает большинство функций и ролей из коробки, включая интерфейс графического интерфейса рабочего стола. Вы получите Диспетчер серверов, который позволяет добавлять и удалять роли и компоненты. Преимущество в том, что система может быть проще в управлении для людей, привыкших использовать графический интерфейс. Недостаток в том, что у вас появляется больше обновлений, перезагрузок и открытых портов с которыми предстоит иметь дело.

Узнайте больше от Microsoft здесь.

В Server Core отсутствует графический интерфейс и несколько ролей, которые устанавливаются по умолчанию под опцией Desktop Experience. Серверное ядро имеет меньший объем занимаемого дискового пространства и, следовательно, меньшую область атаки из-за меньшей кодовой базы. Здесь также меньше обновлений, перезагрузок и открытых портов для работы. Это отличный вариант для серверов инфраструктуры, таких как контроллеры домена Active Directory и DNS-серверы.

В этой редакции отсутствуют инструменты специальных возможностей, встроенные инструменты настройки сервера и поддержка звука. Эта версия без излишеств. Не лишним будет убедиться, что вы знакомы с администрированием на основе командной строки.

Подробнее об этом можно прочитать на сайте Microsoft.

Nano

Начиная с Windows Server 2019, Nano доступен только как контейнеризированный образ операционной системы. Он предназначен для запуска в качестве контейнера внутри хоста контейнеров, такого как Server Core, упомянутого выше. Если вы опираетесь на контейнерные приложения, предназначенные для серверных ОС, то эту версию вы будете использовать для компиляции этих приложений.

Nano можно развернуть с помощью версий Standard или Datacenter, но у вас должна быть прикреплена Software Assurance к лицензированию хост-сервера. Узнать об этом подробнее можно на сайте Microsoft.

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